Spring Barley Seedlings Research Articles

The influence of mitochondria-targeted antioxidants, plastoquinone derivatives on the resistance of grain crops to water deficiency

The article presents the results of a study of the influence of plastoquinone derivatives: 10-(6'-plastoquinonyl)decyltriphenylphosphonium (SkQ1) and 10-(6′-methylplastoquinonyl) decyltriphenylphosphonium (SkQ3) on the resistance of grain crops to soil moisture deficiency. The object of the study were seedlings of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivar “Sokol” and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar “Kalym”. The growth rates of plants were studied for 14 days under normal conditions and with a lack of moisture, pre-treated with 2.5 nm solutions of SkQ1 and SkQ3. It has been shown that treating seeds with solutions of SkQ1 and SkQ3 increases the growth rate of the studied crops under conditions of lack of moisture compared to the control. Also, in the roots and leaves of 14-day-old barley seedlings, an analysis of the transcriptional activity of the genes SodA1, SodB, GR, GST1, GST6, Cat1, Cat2, Apx1, encoding oxidative stress proteins, was carried out. It was shown that a decrease in soil moisture by 1.8 and 2.0 times compared to the control reduces to varying degrees the weight of roots and leaves in 14-day-old barley seedlings and increases the transcriptional activity of all studied genes in both leaves and roots. Treatment of seeds with solutions of SkQ1 and SkQ3 under conditions of moisture deficiency increases the dry weight of barley roots and leaves and reduces the transcriptional activity of the studied genes in the roots. Keywords: PLASTOQUINONE DERIVATIVES, SkQ1, SkQ3, MITOCHONDRIA-TARGETED ANTIOXIDANTS, ROS, SOIL MOISTURE DEFICIENCY, STABILITY, TRANSCRIPTIONAL GENE ACTIVITY

Effects of the Composition and Properties of Soils and Soil-Sand Substrates Contaminated with Copper on Morphometric Parameters of Barley Plants

In a multifactorial vegetation experiment, the effect of the composition and properties of soils and soil-sandy substrates contaminated with various doses of copper acetate on the morphometric parameters of spring barley seedlings was studied. It has been shown that the germination and vigor of seed germination, as well as the length of roots, aboveground parts, and dry biomass of plants depend in a complex way on the concentration of Cu in soils and substrates, as well as their buffering capacity to heavy metals. The presence of two mechanisms of Cu influence on plant development was established: metabolic at СCu 500 mg/kg of soil and diffusion at СCu 500 mg/kg. Using methods of regression analysis on experimental data, a multiple regression equation was obtained that combines morphometric parameters of plants, concentration of Cu in the substrates, and the buffering capacity of soils to heavy metals. On its basis, in the coordinates of soil buffering capacity – Cu concentration, a curve of values f the maximum permissible concentration of Cu in soils in the concentration range from 17 to 2047 mg/kg. It makes the possibility to separate the zone of permissible development of barley plants (reduction of morphometric parameters by no more than 15%) from the zone of exceeding the accepted value of maximum permissible concentration of Cu. Thus, maximum permissible concentration of Cu is considered not as a fixed value, but as a function of Cu concentration, soil buffering capacity, and plant species.

Feature of the photosynthetic pigment fund in seedlings of different varieties of spring barley when affected by the fungus <i>Bipolaris sorokiniana</i> (Sacc.) Shoem

The objects of research were the first leaves of green seedlings of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) of the varieties of Belarusian breeding − filmy (Magutny, Raider) and naked (Adamant). Seedlings of different age (3, 5, and 10 days old) were infected with spores of the fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoem. − a causative agent of helminthosporiasis, and were analyzed 2 days after infection. Varietal and ontogenetic differences between barley cultivars in morphological parameters of the first leaves, the content of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls (Chl) and carotenoids), and the ratio of spectral forms of Chl at the seedling stage were found. Different amplitudes of changes in the photosynthetic pigment content between the barley varieties with helminthosporiasis at different stages of development of the first leaf were established.

Light Drives and Temperature Modulates: Variation of Phenolic Compounds Profile in Relation to Photosynthesis in Spring Barley.

Accumulation and metabolic profile of phenolic compounds (PheCs; serving as UV-screening pigments and antioxidants) as well as carbon fixation rate (An) and plant growth are sensitive to irradiance and temperature. Since these factors are naturally co-acting in the environment, it is worthy to study the combined effects of these environmental factors to assess their possible physiological consequences. We investigated how low and high irradiance in combination with different temperatures modify the metabolic profile of PheCs and expression of genes involved in the antioxidative enzyme and PheCs biosynthesis, in relation to photosynthetic activity and availability of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) in spring barley seedlings. High irradiance positively affected An, NSC, PheCs content, and antioxidant activity (AOX). High temperature led to decreased An, NSC, and increased dark respiration, whilst low temperature was accompanied by reduction of UV-A shielding but increase of PheCs content and AOX. Besides that, irradiance and temperature caused changes in the metabolic profile of PheCs, particularly alteration in homoorientin/isovitexin derivatives ratio, possibly related to demands on AOX-based protection. Moreover, we also observed changes in the ratio of sinapoyl-/feruloyl- acylated flavonoids, the function of which is not yet known. The data also strongly suggested that the NSC content may support the PheCs production.

Effect of biofertilizers and osmotic stress on morphological parameters of spring barley seedlings

One of ways to increase resistance of agricultural plants to abiotic stresses is the use of biofertilizers with anti-stress and growth-regulating properties. They improve absorption of nitrogen and phosphorus from organic fertilizers and soil. The purpose of the research was to study sowing qualities of seeds, morphological indicators of spring barley seedlings after presowing seed treatment with biofertilizers under conditions of sufficient humidification and osmotic stress. The laboratory experiment was carried out to study the effect of biofertilizers on seedlings of spring barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) cv. Gubernatorsky under conditions of sufficient and insufficient humidification. The barley seeds were treated once according to the following scheme: 1. control (distilled water) 10 L/t; 2. Gumi 20 M potash (0.4 L/t); 3. Borogum-M complex (0.2 L/t); 4. PEG 6000 (100 g/L); 5. Gumi 20 M (0.4 L/t) + PEG 6000 (100 g/L); 6. Borogum-M complex (0.2 L/t) + PEG 6000 (100 g/L). Treatment of spring barley seeds with biofertilizers increased the germination rate and germination capacity by 35 and 2 %, respectively. When modeling drought using PEG-6000, the sowing qualities of seeds decreased by 4 %. Under conditions of sufficient humidification, the studied biofertilizers had a complex positive effect on shoot and root weight of barley seedlings. In addition, the average length of roots, shoots and the total root length increased. The number of roots did not change significantly. Lack of moisture decreased the effectiveness of Borogum-M complex biofertilizer, while Gumi 20 M potassium biofertilizer had a positive effect on the parameters of barley seedlings under water stress conditions.

Reaction of spring barley seedlings and H. incongruens crustaceans to the presence of acetylsalicylic acid in soil

Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is one of the more commonly used analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory as well as anticoagulant drugs available in the OTC (over the counter) segment. Due to the considerable use of this drug, an attempt was made to determine the effect of ASA on the crustacean Heterocypris incongruens and the monocotyledonous plant spring barley. The tested compounds were introduced into soil in which these organisms “lived”. The study showed that ASA had an adverse effect on seed germination potential as well as a negative effect on spring barley growth; however, and photosynthetic pigments content was observed only at the highest concentrations of the studied compounds. ASA did not cause oxidative stress in plants but did also cause disturbances in the growth of H. incongruens, without causing their mortality. As a result, ASA may have certain negative effects on both crustaceans and monocots.

Effect of diclofenac and naproxen and their mixture on spring barley seedlings and Heterocypris incongruens

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a popular group of drugs used worldwide. These drugs are also available over the counter, which implies that their consumption is not strictly regulated. They are released through wastewater and feces and can have adverse effects on the environment. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of two NSAIDs, diclofenac (DCF) and naproxen (NAP), and their mixture (DCF + NAP) on spring barley seedlings and ostracods Heterocypris incongruens. The tested drugs had a negative impact on bivalve ostracods and the studied plants. DCF was the most toxic toward ostracods, while spring barley seedlings were affected the most by NAP. The application of the tested compounds and their mixture resulted in a decrease in fresh weight yield and the content of photosynthetic pigments. In addition, an increase in H2O2 and proline content and changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes (POD, APX, CAT, and SOD) were observed.

Effect of epibrassynolide on the flavonoids content in plant sprouts under stress caused by N-phosphonomethylglycine

The effect of epibrassinolide (EBL) on the content of flavonoids in seedlings of fiber flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) and spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under chemical stress caused by N-phosphonomethylglycine (glyphosate) was studied. The species specificity of the response of the seedlings to the introduction of EBL in a mixture with an inhibitory dose of glyphosate was noted. This specificity is expressed in the suppression of the inhibitory effect of glyphosate on the flavonoids' content in the tissues of fiber flax and the absence of changes in the level of the content of flavonoids in the roots and aerial part of spring barley seedlings.

Оценка влияния предпосевной обработки семян растворами микроудобрений на посевные качества семян и морфофизиологические показатели проростков сортов ярового ячменя

The object of research is spring barley of brewing purpose of Vladimir, Laurika and Kalkul varieties. The purpose of the study: to assess the effect of microfertilizers on the sowing qualities of seeds and morphophysiological parameters of spring barley seedlings of various varieties, to justify the feasibility of pre-sowing spraying with microfertilizer solutions. The research was conducted in 2021 in the laboratory of the Kostroma State Agricultural Academy of the Kostroma region of the Kostroma region. As a result, it was found that the use of Agromix increases the germination energy and contributes to a significant increase in the laboratory germination of barley seeds for all varieties, increases the growth and development of barley seedlings. Keywords: SPRING BARLEY, SEED TREATMENT, SEED SOWING QUALITIES

Оценка влияния предпосевной обработки семян растворами микроудобрений на посевные качества семян и морфофизиологические показатели проростков сортов ярового ячменя

The object of research is spring barley of brewing purpose of Vladimir, Laurika and Kalkul varieties. The purpose of the study: to assess the effect of microfertilizers on the sowing qualities of seeds and morphophysiological parameters of spring barley seedlings of various varieties, to justify the feasibility of pre-sowing spraying with microfertilizer solutions. The research was conducted in 2021 in the laboratory of the Kostroma State Agricultural Academy of the Kostroma region of the Kostroma region. As a result, it was found that the use of Agromix increases the germination energy and contributes to a significant increase in the laboratory germination of barley seeds for all varieties, increases the growth and development of barley seedlings. Keywords: SPRING BARLEY, SEED TREATMENT, SEED SOWING QUALITIES

Phytohormonal activity of lactone-structure brassinosteroids under chemical stress in plants

The dependence of the action of lactone-structure brassinosteroids in composition with a growth-inhibiting dose of glyphosate on the root system and the aerial part of fiber flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) and spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seedlings was determined. The species specificity of growth responses to seed incrustation by such mixtures was identified. The concentration ranges of brassinosteroids, in which their interaction with the herbicide is most pronounced, were detected. In this case, there is an increase (on spring barley seedlings) or weakening (on fiber flax seedlings) of the inhibitory effect of glyphosate on the root system.

Phytotoxicity and Effect of Ionic Liquids on Antioxidant Parameters in Spring Barley Seedlings: The Impact of Exposure Time

The influence of the ionic liquids (ILs) tetrabutylammonium bromide [TBA][Br], 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole bromide [BMIM][Br], and tetrabutylphosphonium bromide [TBP][Br] added at different concentrations to the soil were studied for the growth and development of spring barley seedlings. Samples were harvested at three different time points: day 7, 14, and 21 after addition of ILs. The results show that [TBP][Br] was the most toxic. The introduction of this IL at the dose of 100 mg kg−1 of soil DM decreased the growth of seedlings at all test dates. The addition of the studied ILs to the soil in higher doses resulted in an increase in peroxidase and catalase activity, which may indicate the occurrence of oxidative stress in plants. An increase in the content of plant dry matter weight, contents of H2O2 and proline and a decrease in the content of photosynthetic pigments in barley seedlings were also observed. The malondialdehyde content and superoxide dismutase activity fluctuated randomly during the experiment. As a result, it was found that the phytotoxicity of ILs and the magnitude of oxidative stress in seedlings depended more on the added doses of these compounds than on the measurement date.

Influence of SDHI Seed Treatment on the Physiological Conditions of Spring Barley Seedlings under Drought Stress

Seed treatments help reduce the pathogen load and thus improve the condition of plants from their earliest developmental stages, but they can have impacts beyond their basic fungicide protection role. In this study, we investigated how seven spring barley seed treatments affected the plants’ physiological state. The tested seed treatments differed significantly in their impacts on the vigor parameters of barley seeds and on the physiological state of seedlings under drought stress and after regeneration. Seed treatments based on substances from the succinate-dehydrogenase-inhibitors (SDHI) group did not cause inhibition of seedling growth and also display by the highest vigor index values. Using the analysis of photosynthesis-related parameters, we showed that seed treatments from the SDHI group provided a superior tolerance of the imposed drought in spring barley than other treatments. In addition to protection against abiotic stress, SDHI treatments also rendered a higher efficiency of photochemical reactions in the treated plants.

Genome-Wide Associations of Chlorophyll Fluorescence OJIP Transient Parameters Connected With Soil Drought Response in Barley.

One hundred and nine accessions of spring barley seedlings were phenotyped under soil drought conditions. Chlorophyll fluorescence induction (OJIP) parameters, leaf water content, relative turgidity, net assimilation rate (PN), and water use efficiency (WUE) of plants were measured. All the tested lines were genotyped by means of DArT sequencing (DArTseq) technology. For association mapping a 11,780 polymorphic DArTseq and 4,725 DArTseq SNP markers were used. Our results revealed dissimilar patterns of the relationships between OJIP-parameters under control and drought conditions. A high level of correlation between parameters characterizing Photosystem's II (PSII) energy trapping efficiency (Fv/Fm) and photochemical events downstream of PSII reaction center (e.g., Performance Index—PICSo) was observed only in the case of drought-treated plants. Generally, OJIP parameters were correlated with leaf water content (less in control). This correlation was weaker with WUE, and absent with PN. Under drought stress, 6,252 genotype × phenotype associations, which passed false discovery rate (FDR) verification, were found between all the studied phenotypic characteristics (23, including 19 OJIP parameters) and 2,721 markers. On the other hand, only 282 associations passed FDR test in the control. They comprised 22 phenotypic parameters and 205 markers. Probing for gene annotations of sequences was performed for markers associated with Fv/Fm for both drought and control, markers were associated with studied traits in both control and drought, as well as for markers associated with both OJIP and other physiological parameters in drought. Our work allowed us to conclude that drought treatment differentiates the studied lines through the revealing of relationships between water content and the damages to PSII reaction centers or different components of PSII energy transfer chain. Moreover, the former was not connected with net photosynthesis rate.

Peculiarities of the component composition of ether oils of some representatives of Lamiaceae Lindl family in the conditions of forest-steppe of Ukraine and estimation of their biological activity

The purpose of the research is to study the biochemical composition, physical-and-chemical peculiarities of ether oils of dragonhead, hyssop, monarda and to determine their biological activity. Materials and methods. Vegetative raw materials of dragonhead, hyssop, monarda were taken during the flowering period. The component composition of ether oils was studied at a gas chromatograph “Crystal 2000” with a flame-ionization detector. Components of ether oils were identified by the time of substance keeping of the standards of Fluka, Merck, Sigma companies. The allelopathic activity of ether oils, citral, thymol, pinecamferol was studied by the bio-tests method. Results. The component composition of ether oils of scarlet monarda (Monarda didyma L), Moldavian dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavicum L.), hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) as valuable aromatic plants of polyfunctional value was studied and their physical-and-chemical parameters were determined. The main component of ether oil of hyssop plant was pinecamferol (84.68 %). The following compounds of terpenic nature as citral (49.9 %), geranilacetal (43.9 %) are found in ether oil of Moldavian dragonhead. Terpenic compounds of ether oils of scarlet monarda were represented by aromatic alcohols of thymol - 41,56 %. Growth processes of spring barley seedlings were slowed down while using oils synthesized from the vegetative material of all studied varieties at a concentration of 0.1 mcl (by 8.4-86.0 %), besides that hyssop oil had the least inhibitory effect. Concentrations of 0.1-1.0 mcl (92.74-98.85 %) especially in the variants with Moldavian dragonhead oil had the maximum impact on the development of garden-cress. Conclusions. The connection of biological activity with the component composition of ether oils of studied representatives and their chemically pure basic components was analyzed. The high biological activity of the studied substances, which may be a regulator of the structure and functions of individual components of the ecosystem under natural conditions, was proved. The received results indicate the prospect for further study of the peculiarities of ether oils of three varieties of studied plants of Lamiaceae Lindl family - Hyssopus officinalis L., Monarda didyma L., Dracocephalum moldavicum L., where aromatic substances dominate

The influence of mutagenic factors on agronomic traits of spring barley varieties in М1 and emergence of modified forms in М2

Purpose. To determine response of spring barley varieties to action of different concentrations of mutagens in M1. To study effect of the mutagens on the formation of agronomic traits in M1, M2 spring barley varieties. Methods. The experiments with the varieties of Myronivka breeding Virazh and Talisman Myronivskyi were carried out in 2016, 2017 in the conditions of the experimental field of the Scientific-Research Center of Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University as well as in laboratory. The seeds were soaked in solutions of mutagen hydroxylamine (HA) at concentrations 1.0 % (high); 0.5 % (medium), and 0.1 % (low) and mutagen nitrosomethylurea (NMU) at concentrations 0.1 % (high), 0.01 % (medium) and 0.001 % (low). Seeds soaked in water were as the control. The exposition was 18 hours. In M1 seed vigor in laboratory conditions and field germination were evaluated. In M2 plant height, main spike length, grain number and grain weight per main spike were determined. Seeds harvested from the control variants in M1 were used as the control in M2. Results. As compared with HA the mutagen NMU at high-concentration caused high level of depression in spring barley seedlings resulted in decrease of field germination for the variety Vіrazh to 24.0 %, for the variety Talisman Myronivskyi to 51.0 %. When treating seeds with NMU at high concentration, in M1 of the variety Vіrаzh the plants with loose and long (12.7 cm) spike were obtained, whereas 10.0 cm in control. In М2 the variety Vіrazh families were obtained (10/4, 11/2б and 11/4) with significant decrease in plant height (53.0–53.3 cm, control 60.2 cm) which were obtained by the action of mutagen NMU at medium and low concentrations. When mutagen HA in low concentration and mutagen HMM in high concentration acting on seeds of the variety Vіrazh, families (5/1 and 9/2) were obtained which significantly exceeded control in main spike length and grains number per main spike. Conclusions. The indices seed vigor, field germination and main spike length were the most informative ones for mutagenic action in spring barley M1. The action of mutagen NMU in high concentrations caused higher level of depression than mutagen HA. Seed germination was influenced by mutagen concentration, mutagen nature and genotype. In M2 of the varieties Virazh and Talisman Myronivskyi the appearance of modified forms in terms of plant height, main spike length, grain number and grain weight per main spike have been marked. The best results were achieved by the action of high concentration of NMU and high and low concentration of HA The genotype, mutagen concentration and the nature of the mutagen influenced on the formation of yield components in M2. Studies on mutant generations will continue in M3 and M4 to search valuable mutations.

Role of cation structure in the phytotoxicity of ionic liquids: growth inhibition and oxidative stress in spring barley and common radish

The present study determines the influence of three ionic liquids (ILs) containing cations with diversified structure on the growth and development of spring barley seedlings and common radish leaves. Increasing amounts of 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium hexafluorophosphate [Pyrrol][PF6], 1-butyl-1-methylpiperidinium hexafluorophosphate [Piper][PF6], and 1-butyl-4-methylpyridinium hexafluorophosphate [Pyrid][PF6] were added to the soil on which both plants were cultivated. The results of this studies showed that the applied ILs were highly toxic for plants, demonstrated by the inhibition of length of plant shoots and roots, decrease of fresh mass, and increase of dry weight content. Common radish turned out to be the plant with higher resistance to the used ILs. The differences in the cation structure did not influence phytotoxity of ILs for spring barley. Furthermore, all ILs led to a decrease of photosynthetic pigments, which was directly followed by decreased primary production in plants. Oxidative stress in plants occurred due to the presence of ILs in the soil, which was demonstrated by the increase of malondialdehyde (MDA) content, changes in the H2O2 level, and antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD). The changes in the chlorophyll contents and the increase of POD activity turned out to be the most significant oxidative stress biomarkers in spring barley and common radish. Both spring barley and radish exposed to ILs accumulated a large amount of fluoride ion.

Reaction of Spring Barley and Common Radish on the Introduction of Ionic Liquids Containing Asymmetric Cations to the Soil.

The harmful effect of ionic liquids (ILs) on the environment is one of the important elements of scientific research conducted around the world. This study presents the effect of ionic liquids, containing the asymmetric cations benzyltrimethylammonium chloride [BenzTMA][Cl] and benzyltriethylammonium chloride [BenzTEA][Cl], on physiological and biochemical changes in common radish plants and spring barley seedlings. The examined ILs demonstrated low toxicity to higher plants. The compound that exhibited higher phytotoxicity to these plant species was [BenzTMA][Cl], whereas the plant that was more resistant to such ILs was common radish. Both the ionic liquids, particularly at higher concentrations, led to changes in the metabolism of plants, which resulted in a decrease of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids content. The observed changes were positively correlated with increasing concentrations of the examined ILs in the soil. In the case of spring barley, a decrease in the fresh weight and an increase in the dry weight of the seedlings were also observed. The evidence of oxidative stress occurrence in spring barley was observed due to the accumulation of malondialdehyde and free proline, as well as due to an increase in the activity of catalase and peroxidase. The changes in these biomarkers indicating oxidative stress occurrence in common radish plants were much lower. An increase in the content of chloride ions was observed in both the plants.

Changes in growth and physiological parameters of spring barley and common radish under the influence of 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate

Ionic liquids (ILs) constitute a large group of chemical substances, which, thanks to their desirable properties, still attract attention of scientists and representatives of the industry. This may lead to a greater commercial use of these compounds, which will undoubtedly lead to the contamination of soils, constituting the basis of plant vegetation, with these substances. This paper presents effect of 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [BMMIM][BF4] on the growth and development of spring barley and common radish and on the physiological and biochemical changes in these plants. The used IL was characterized by relatively high toxicity for the monocotyledonous plant, which was exhibited by shortening of the plant length and their root length, decreasing the fresh weight yield. Moreover, [BMMIM][BF4] led to the decrease in the content of all photosynthetic pigments in spring barley seedlings, reflecting the decrease in the fresh yield. Furthermore, the increase of malondialdehyde (MDA) level and changes in contents of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the activity of antioxidant enzymes, that is, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) may suggest the occurrence of oxidative stress in spring barley. The decrease in the content of photosynthetic pigment and the increase of POD activity constitute the most reliable markers of oxidative stress and, at the same time, the signs of early aging of spring barley plants. Common radish was the plant with a very high tolerance for the used IL, which can be indicated by, that is, EC50 values, determined based on inhibition of root length, plant length, and fresh weight yield.

Growth inhibition and efficiency of the antioxidant system in spring barley and common radish grown on soil polluted ionic liquids with iodide anions

Ionic liquids (ILs) constitute a huge group of substances that are increasingly common in the commercial use. This situation may lead to the contamination of the soil environment which being the basic of plants vegetation. This paper presents the effect of four ILs with I- anion on the growth and development of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) and common radish (Raphanus sativus L. subvar. radicula Pers) and changes in metabolism of the plants. Seedlings of spring barley and common radish cultivated on soil with increasing ILs concentration exhibited typical phytotoxicity symptoms. A considerable reduction of shoot and root lengths, decrease of fresh weight (FW) and increase of dry weight (DW) occurred in both test plants. Ionic liquids concentration increase in soil was correlated with the decrease of concentrations of all photosynthetic pigments in the plants. The observed increase of malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration and changes in the H2O2 level indicated presence of oxidative stress in spring barley and common radish, which usually led to the increase of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activity. The most reliable biomarker of oxidative stress was chlorophyll level and changes in POD activity.