Seeds Of Cultivars Research Articles

Efficiency of bacterial isolates on suppressing brown spot in rice plants

AbstractMany fungicides can control brown spot, caused by Bipolaris oryzae in rice (Oryza sativa L.), although searching for beneficial microorganisms for biocontrol will improve sustainable integrated pest management. The aim of this investigation was the selection of natural suppressors of the brown spot disease in rice. We performed biochemical (E1), molecular antagonism (E2) and severity suppression (E3) studies under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. The E1, E2 and E3 assays were performed with 21 isolates. The experimental design was completely randomized with three replicates. E1 characterized all 21 isolates for the production of extracellular enzymes, siderophores, biofilm, indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) and phosphate solubilization. E2 was conducted to test the in vitro antagonism between the 21 isolates and B. oryzae, and E3 was conducted under greenhouse conditions, where seeds of the rice cultivars BRS‐Primavera and Esmeralda were sown in plastic trays containing 3 kg of fertilized soil. After 45 days, rice leaves were sprayed and inoculated with a mixed suspension of bacterial cells (1 × 108 CFU) and B. oryzae. All of the 21 bacterial isolates produced lipase, N‐fixation, siderophore, IAA, biofilm and solubilized phosphorus. Bacillus cereus, Priestia megaterium, Stenotrophomonas nitritireducens, Serratia marcescens and Serratia nematodiphila reduced radial colony growth of B. oryzae and suppressed brown spot severity by up to 90%. This indicates the potential of these isolates for biocontrol of brown spot in rice as a component of rice disease management.

First Report of Charcoal Rot Caused by Macrophomina phaseolina on Dry Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Western Canada.

In 2021, several dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants at the mid-seed-fill growth stage displaying wilting, chlorosis of the leaves and reduced vigor were collected near the Pembina - Emerson Border of Manitoba, Canada and North Dakota, USA. When symptomatic plants were examined, gray to dark brown discoloration was observed on the lower stem and the roots. Afterwards, brown to black discoloration was noticed on stem and root sections. Root and lower stem pieces (1 to 2 cm) from affected plants were surface sterilized with 70 % ethanol, followed by 1% NaOCl, rinsed twice in sterilized water, air dried on sterilized filter papers, and placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with 1 mg/mL of streptomycin sulfate. The PDA plates were incubated at 28°C with 12 h light/12 h dark for 10 days. The growing hyphae were transferred using the hyphal tip method to new PDA plates. Growing cultures were initially hyaline and turned from light gray to dark brown or black with age. Abundant dark and spherical to oblong shaped sclerotia with an average diameter of 97.9 µm (range: 66.8 to 143.5 µm, n =30) formed on the pure cultures 7 days after incubation. Additional pure culture was obtained through an isolation of a single microsclerotium followed by a single hyphal tip transfer. One isolate was identified as Macrophomina phaseolina based on morphological characteristics (Smith and Wyllie 1999). The morphological identity was confirmed by sequencing the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region with universal primers ITS1/ITS4 (White et al. 1990) and calmodulin (CAL) and translation elongation factor-1 alpha (TEF-1α) genes with MpTefF/MpTefR, and MpCalF/MpCalR primer sets (Santos et al. 2020), respectively. The online resource Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST) confirmed the fungus identity as 100% M. phaseolina. The sequences of the original isolate BF21-25 were deposited in GenBank with accession numbers OQ615297 (ITS), OR357630 (CAL), and OR363106 (TEF-1α). To confirm pathogenicity, bioassays were conducted under controlled conditions. Four seeds of cultivar 'Etna' were sown per pot, and five pots were used for inoculated (approx. 4 × 105 microsclerotia/pot) and control (mock-inoculated with sterile PDA medium) treatments. For the inoculum, 20 g of macerated 10 to 14-day old M. phaseolina culture grown on PDA medium was applied to each pot using an inoculum layering technique. Pots were kept in the greenhouse with 28/17°C day/night, 13 h light/11 h dark cycle, and 70% relative humidity and watered weekly. Disease symptoms similar to those observed in the field were visible on all inoculated plants at the mid-seed-fill growth stage. Mock-inoculated control plants didn't show any symptoms. The experiment was repeated twice with similar results. The pathogen was re-isolated from infected plants to confirm Koch's postulates and identified as M. phaseolina based on the morphology and sequences of ITS, CAL and TEF-1α regions. To our knowledge, this is the first report of charcoal rot caused by M. phaseolina on dry bean in Western Canada.

Comparison of soybean crop performance under tropical environment between tropical and temperate cultivars with adjusted growth duration

ABSTRACT Considerable variation among soybean genotypes has been observed in growth and yield adaptations to tropical environments. However, the response to daylength and, hence, different growth durations are confounding factors in most studies. In this study, we conducted field experiments in a tropical environment with daylength treatment to compare the crop performance of temperate and tropical cultivars with different daylength sensitivities in terms of biomass production, seed yield, and apparent seed quality. A tropical cultivar, ‘Tanggamus’, which has been highly productive in Indonesia, was grown for two years in a field at Bogor, Indonesia (lat. 6.5° S) with four cultivars from temperate regions. The proposed long-day treatment (LD) decreased the negative effects of short daylength in low-altitude areas on the vegetative growth and yield of soybean cultivars from temperate regions. With LD, the differences in the yield and above ground dry weight between temperate cultivars and ‘Tanggamus’ was less than without LD. However, the ratio of wrinkled seeds of temperate cultivars with LD was higher than that of ‘Tanggamus’. There were differences in the seed-filling rate and the growth rate of pod plus seed during latter half of the seed-filling period between them, indicating a higher ability in the supply of assimilates to seeds under high-temperature conditions during the seed-filling stage. These results suggest that temperate cultivars remain to be improved in biomass and seed production under environments with higher temperatures than the climate where they are cultivated, and that ‘Tanggamus’ will be worth utilizing in breeding programs.

Composição de meios de crescimento lento para armazenamento in vitro (sgs) de Aglaonema

Abstract Aglaonema is one of the ornamental plant commodities often affected by falling prices in the ornamental plant market. This phenomenon requires a strategy for storing seeds of rare and exotic cultivars for the short and medium term. In vitro storage is one way to anticipate it. This study aims to obtain the suitable composition of in vitro growing media for storing Aglaonema plants by slow growth storage (SGS). This study used a completely randomized design with one factor, consisting of seven treatments, i.e., media 1/4 Murashige and Skoog (MS), 1/2 MS, and full MS, with the addition of 1.0 mg L-1 and 2.0 mg L-1 Benzyl aminopurine (BAP), and the addition of Indoleacetic Acid (IAA) 1.0 mg L-1 and 2.0 mg L-1. The results showed that the composition of the planting medium on ¼ MS + BAP 1.0 mg L-1 + IAA 1.0 mg L-1 was the best for slow-growth storage of Aglaonema in vitro.

Seed viability constants and the decline in germination rates for radish: a combined viability equation and population-based threshold model analysis

Aside from the leaves and roots, radish seedlings are consumed as a "microgreen". Production of microgreens requires high viability, high vigour seeds. Knowledge of the rates of loss of viability and vigour decline during storage would therefore be useful for radish sprout production, but also in relation to the conservation of radish germplasm in seed genebanks. Seeds of radish 'Kaiware', a microgreen cultivar, were stored hermetically at seven moisture levels between 6% and 13% at 50°C. Seed viability (germination after removal from storage) was scored daily to determine germination progress curves. One-step analysis was used to simultaneously fit the population-based threshold (PBT) model describing the decline in germination rates with ageing and to estimate the effects of MC on longevity according to the viability equation. KE and CW were estimated as 6.54 and 3.22, respectively. The ageing-time constant for the PBT model, age, increased as a function of storage moisture content, reflecting the faster decline in vigour at higher MC. The validity of the viability constants was tested by predicting viability loss in seeds of a different radish cultivar, 'Sango Purple', stored at 45°C and 8.61% MC.

Physiology of carrot seeds treated with red seaweed biostimulant and exposed to different temperatures and salinity

Carrot (Daucus carota L.) is a horticulture crop species with economic importance. The performance of this crop can be improved with the use of seaweed extracts, which are a sustainable alternative to chemical fertilizers and biostimulants. Few studies have been performed aiming to determine the effects of algae-based biostimulants, especially red algae of the genus Solieria, on seed treatment and physiology. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of seed treatment with Solieria filiformis algal biostimulant for improving the physiological potential of carrot seeds of Brasilia Irecê and Nantes cultivars. Carrot seeds of both cultivars were treated with 0, 1, 2, and 4 mL L−1 of the biostimulant, after which they were subjected to germination and seedling growth evaluation at different temperatures and salinities. The results were analyzed by analysis of variance, Tukey’s test, and regression. It was observed that 30 °C temperature reduced carrot germination and seedling growth for the cultivars. No dose of red algae biostimulant improved germination of carrot seeds under both adequate and stress conditions of temperature and salinity for the cultivars analyzed.

Effect of Salt Concentration on Three Cultivars of Gerbera jamesonii

The research was carried out in the laboratory for plant tissue culture, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, in 2021. First, Four Explants (seeds, roots, shoot-tips, and clumps), which were laboratory germinated from seeds of Gerbera jamesonii cultivars (red, white, and orange), were cultured after sterilizing with five concentrations (0, 10, 20, 30, and 50%) of bleach containing 6 % of sodium hypochlorite NaOCl to investigate the best concentration of the bleach, as well as the best Explant to be used for multiplication. Second, according to the results of the sterilization experiment, shoot tips were cultured in media containing the growth regulators NAA at four concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5ppm) and BA at four concentrations (0, 1, 2, and 3 ppm) to find the best combination for obtaining the best result. The treatment BA3 NAA0.5 was superior, producing the highest number of leaves (37.2, 36.9, and 28.1) in the three cultivars (red, white, and orange, respectively). Third, four salt concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 150 mM) of NaCl were added to the culture media to investigate the plant salt tolerance. Results showed a decline in the number of leaves, as well as the weight of both fresh and dry leaves, affected by the salt concentration increase of all the three studied cultivars; however, the white cultivar was superior in tolerating salt compared to the other two cultivars.

PHYSIOLOGICAL AND SANITARY QUALITY OF WHEAT CULTIVARS SEEDS SUBJECTED TO CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SEED TREATMENTS

Brazilian wheat farming is characterized by a high occurrence of seed-transmitted diseases that can cause significant damage to grain production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of seed treatments on the physiological and sanitary quality of wheat cultivar seeds. Seeds from three commercial wheat cultivars (TBIO Sossego, TBIO Sinuelo, and TBIO Toruk) were used, along with four seed treatments (Control, Chemical, Biological, and Chemical + Biological). The physiological quality of the seeds was determined based on first germination count, germination percentage, quantification of abnormal seedlings, shoot and radicle length, whole seedling dry weight, and emergence velocity index (EVI). The sanitary quality was assessed using the Blotter test. Overall, the chemical treatment combined with the seeds of the TBIO Toruk cultivar provided better indices of physiological and sanitary quality.

ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF SOYBEAN PRODUCTION DEPENDING ON SOIL TILLAGE SYSTEM

The aim of the study was to evaluate the economic efficiency of soybean cultivars at different soil tillage system (ploughing method, reduced tillage, strip tillage). The study was based on the results of a five-year (2016-2020) field study, conducted at the Agricultural Experimental Station in Kępa Puławy (farm in Osiny), belonging to the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation in Puławy. In the scheme of trial two cultivars of soybean: Aldana (000 – early) and Merlin (00-mid-early) were used. The strip-till system brought the highest value of harvested soybean seeds of Merlin cultivar – 6,262 PLN/ha (mean in 2016-2020). The high value was also obtained under full ploughing system (6,251 PLN/ha). The highest profitability of soybean cultivation determined based relation production value of seeds to direct cost was obtained under strip-tillage system (mean for two cultivars – 1.68). In direct cost structure the highest percentage had seeds material cost. The gross margin was determined as an indicator of economic efficiency. The economic effectiveness of cultivation of two soybean cultivars was evaluated from the perspective of utilizing the basic factors of production – land. Analysis showed that the highest level of gross margin determined on based the difference of production seeds value, direct cost and indirect cost was obtained in soybean cultivation under strip-tillage system. The profitability index was also determined as the relation of production value of soybean seeds to direct costs. The level of the gross margin was more impacted by the level of the obtained yield and the cost of agrotechnical treatments than by the level of other direct costs.

Germination and seed vigor of Phaseolus vulgaris submitted to treatments whit aluminum sulfate

The varieties creole are traditionally grown plant, adapted in places where the crops are developed and present in seeds banks of many famers. Thus the objective of this study was to investigate the performance of the germination process and possible toxic effects. Were used seeds of creole cultivars of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), using different concentrations of aluminum. We used a randomized completely design with four repetitions of 25 seeds and the treatments were distributed in 4 x 5 factorial scheme, consisting of four bean cultivars (Carioca, Butter, Black, Red) and five concentrations (0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 mg L-1) of aluminum sulfate. The characteristics analyzed were percentage of germination, percentage of abnormal seedlings, germination speed index, root length, length of the base of the seedling to the hypocotyl, hypocotyl length of seedlings to the epicotyl, root dry mass and shoot dry mass. The variables germination percentage and germination speed index were not affected by the toxic effect of aluminum. The variables percentage of abnormal seedlings, root length and shoot showed a significant reduction with the increase in aluminum sulfate concentrations, thus showing a greater correlation between them.
 Keywords: Aluminum; Fabaceae; Physiological quality; Toxicity

Attenuating Colorectal Cancer Using Nine Cultivars of Australian Lupin Seeds: Apoptosis Induction Triggered by Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species Generation and Caspases-3/7 Activation.

As Australian lupin cultivars are rich sources of polyphenols, dietary fibers, high-quality proteins, and abundant bioactive compounds with significant antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anticancer activities, this research work is aimed at investigating the colon cancer alleviation activity of nine cultivars of lupin seeds on HCT116 and HT29 colon carcinoma cell lines through anti-proliferation assay, measurement of apoptosis, and identification of the mechanism of apoptosis. Nine cultivars were pre-screened for anti-proliferation of HCT116 and HT29 cells along with consideration of the impact of heat processing on cancer cell viability. Mandelup and Jurien showed significant inhibition of HCT116 cells, whereas the highest inhibition of HT29 cell proliferation was attained by Jurien and Mandelup. Processing decreased the anti-proliferation activity drastically. Lupin cultivars Mandelup, Barlock, and Jurien (dose: 300 μg/mL) induced early and late apoptosis of colon cancer cells in Annexin V-FITC assay. The mechanism of apoptosis was explored, which involves boosting of caspases-3/7 activation and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in HCT116 cells (Mandelup and Barlock) and HT29 cells (Jurien and Mandelup). Thus, the findings showed that lupin cultivars arrest cell cycles by inducing apoptosis of colorectal carcinoma cells triggered by elevated ROS generation and caspases-3/7 activation.

The Choctaw Nation's Growing Hope Program.

The Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma's Historic Preservation Department (HPD) and the Center for Indigenous Health Equity (CIIHE) are partnering to implement and evaluate food sovereignty interventions to better understand the potential impact of such programs on individual and community health. The HPD's Growing Hope Program is a food sovereignty initiative that aims to restore traditional Choctaw gardens, which were once a physical, social, and cultural center of Choctaw life. The program combines heirloom seeds and the stories of their origins, gardening education and technical assistance, cooking classes, and a Choctaw youth internship program to support intergenerational knowledge and the restoration of culture and food security. Since its inception the program has provided Choctaw families with ancestral Choctaw cultivar seeds and provided the technical assistance to support the growing of sustainable, healthy, traditional Choctaw foods.

Polyphenolic Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Green Extracts from Grape Pomace Skins and Seeds of Italian Cultivars.

The possibility of industrial exploitation of winemaking products, as for all byproducts of vegetal origin, constantly deals with a raw material (grape pomace, GP) whose chemical composition and functional properties vary over time depending on the varietal and geographical origin of the grapes, the climatic conditions (vintage effect), and the winemaking technique. This work studied the compositional variability of polyphenolic skin and seed extracts from GP derived from white and red winemaking of different Italian grape varieties. The total polyphenolic content (GAE), the main classes of polyphenolic compounds, and the DPPH index were determined. Seed extracts were always richer in total polyphenols and condensed tannins and had higher antiradical activity (DPPH) than skin extracts: 144-298 mg GAE/g d.w. extract for skins and 327-540 mg GAE/g for seeds; the DPPH values were 1.77-3.40 mg AAE/g for skins and 3.10-10.48 mg AAE/g for seeds. Furthermore, it was verified that the evaluation of the GAE index of seed extracts, offering a good estimate of the antiradical properties (DPPH index), could represent a simple and rapid method for selecting the best lots of seeds to be used. Conversely, GP skins could be used as flour in the food industry due to their high content of dietary fiber and the presence of flavonols, which possess very interesting functional properties. Important differences in the flavonols profile were observed both between cultivars and between unfermented and fermented pomace.

Effects of Seed of Different Mango Cultivars in Triton X-100 Induced Hyperlipdemic Rats

Hyperlipidemia is the most prevalent indicator for susceptibility to atherosclerotic heart diseases. The present study investigated the hypolipidemic potential of Mangifera haden, Mangifera pirie and combined extracts of Mangifera haden and Mangifera pirie seeds in Triton X-100 induced hyperlipidemic rats. Before the starting of the experiment, the animals were acclimatized to the laboratory conditions for a period of seven days. At the end of the acclimatization period, each rat was weighed and randomly divided into twelve groups of five animals each, comprising of test animals and control groups. Proximate analysis, toxicity studies, lipid profile parameters were determined in the study. The research study took place in the animal house of Biochemistry Department, University of Nigeria, Nsukka from July 2020 to August 2022. Proximate composition of Mangifera haden and Mangifera pirie seed extracts revealed that the (%) values of protein, lipid, crude fibre, ash, moisture, and carbohydrate are (4.82, 17.18, 4.29, 2.77, 8.39, 62.55) and (3.81, 20.20, 3.0, 1.0, 34.0, 37.99) respectively. Mangifera haden and Mangifera pirie were administered at different doses (200 mg, 300 mg, 500 mg) of the extracts per kilogram body weight of the animals while combined extract of Mangifera haden and Mangifera pirie were administered at 300 mg and 500 mg of the extract per kilogram body weight of the animals in Triton –Induced hyperlipidemic rats. Simvastatin and Atorvastatin were used as reference standards. Simvastatin was found to be an effective drug to Atorvastatin in lowering lipid profiles. The statistical analyses were carried out using one way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s Post Hoc Multiple Comparisons test. Mangifera haden, Mangifera pirie and combined extracts of both species show significant decrease (P = 0.05) in the levels of serum Total Cholesterol, triacylglycerols, VLDL-C, LDL-C, Atherogenic index (A.I) and significant increase (P = 0.05) of serum HDL-C against Triton-Induced hyperlipidemic rats. The result also suggest that at 200 mg/kg Mangifera pirie and 300 mg/kg Mangifera haden body weight concentrations are an excellent lipid lowering agent. Single administration of either Mangifera haden or Mangifera pirie effectively suppressed the Triton-Induced hyperlipidemia in rats than the combined extracts. The organic extracts (Mangifera haden or Mangifera pirie) exhibited quite hypolipidemic potential when compared with one of the reference drugs, Atorvastatin which indicates that the organic extracts could be explored as an alternative therapeutic agent in the treatment of hyperlipidemia.

A field experiment The effect of planting distances and bazakran herbicide on yield and growth of local cultivar peas(1)

A field experiment was conducted In the winter season for the Rashidieh (1) site for local variety s Peas Pisum sativum L. (2021-2022) using two factors, The first factor is distances which (25,50,75), The second factor is pesticide concentrations which (750, 1,500 and 3,000 ml/ha) in addition to comparator control , Plants were randomly selected with three previous applications. the seeds of the local cultivar the data was analyzed according to the factorial experiments system using R.C.B.D significantly different treatments were distinguished with different letters .The most important results can be summarized as follow : From, the effect table of the three planting distances 25, 50 and 75 cm, it was found that there were no differences in the number of airy and thin leaves, leaves and their weight, and yield characteristics. Jungle eradication, As for the weight of the pod, seed yield and dry weight, it was found that the control treatment gave the least results, and the reason may be due to the strength of competition that occurs between the crop and its accompanying weeds in the field. control gave the highest number of broad and thin bushes and their dry weights in the three distances. As for plant height and pod length characteristic, there were no significant differences.

Effect of cultivars and harvest dates on rice seeds vigore

A laboratory experiment was carried out according to a completely randomized design with four repetitions on the seeds resulting from a field experiment applied for the two seasons, 2020 and 2021, to find out the effect of the cultivars (Ambar 33, Yasamin, Dijlah, Ambar Al-Baraka and Furat 1) and the harvest dates (at physiological maturity and after 7 and 14, 21 and 28 days of physiological maturity) on the vigour of rice seeds. The results showed the superiority of the seeds of the cultivar Anbar Al-Baraka at first and final counting, dry weight of the seedling, seedling vigor index and electrical conductivity, and the superiority of the seeds of Dijla cultivar at accelerated aging test and cold test without significant difference with the Anbar Al-Baraka cultivar in both seasons. The harvest date exceeded 14 days after physiological maturity at all studied traits in both seasons. Anbar Al-Baraka at the harvest 14 days after physiological maturity was superior at most studied traits. It can be concluded that the seeds of the cultivar Amber Al-Baraka showed the best performance at seed vigor, primarily harvested after 14 days of physiological maturity. Keywords: accelerating aging, cold test, Oryza sativa, first count, seedling vigour, physiological maturity

Evaluating agromorphological traits of Greek wheat landraces and exploring their potential for bread and pasta making based on seed physical properties

Physical and morphological characteristics of Greek wheat landrace and cultivar seeds were evaluated, aiming to assess their bread- and pasta-making quality. Furthermore, the plant agromorphological traits of wheat landraces and cultivars were measured and correlated with seed physical properties. Fifteen Triticum spp. accessions, out of which four cultivars (two Triticum aestivum and two T. durum), nine landraces (two T. durum, five T. aestivum, one T. dicoccum and one T. polonicum) and two T. durum of unknown status were studied. Seventeen morphological plant and seed traits were measured based on UPOV descriptors. Ear emergence was earlier in cultivars than in landraces. The plant weight of the landraces was, in some cases, almost twice the cultivars’. Seed firmness (62.96–194.85N) was positively correlated with thousand kernel weight and volume (0.840 and 0.791, P < 0.05, respectively). Based on the agromorphological traits, cluster analysis clearly separated the species and the cultivars from the landraces, and the unknown status accessions were grouped with the cultivars. Cluster analysis with all measured traits set the wheat accessions in the following distinct groups: (1) T. durum cultivars including the unknown status accessions, (2) T. aestivum cultivars, and (3) T. aestivum and T. durum landraces. T. polonicum and T. dicoccum each formed a separate group. Seed physical properties of the analyzed Greek landraces indicated their suitability for bread and/or pasta making.

Eco-enzyme enhanced the growth of rice cultivars

Organic farming has been increasingly lately to support healthy food for consumers. Organic rice is already produced in Bali for local rice cultivars (red, white, and black color of rice) at Jatiluwih Village, Tabanan Regency using manure, compost and biopesticide. Nowadays, eco-enzyme can be applied as liquid organic fertilizer for increasing soil fertility. Eco-enzyme are produced by fermentation process from kitchen waste, such as rind of fruit and vegetables. The experiment was conducted to observed the used of eco-enzyme for rice growth using modification of SRI (System of Rice Intensification). The method initially started from seeds germination at media consist of soil, compost and manure (1:1:1). Three rice cultivars (Red Rice Jatiluwih, Red Rice Pulagan and White Rice ‘Mentik Susu’) seeds were growth using two solutions (commercial liquid organic fertilizer namely LOF (10%) and eco-enzyme (0.1%) for spraying with 5 replications. Seeds germinated almost 90-95% for both solution after four days. Red Rice from Jatiluwih showed significance increase using eco-enzyme on plant height about 25% higher than spraying by liquid organic fertilizer. Red Rice from Pulagan, Gianyar and White rice ‘Mentik Susu’ only enhanced 10% and 5%, higher using eco-enzyme respectively. Rice paddy that treated by eco-enzyme can be harvested (2-3 weeks) faster than using commercial liquid organic fertilizer. White rice ‘Mentik Susu’ showed positive response with eco-enzyme treatment because had more tillers to increase harvest product than other cultivars. The use of eco-enzyme can assist plant growth by enzyme activity in soil, therefore more availability of nutrients for root uptake.

Attempts to isolate genes that determine the good taste on landrace edamame soybeans

Dadachamame is the common name for edamame soybean [Glycine max L.(Merr.)] cultivars, ‘Shirayama’, ‘Kanro’ and ‘Oura’, which have been established in Tsuruoka city, Yamagata prefecture in northern Japan since the late Edo era. Dadachamame has a good taste and special aroma. Although it is known that the good taste of Dadachamame is caused by the higher levels of sucrose and free amino acids based on the comparative analysis of chemical components in the seeds of Dadachamame and other soybean cultivars, details on the genetic level are unclear. To understand the good taste of Dadachamame on the genetic level, in this study, we developed an F2 population derived from a cross between the Dadachamame cultivar ‘Shirayama’ and the soybean cultivar ‘Enrei’. In the early development stage, Shirayama seeds had about 2-fold higher accumulation levels of sucrose compared with Enrei seeds. Sucrose content and genotype of the F2 population suggested that the quantitative trait locus (QTL) for high sucrose accumulation is located on the long arm of chromosome 12. The genes responsible for determining the sweetness of Shirayama may be present on chromosome 12. Using the lines developed from crosses between Dadachamame and soybean cultivars in future studies, we will attempt to identify the genes responsible for QTL that control for the good taste in specific Dadachamame seeds, and discuss the mechanisms for determining the good taste of Dadachamame to improve the palatability of edamame. Furthermore, we have developed mutant edamame populations that can be used for edamame breeding. Since mutant soybean populations have already been developed, meticulous soybean breeding will be possible in the future for creating the desired characteristics for the final soybean products.

Natural coumarins from two cultivars of watermelon seeds as biosafe anticancer agents, an algorithm for their isolation and evaluation

The seeds of two watermelon cultivars–allsweet and princess–were explored in this study as sources of potential biosafe natural antioxidant and anticancer agents. In the first algorithmic step, the acquired seeds were extracted using four solvents and three different extraction methodologies in each of the three modes. Second, the primary and secondary metabolic extractives were specified in each of the sixty liquid extracts. Third, two liquid extracts were selected based on the detected extractives to isolate natural coumarins depending on their structural characteristics. Fourth, the chemical identities of the seed-isolated coumarins were confirmed by analyzing their physical-chemical properties as well as the charts of various spectrophotometers. Finally, the capacity of the seed-isolated coumarins to capture two radical phenotypes, fight the invasive development of six cancer-derived cell lines, and safeguard the ordinary growth of normal cells was evaluated. The results afforded by the isolation scenario indicated the presence of five coumarins in the seeds of the allsweet cultivar, abbreviated as WA1–WA5, and six in the other cultivar, abbreviated here as WP1–WP6. These seed-isolated coumarins generally exhibited a good ability to capture the two studied radicals, in particular WP2 and WP4. Also, the seed-isolated coumarins showed roughly the same pattern in their potential to fight the abnormal growth of the included cancer-derived cell lines, with privileged activity attributed to WA4, WP6, and WP4. Moreover, the latter three products exhibited the highest biosafety on normal cellular growth, following the same trend. From these findings, the authors concluded that the seed-isolated coumarin WP4 represents a biosafe antioxidant and anticancer mutual agent with a broad spectrum of activity. Moreover, the coumarin WA4 can be regarded as having potent, biosafe, extended-range anticancer activity.