Basil Seeds Research Articles

Non-destructive assessment of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) seeds quality

Abstract: Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) seeds exhibit heterogeneity due to the characteristic flowering and pollination process of this species. Consequently, the necessity for research geared toward establishing effective methodologies for identifying seeds capable of germinating and with potential for producing vigorous seedlings becomes apparent. This study was undertaken with the aim of assessing the relationship between internal morphology, as evaluated through radiographic image analysis, and the germination performance of sweet basil seeds. Radiographs of seeds from eight lots of the cultivar Alfavaca Basilicão were examined. The length of seedling originated from radiographed seeds was obtained through computerized image analysis using SVIS® software and the results were compared with the radiographic images. Radiographs allowed visualization of the internal morphology of sweet basil seeds, enabling the identification of empty seeds, malformed seeds, seeds with tissue deterioration and mechanical damage. The analysis of radiographic images substantially contributed to establishing a cause-and-effect relationship between the physical integrity of tissues and the germination performance of the seeds, underscoring the potential for selecting seeds that will contribute to enhanced lot quality.

Anaerobic fermented algae furcellaria lumbricalis tablets as a dual-purpose fertilizer and substrate for sustainable seedling growth

This article presents a study focused on the creation, evaluation of anaerobic fermented algae Furcellaria lumbricalis pressed biomass tablets as a dual-purpose fertilizer and substrate for sustainable seedling growth. The research aims to address the need for more sustainable agricultural practices by exploring alternative solutions to chemical fertilizers. The methodology involved collecting and preparing Furcellaria Lumbricalis algae from the Baltic Sea coast, followed by anaerobic fermentation in a small-scale bioreactor. The resulting digestate was formed into tablets using a designed press and template. A growth experiment was conducted using basil seeds, comparing the performance of seedlings grown with the algae tablets to those grown with traditional substrate. The results showed that the seedlings grown using the anaerobic fermented algae tablets exhibited comparable growth rates and biomass to those grown with conventional methods. Effectiveness of the tablets can be attributed to the breakdown of organic matter during the fermentation process, which makes nutrients more accessible to plants and improves their uptake. However, further research is necessary to optimize the concentrations and formulations of the anaerobic fermented algae tablets. The effectiveness of these tablets should be evaluated in different plant species and growing conditions. In conclusion, this study provides promising evidence that anaerobic fermented algae Furcellaria Lumbricalis tablets could serve as an effective and sustainable solution for fertilizer and substrate needs in seedling growth.

Exploring the nutritional spectrum and culinary applications of basil seeds (Ocimum basilicum L.) in the food industry: A comprehensive review

Exploring the nutritional spectrum and culinary applications of basil seeds (Ocimum basilicum L.) in the food industry: A comprehensive review

EVALUATING THE EFFECT OF BASIL SEEDS (OCIMUM BASILICUM) ON HYPERLIPIDEMIA

Coronary heart diseases (CHD) are the leading cause of morbidity throughout the World irrespective of gender. CHD can be prevented by proper management of hyperlipidemia in aggregation with healthy diet and lifestyle. Objective: The current study was designed to ascertain the effect of basil seeds (Ocimum basilicum) on hyperlipidemia. Methods: The study was carried out at the University Institute of Diet & Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Lahore and Major Aziz Bhatti Teaching Hospital (DHQ) Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan for one year from April, 2021 to April, 2022. Sixty (60) cardiovascular patients from both genders, having cholesterol level ≥ 200 mg/dL were selected and divided into three groups, one group of twenty (20) patients was given no treatment (G0), second group of twenty (20) patients (G1) was given 5.0 g basil seeds per patient per day and third group of twenty (20) patients (G2) was given 10.0 g basil seeds for ninety days. The data was recorded for bio mass index (BMI), blood pressure, high-density lipoproteins (HDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL), total cholesterol (TC), and triglycerides (TG) at 0, 45 and 90 days of study period. Results: Both the doses of basil seeds significantly decreased bio mass index (BMI) from 40.59 to 31.16 (23.22 %), total cholesterol (TC) from 267.77 to 223.64 mg/dl (16.48 %) and triglycerides level (TG) from 250.15 to 207.77 mg/dl (16.94 %) of cardiovascular patients with P value of < 0.001 during the whole span of study. The basil seeds (@ 5.0 and 10.0 g per patient per day significantly reduced bio mass index (BMI), total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) of cardiovascular patients during 45 and 90 days. However, the effect of basil seeds was observed sharper in case of 2nd dose i.e. 10.0 g of basil seeds per patient per day. Conclusion: Basil seeds have significant effect on lowering bio mass index, total cholesterol and triglycerides levels of cardiovascular patients

EFFECT OF OCIMUM BASILICUM IN PREVENTION OF MURINE CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE INDUCED VASCULAR CONGESTION OF OVARIAN MEDULLA

Cyclophosphamide is one of the alkylating chemotherapeutic drug used in cancer patients that exhibits antifertility effects on female gonads. Ocimum Basilicum is a natural herb rich in polyphenols and is known to improve fertility. Objective: To determine the role of a natural herb, Ocimum basilicum extract, as a protective agent against cyclophosphamide induced congestion in ovarian medulla.
 Methods: 45 adult female albino rats were divided in control group A, experimental groups B and C each having 15 rats. Group A rats received single dose of 150 mg/kg normal saline intraperitoneally on 8th day of experiment, while group B was given single intraperitoneal dose of 150 mg/kg cyclophosphamide at day 8 of experiment. Group C rats were pretreated with methanolic basil (Ocimum basilicum) seeds extract for 7 days followed by single intraperitoneal dose of 150 mg/kg cyclophosphamide at day 8 of experiment. All the rats were dissected 48 hours after the last dose.
 Results: Cyclophosphamide caused congestion of blood vessels in ovarian medulla in group B and C. Congestion of ovarian medulla in group B when compared with control group A was highly significant with p-value <0.001. When observed in experimental group C, there was slight improvement in congestion of blood vessels. When compared with the group B, the difference was not significant having p-value 0.229. Conclusion: The results of the present study proved that basil seeds showed slight improvement in vascular congestion in ovarian medulla, when used with Cyclophosphamide as a preventive agent.

Atmospheric Pressure Cold Plasma Modification of Basil Seed Gum for Fabrication of Edible Film Incorporated with Nanophytosomes of Vitamin D3 and Tannic Acid

The purpose of this work was to first investigate the impact of cold plasma (CP) treatment, performed at various times (0-30 min), on the characteristics of basil seed gum (BSG), as well as the fabrication of functional edible films with the modified BSG. FT-IR spectra of CP-treated BSG revealed change at 1596 and 1718 cm-1, indicating the formation of carbonyl groups. Both untreated and CP-modified BSG dispersions showed shear-thinning behavior with a higher apparent viscosity for the CP-modified dispersions at studied temperatures. Untreated BSG dispersion and the one treated by CP for 10 min revealed time-independent behavior, while those treated for 20 and 30 min showed a rheopectic behavior. CP-modified BSG dispersion had higher G', G″, and complex viscosity than untreated BSG. Higher contact angle for the CP-modified BSG suggested enhanced hydrophobic nature, while the surface tension was lower compared to the untreated BSG. SEM micrographs revealed an increase in the surface roughness of treated samples. Moreover, modified BSG was successfully used for the preparation of edible film incorporating tannic acid and vitamin D3-loaded nanophytosomes with high stability during storage compared to the free form addition. The stability of encapsulated forms of vitamin D3 and tannic acid was 39.77% and 38.91%, more than that of free forms, respectively. In conclusion, CP is an appropriate technique for modifying the properties of BSG and fabrication of functional edible films.

Biochemical, nutraceutical and phytochemical characterization of chia and basil seeds: A comparative study

ABSTRACT Chia and basil seeds have comparable nutritional profiles, bioactive components, and phytochemistry, which make it difficult for consumers and researchers to choose between the two. Thus, an in-depth study was conducted to compare the physiochemical, nutritional and bioactive profile of these seeds in order to obtain complete database regarding nutritional and phytochemical profiling of both seeds. The wonder seeds were analyzed for physico-chemical composition, fatty acid constituents, amino-acid profile and phytochemical screening. Fatty acid constituents were determined using GC-MS, while amino acids profile and identification and quantification of phytochemicals were performed using HPLC procedure. Physico-chemical evaluation of basil and chia seed revealed that basil was found superior to chia in terms of dietary fiber (40.85 g/100 g), fat content (33.10 g/100 g), vitamin A (1583 µg/100 g) and E (779 µg/100 g) while chia seed was rich in protein (21.54 g/100 g), iron (7.7mg/100 g), magnesium (335 mg/100 g) and phosphorus (860 mg/100 g). Amino acid profiling revealed the presence of high-quality protein in chia seeds comprising of almost all essential and non-essential amino acids in significant (p < .05) amounts as compared to basil seeds. Furthermore, higher proportion of α-linoleic acid (ALA) was detected in basil seeds (24.4g/100 g) as compared to chia seeds (5.25 g/100 g) as determined by GC-MS. Phytochemical screening showed that basil contained significantly (p < .05) higher amounts of total phenolic (17.66mgGAE/g of dry sample) and flavonoid content (0.57mgQE/100 g of dry sample) in comparison to chia seeds, which contributed to its higher anti-oxidant activity. Phenolic characterization revealed that basil seeds contained higher concentration of caffeic acid (4780.01 µg/g) followed by gallic acid (2330 µg/g). The inference drawn from the study concludes that both seeds can be put forth for enrichment of various food items or can be directly consumed as functional foods.

Biological properties of lemon basil seeds extract, legumes extract, sesame seeds extract and the inhibitory activity of the combination of lemon basil seeds extract with rice volatiles compounds against α-glucosidase, α-amylase and tyrosinase

Biological properties of lemon basil seeds extract, legumes extract, sesame seeds extract and the inhibitory activity of the combination of lemon basil seeds extract with rice volatiles compounds against α-glucosidase, α-amylase and tyrosinase

A Comparison of Chemical Compounds between Anti-Diabetic Drug and Some Medicinal Plants

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a kind of diabetes marked by high blood sugar, insulin, and insulin insufficiency. Adult-onset diabetes is another name for it. Increased thirst, frequent urination, and unexplained weight loss are common indications and symptoms. Metformin side effects include metallic taste, weakness, diarrhea, stomach upset, lactic acidosis, and vomiting. Two other side effects are asthenia and a Vitamin B12 deficiency. Many recent studies and most health experts recommend basil seed as a better Metformin substitute. The research investigates why patients who consume basil seeds have a similar response to those who take Metformin. The methodology of the study consisted of two main steps, first step is to analyze basil and use HPLC to determine its chemical components. The second step is to compare the broken-down components to Metformin-composed materials, which is done by diluting with methanol/water (50:50 v/v) and removing the fat layer using 20 mL hexane. The findings showed that basil seed and Metformin had the most similar component structure, thus the foundlings concluded that patients had the same responses without the Metformin side effects, implying that basil seed stabilizes blood sugar levels.

Influence of Basil Seed Treatment with Dielectric-Barrier Discharge Plasma in Argon Atmosphere on Their Sowing Quality and Plant Morphogenesis and Productivity

Influence of Basil Seed Treatment with Dielectric-Barrier Discharge Plasma in Argon Atmosphere on Their Sowing Quality and Plant Morphogenesis and Productivity

The effect of combining basil seeds and gum Arabic on the healing process of experimental acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis in rats

Background & aimUlcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic recurrent inflammatory disease of the large intestine and rectum that oxidative stress and severe inflammation are the main features of this disease. Previous studies have shown that separate consumption of basil and gum arabic can reduce inflammation and oxidative stress. The aim of the study was evaluating the effect of treatment with basil seeds given together with gum arabic on healing, inflammation and oxidative stress in the course of experimental colitis in rats. Experimental procedureA total number of 50 male rats were used, randomly assigned to five groups of 10 rats each. Colitis was induced in rats by enemas with 4% solution od acetic acid. Four days after induction of colitis, rats were treated for next 4 days with saline or combination of basil seeds plus gum arabic (1 mg/kg) or sulfasalazine (100 mg/g) rectally. The experiment was terminated after last dose of treatment. Rats without induction of colitis were used as a sham group. ResultsAcetic acid-induced colitis increased the macroscopic and histopathological damage scores of the colon as well as colon levels of MDA(Malondialdehyde), MPO(Myeloperoxidase), TNFα(Tissue necrosis factor α), IL6 (Interleukin 6)and IL17(Interleukin 17) and decreased SOD(Superoxide Dismutase), GPx (Glutathione Peroxidase) and IL10 (Interleukin 10) levels compared with the control group(P < 0.001). Treatment with basil and gum arabic reduced macroscopic and histopathological damage scores (P < 0.01) of the colon, MDA, MPO, TNFα, IL6(P < 0.001) and IL17 (P < 0.01) levels of the colon and increased SOD, GPx and IL10 levels compared to the colitis group (P < 0.01). ConclusionRectal administration of combination of basil seeds plus gum arabic after induction of colitis, exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and accelerates the healing of the colon in experimental colitis evoked by acetic acid.

DIFFERENT PERCENTAGES OF BASIL SEEDS (Ocimum basilicium L.) AS HYDROCOLLOID IN BATTER COATING SYSTEM: EFFECT ON THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND SENSORY PROPERTIES OF BREADED FISH FILLETS

Basil seed (Ocimum basilicium L.) has the potential to improve the characteristics of food products when added to the batter for coating but the amount could result in different qualities. This study investigates the physicochemical and sensory properties of tilapia fish fillets coated with batter added with different percentages of basil seeds (0%, 3%, 6% &amp; 9%). The viscosity, coating adhesion, cooking yield, frying loss, moisture and fat contents, colour, texture and sensory properties were analyzed. As the basil seeds percentages added increased, the viscosity was improved and strongly correlated with the coating adhesion, cooking yield, frying loss and moisture content. The hardness, chewiness and fracturability of the fish fillet were also improved. The treated samples were darker and redder, which contributed to the golden colour. Panellists rated the crispness and overall acceptability of the treated samples higher than the control (0% of basil seed), while other parameters such as colour, appearance, fishy smell level, taste and juiciness were not different between the control and the treated samples. In conclusion, the quality of the coated fish fillet with added 3% of basil seed to the batter was not much different compared to the control (0%), while, the 9% had negatively influenced the oil adsorption and sensory characteristics of the samples. Therefore, 6% is suggested as the most suitable percentage to be used in the batter.

Evaluation of spontaneous fermentation with basil content in the technology of rye-wheat bread production

The bakery industry is increasingly using technologies that improve the quality of finished products. Such technologies of bread production include technology with the use of natural leavens of spontaneous fermentation, which are made without the addition of various artificially created chemical ingredients. The aim of the work was to determine the influence of basil seeds on the activity of rye-wheat leaven in the technology of its renewal and to investigate the physicochemical, organoleptic characteristics of the dough during fermentation and the quality of bread. The research used generally accepted in the bakery industry methods of physical and chemical research of sourdough, dough and finished products. It was found that the introduction of basil seeds in the composition of spontaneous leaven in the amount of 1.5 to 3.0 % reduces the time of renewal of the leaven and accelerate the increase in acidity, which is the result of the development of its own microbiota. The expediency of adding basil seeds (up to 2.0 %) to the technology of spontaneous leaven production was established, as the time of ball emergence after the fifth stage of renewal was 8 minutes shorter compared to the control sample of leaven. The addition of basil accelerates the development and biochemical activity of the yeast microbiota, resulting in more enzymes of the reductase class. The dough is made with the addition of spontaneous fermentation leaven, which contains basil seeds ferment and ripen faster. In the evaluation of bread samples, the highest total score was obtained by samples № 2 and №3, which were made on spontaneous leaven with a content of 1.0 and 1.5 basil – the total number of points was 19.3 points, which is 0.5 points more than the control sample. Therefore, for the production of rye-wheat spontaneous leaven, it is advisable to add basil seeds to its composition to enhance biochemical and microbiological processes.

Investigations of the Palestinian medicinal plant basil (Ocimum basilicum): antioxidant, antimicrobial activities, and their phase behavior

Objective: The aim of this work was to establish pseudoternary phase diagrams for Palestinian basil extracts (seeds and leaves), formulate a microemulsion, and study the antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of this medicinal plant. Methods: Pseudoternary phase diagrams were prepared by utilizing the water titration method, by using basil extracts (seeds and leaves) as an oil phase and water phase. Basil was analyzed for its phytochemical constituents after it was extracted using Soxhlet extraction device. The crude extracts of basil (seeds and leaves) were analyzed for their total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity (AA) using standard methods (Folin-Ciocalteau assay, aluminum chloride assay, ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) and spectrophotometric method), respectively. In-vitro susceptibility of basil extracts was determined by antibacterial activity using agar disc diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against five clinical pathogens. The potential in-vitro antimalarial activity of various Ocimum extracts was determined in different solvents using semiquantitative assay method. Results: The results showed that both the seeds and leaves of the ethanol extract had antibacterial activity on most bacterial strains, with respective zones of inhibition of 6-25 mm and MIC values of (62.5 - > 500μg/ml). The seeds extract of the plant has 74±1.4 mg/g AA, while the leaves extract has a value of 40.4±0.8 mg/g. The TPC of basil seeds was 58.2±0.9 mg/g and that of basil leaves was 51±2.4 mg/g. In addition, the TFC in the leaves was 9.0±1.5 mg/g, while in the seeds it was 34.2±3.6 mg/g. At room temperature, the pseudoternary phase diagram was determined. Combining basil leaves and seeds extract with Tween 20 as a surfactant resulted in an effective basil microemulsion. RP-HPLC Chromatography analysis showed the presence of flavonoid (quercetin) in 6.6 min. It was found that β-hematin was not prevented in any of these solvents. This result, shown for the first time in this study, rules out a mechanism that has been proposed to explain the antimalarial activity of the plant, namely inhibition of beta-hematin formation. Conclusion: Based on these results, it is concluded that basil is a natural source of potent antioxidants, antibacterial and antimalarial activities that can prevent many diseases and could potentially be used in cosmetics and pharmaceutical products.

Improvement of the Stability and Release of Sulforaphane-enriched Broccoli Sprout Extract Nanoliposomes by Co-encapsulation into Basil Seed Gum

Improvement of the Stability and Release of Sulforaphane-enriched Broccoli Sprout Extract Nanoliposomes by Co-encapsulation into Basil Seed Gum

Co-encapsulation of broccoli sprout extract nanoliposomes into basil seed gum: effects on in vitro antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-Listeria activities in ricotta cheese

This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant and antibacterial activities (AOA and ABA) of broccoli sprout extract (BSE) nanoliposomes co-encapsulated into basil seeds gum (BSG). The characteristics of the BSE-loaded nanoliposomes and nano-capsules were firstly determined. Their functional (antioxidant and antibacterial) properties were tested in vitro, and their anti-Listeria effect (at 0.4 and 0.8% w/w) on ricotta cheese was evaluated. The produced nanoliposomes and nano-capsules were spherical in shape and did not tend to accumulate. The mean particle size, polydispersity index (PDI) and encapsulation efficiency (EE) were observed about 39.60 and 69.00 nm, 0.279 and 0.496, 85.73 and 88.46% for nano-capsules and nanoliposomes, respectively. The zeta potential (ζ) values were observed at −65.73 and −71.16 mV and therefore the nanoparticles had good stability and uniform particle size distribution. Encapsulation had no significant effect on total phenol and flavonoids content of the BSE. The amounts of these active compounds were in the range of 25.12–26.97 mg GAE/g dw and 6.84–6.95 mg QE/g dw, respectively. The free and encapsulated BSE displaying good AOA in the DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays. Results of the ABA measured by inhibition zone diameter and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) demonstrated that the free BSE had antibacterial action against the tested Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and the nano-encapsulation process led to improved ABA of this extract. The organic acids in BES indicated the presence of high levels of citric, malic and oxalic acids at 613, 98 and, 45 (mg/g dw), respectively. The BSE-loaded nanoparticles showed remarkable anti-Listeria activity in ricotta cheese, which their activity increased with increasing their concentration. In conclusion, BSE-loaded nanoliposomes and nano-capsules have potential interest to be used as natural antioxidants and preservatives for food applications.

Cold-Set Emulsion Gels Costabilized by Kidney Bean Protein Isolate and Basil Seed Gum as Astaxanthin Carriers: Improved Stability and Bioaccessibility

Cold-Set Emulsion Gels Costabilized by Kidney Bean Protein Isolate and Basil Seed Gum as Astaxanthin Carriers: Improved Stability and Bioaccessibility

Synthesis of pH-Sensitive Cross-Linked Basil Seed Gum/Acrylic Acid Hydrogels by Free Radical Copolymerization Technique for Sustained Delivery of Captopril.

The pH-sensitive polymeric matrix of basil seed gum (BSG), with two different monomers, such as acrylic acid (AA) and N, N-Methylene-bis-acrylamide (MBA), was selected to use in hydrogels preparation through a free radical copolymerization technique using potassium per sulfate (KPS) as a cross linker. BSG, AA and MBA were used in multiple ratios to investigate the polymer, monomer and initiator effects on swelling properties and release pattern of captopril. Characterization of formulated hydrogels was done by FTIR, DSC/TGA, XRD and SEM techniques to confirm the stability. The hydrogels were subjected to a variety of tests, including dynamic swelling investigations, drug loading, in vitro drug release, sol–gel analyses and rheological studies. FTIR analysis confirmed that after the polymeric reaction of BSG with the AA monomer, AA chains grafted onto the backbone of BSG. The SEM micrographs illustrated an irregular, rough, and porous form of surface. Gel content was increased by increasing the contents of polymeric gum (BSG) with monomers (AA and MBA). Acidic and basic pH effects highlighted the difference between the swelling properties with BSG and AA on increasing concentration. Kinetic modelling suggested that Korsmeyer Peppas model release pattern was followed by the drug with the non-Fickian diffusion mechanism.

Promotion of seed germination and early plant growth by KNO3 and light spectra in Ocimum tenuiflorum using a plant factory

The plant factory with artificial light (PFAL) is a novel cultivation system of agriculture technology for crop production under controlled-environment conditions. However, there are a number of issues relating to low quality of seed germination and seedling vigor that lead to decreased crop yields. The present study investigates the optimal KNO3 concentration for seed germination, and the influence of different light spectra on early plant growth in holy basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum) under a PFAL system. Experiment 1 investigated the effects of KNO3 concentration (0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6%) on germination of seeds primed for 24 h under white Light emitting diodes (LED). Results show that sowing holy basil seeds in 0.4% KNO3 enhanced seed germination percentage (GP) and germination index (GI), while decreasing mean germination time (MGT). Experiment 2 investigated the effect of four light spectra on seed germination and early plant growth by sowing with 0 and 0.4% KNO3 and germinating for 15 days continuously under different monochromatic light settings: white, red, green and blue in PFAL. It was found that the green spectrum positively affected shoot and root length, and also decreased shortened MGT at 0 and 0.4% KNO3 when compared with other light treatments. Additionally, pre-cultivated seedlings under the green spectrum showed significant improvement in the early plant growth for all holy basil varieties at 15 days after transplanting by promoting stem length, stem diameter, plant width, fresh weights of shoot and root, and dry weights of shoot and root. These findings could be useful in developing seed priming and light treatments to enhance seed germination and seedling quality of holy basil resulting in increased crop production under PFAL.

Multi-Responsive Optimization of Novel pH-Sensitive Hydrogel Beads Based on Basil Seed Mucilage, Alginate, and Magnetic Particles.

Conventional drug delivery systems often cause side effects and gastric degradation. Novel drug delivery systems must be developed to decrease side effects and increase the efficacy of drug delivery. This research aimed to fabricate hydrogel beads for use as a drug delivery system based on basil seed mucilage (BSM), sodium alginate (SA), and magnetic particles (MPs). The Taguchi method and Grey relational analysis were used for the design and optimization of the hydrogel beads. Three factors, including BSM, SA, and MPs at four levels were designed by L-16 orthogonal arrays. BSM was the main factor influencing bead swelling, drug release rate at pH 7.4, and release of antioxidants at pH 1.2 and 7.4. In addition, SA and MPs mainly affected drug loading and drug release rate in acidic medium, respectively. Grey relational analysis indicated that the composition providing optimal overall properties was 0.2 vol% BSM, 0.8 vol% SA, and 2.25 vol% MPs. Based on the findings of this work, BSM/SA/MPs hydrogel beads have the potential to be used as a pH-sensitive alternative material for drug delivery in colon-specific systems.