Response Of Seedlings Research Articles

Response of Jabuticaba [Plinia cauliflora (Mart) Kausel] seedlings to herbicides

Jabuticaba (Plinia sp.) is one of the most important fruit species in the Brazilian flora; it is appreciated for fresh consumption or products produced from its fruits. The establishing of orchards requires the determination of management methods that favor the development and productivity of this species. The objective of this work was to evaluate the response of jabuticaba seedlings to application of herbicides and determine possible phytotoxicity. The experiment was conducted at the Federal Technological University of Paraná, in Dois Vizinhos, PR, Brazil. A randomized block experimental design with four replications was used, with 5 plants per experimental unit. The treatments consisted of applications of pre-emergence herbicides (Dual Gold® and Spider®) and post-emergence herbicides (2,4-D, Ally®, Enlist®, Primatop®, Fusilade®, Imazetapyr, Flex®, Plenum®, and Volcane®). The applied herbicide rates were equivalent to 50% of their commercial recommendation. A spray volume equivalent to 250 L ha-1 was applied, using water as diluent. The following parameters were evaluated 45 days after applications: stem diameter at 1 cm above ground (cm); plant height (cm); numbers of necrotic, chlorotic, shriveled, and healthy leaves; number and length of shoots (cm); survival rate (%); and chlorophyll contents (a, b, and total). The application of the herbicides Ally®, Enlist®, and Flex® resulted in less harmful effects on jabuticaba seedlings. The lowest survival rates were found in plants in the treatments with the herbicides Dual Gold®, Volcane®, and Primatop®.

Morpho-physiological Alteration of Mangifera indica L. in Response to Sea Water Induced Salt Stress

Salinity is one of the biggest challenges in the southern part of Bangladesh, which is affecting the coastal ecosystem adversely. A pot experiment was conducted to find out the morpho-physiological changes in mango (Mangifera indica L.) seedlings in response to sea water induced salt stress at the Agroforestry and Environment research field of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU). The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five replications, where four treatments, viz 4, 8, 12 dS m-1 salinity level (prepared from sea water), and the tap water (control) were imposed. The results indicated that plant height of mango shortened with the higher level of salinity and the declining magnitude was 28.44% over control at maximum salinity level. Number of leaves per plant of mango were reduced by 27.51% at 12 dS m-1 salinity level compared to that tap water, and the size of mango leaf was also reduced for salinity. Both shoot and root biomass of mango seedlings were significantly reduced due to salinity. The Salt tolerance index in mango was 56.76 only at 12 dS m-1. In case of physiological parameters, the lowest relative water content (RWC) was found in 12 dS m-1, while water saturation deficit (WSD) and water uptake capacity (WUC) were found to be the lowest in control for this plant. Water saturation deficit and water uptake capacity were increased with the increment of salinity level. Total chlorophyll and carotenoid content of mango were decreased by 66.27% and 61.07%, respectively, at the highest salinity level. Proline content of mango increased by 73.07% at 12 dS m-1 salt level in comparison to that of seawater devoid control plants. Considering the overall results, it can be concluded that, although mango seedlings were significantly affected by high salinity (12 dS m-1), but can survive up to moderate salinity (8 dS m-1) at sapling stage.

Digital Image Analysis of Low-Temperature Responses in Sweet Corn Hybrid Seedlings

Breeding for stress-tolerant hybrids begins with screening germplasm for tolerant genotypes. We employed a non-destructive and objective method to evaluate the low-temperature response of sweet corns at the seedling stage, using a digital image analysis. It was estimated using summed leaf area, a new parameter defined as the sum of the leaf area measured from images taken at different angles. The summed leaf area, SPAD, shoot and root fresh weight, and total root length were significantly different among hybrids. The group mean of sugary endosperm type was significantly higher than that of shrunken type for all traits but SPAD. For the summed leaf area, the top three ranked hybrids were from the sugary type, but the area for the following three hybrids from the shrunken type did not differ from that for the first three hybrids. The summed leaf area was correlated with SPAD (r = 0.49 **), shoot (r = 0.99 **) and root (r = 0.93 **) fresh weight, and total root length (r = 0.76 **). Phytoglycogen in seeds only had a significant correlation (r = 0.46 **) with the area. The summed leaf area of only one hybrid differed between normal- and low-temperature conditions. The low-temperature response based on the summed leaf area was reflected in the field condition, with a few exceptions. The results suggest that the summed leaf area via digital image analysis can be used to evaluate low-temperature response in sweet corns.

Changes in the Root Architecture of Oil Palm Seedlings in Response to Nitrogen Starvation

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is a widely cultivated crop known for its high oil yield. It is cultivated extensively across tropical regions, notably in Southeast Asia, Africa, and Latin America. It plays a vital role in global vegetable oil supply, meeting approximately 35% of the world’s demand. However, the expansion of oil palm plantations often involves the utilization of degraded soils where nutrient availability, particularly nitrogen, is limited, posing challenges to plant growth and productivity. Roots are crucial in responding to nitrogen deficiency by adjusting their growth and distribution; however, research on root system distribution patterns in oil palm still needs to be completed. This study analyzes the root system architecture using RhizoVision Explorer, a 2D root image processing software while assessing its relationship with nitrogen availability across two commercial cultivars: Deli × La Mé of African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) and the interspecific hybrid O×G Coari × La Mé. Our findings reveal significant associations between eight root traits in oil palm seedlings and treatments with and without nitrogen availability. Notably, total root morphology (length, surface area, and volume), rotation angle, solidity, and hole characteristics decreased under nitrogen deprivation, whereas surface angle frequency increased. We highlight the variability of these traits across cultivars, suggesting genetic dependence and potential utility in breeding programs. Moreover, interactions observed in primary root morphology and hole size indicate greater differences between control and nitrogen-treated groups in C × LM than in D × LM cultivars. On the other hand, cultivar differences, regardless of nitrogen availability, influenced lateral root morphology, while nitrogen availability, irrespective of cultivar, affected inclined angle frequency. Significant differences were observed in growth and development parameters such as root and shoot biomass, root-to-shoot ratio, and leaf emission numbers between nitrogen-optimal and nitrogen-starved conditions. Nitrogen significantly affects root architecture and plant growth in oil palm, particularly in the C × LM cultivar during the nursery stage.

Seedling Growth Stress Quantification Based on Environmental Factors Using Sensor Fusion and Image Processing

Understanding the diverse environmental influences on seedling growth is critical for maximizing yields. The need for a more comprehensive understanding of how various environmental factors affect seedling growth is required. Integrating sensor data and image processing techniques offers a promising approach to accurately detect stress symptoms and uncover hidden patterns, enhancing the comprehension of seedling responses to environmental factors. The objective of this study was to quantify environmental stress symptoms for six seedling varieties using image-extracted feature characteristics. Three sensors were used: an RGB camera for color, shape, and size information; a thermal camera for measuring canopy temperature; and a depth camera for providing seedling height from the image-extracted features. Six seedling varieties were grown under controlled conditions, with variations in temperature, light intensity, nutrients, and water supply, while daily automated imaging was conducted for two weeks. Key seedling features, including leaf area, leaf color, seedling height, and canopy temperature, were derived through image processing techniques. These features were then employed to quantify stress symptoms for each seedling type. The analysis of stress effects on the six seedling varieties revealed distinct responses to environmental stressors. Integration of color, size, and shape parameters established a visual hierarchy: pepper and pak choi seedlings showed a good response, cucumber seedlings showed a milder response, and lettuce and tomato seedlings displayed an intermediate response. Pepper and tomato seedlings exhibited a wide range of growth stress symptoms, at 13.00% to 83.33% and 2.96% to 70.01%, respectively, indicating considerable variability in their reactions to environmental stressors. The suggested classification approach provides valuable groundwork for advancing stress monitoring and enabling growers to optimize environmental conditions.

Chitosan Regulates the Root Architecture System, Photosynthetic Characteristics and Antioxidant System Contributing to Salt Tolerance in Maize Seedling

Salinity is an obstacle to global agriculture, as it affects plant growth and development. Chitosan (CTS) has been suggested as a plant growth regulator to alleviate environmental stresses. In this study, the morphological and biochemical responses of chitosan application (75 mg L−1) on maize seedling growth under salt stress (150 mM) were conducted with a hydroponic experiment. The results exhibited that CTS application effectively recovered salt-inhibited biomass accumulation and root architecture by increasing chlorophyll content and photosynthetic assimilation and reducing sodium content in shoots and roots by 25.42% and 5.12% compared with NaCl treatment. Moreover, salt-induced oxidative stress was alleviated by CTS application by increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes of superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase and content of ascorbate. Correlation analysis and partial least squares (PLS) analysis revealed that root morphology and ascorbate play key roles for maize seedlings in response to salt stress. Based on these results, CTS application is recommended as an effective approach to enhance the tolerance of maize seedlings under salt stress.

New tools for measuring stress response

Oil palm performance under biotic and abiotic stresses can be measured by various means and growth stages. Verdant is working to develop commercial planting materials that can better tolerate drought and Ganoderma, as well as being efficient in fertilizer uptake. This study aims to identify early screening methods for drought tolerance in oil palm which will allow the selection of seedlings and progenies that can be entered into breeding programs and variety production. The trial was arranged according to a split-plot design with three replications. The main plot is watering (normal watering and drought stress) and the sub-plot was Verdant breeding material that consists of 7 progenies. The 4-month-old seedlings were subject to a water deficit treatment (water withheld for five days) followed by measuring seedling responses: leaf temperature, plant height, and number of leaves, which were combined to give a drought score. Significant differences were found for leaf temperature and drought score. Leaf temperature can indicate stress levels of seedlings as it relates to stomatal opening (respiration and transpiration) and hence photosynthetic activity. These methods are being deployed in a phenomics nursery and the data is used to predict subsequent field performance and yield.

Full-length transcriptome reveals the pivotal role of ABA and ethylene in the cold stress response of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum.

Tetrastigma hemsleyanum is a valuable herb widely used in Chinese traditional and modern medicine. Winter cold severely limits the artificial cultivation of this plant, but the physiological and molecular mechanisms upon exposure to cold stress in T. hemsleyanum are unclear. T. hemsleyanum plants with different geographical origins exhibit large differences in response to cold stress. In this research study, using T. hemsleyanum ecotypes that exhibit frost tolerance (FR) and frost sensitivity (FS), we analyzed the response of cottage seedlings to a simulated frost treatment; plant hormones were induced with both short (2 h) and long (9 h) frost treatments, which were used to construct the full-length transcriptome and obtained 76,750 transcripts with all transcripts mapped to 28,805 genes, and 27,215 genes, respectively, annotated to databases. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed enrichment in plant hormone signaling pathways. Further analysis shows that differently expressed genes (DEGs) concentrated on calcium signaling, ABA biosynthesis and signal transduction, and ethylene in response to cold stress. We also found that endogenous ABA and ethylene content were increased after cold treatment, and exogenous ABA and ethylene significantly improved cold tolerance in both ecotypes. Our results elucidated the pivotal role of ABA and ethylene in response to cold stress in T. hemsleyanum and identified key genes.

Physiological and transcriptomic analysis of Hordeum jubatum seedlings in response to salt, alkali and drought stresses under uniform water potential

The early seedling stage is highly susceptible to various abiotic stresses. Hordeum jubatum is an ornamental plant with excellent abiotic stress tolerance, and widely distributed in the northeast of China. However, the mechanism of its physiological and transcriptional resistance under different abiotic stresses is still unclear. The results showed that the leaves of H. jubatum adapted to saline-alkali and drought environments by increasing the density of wax and glandular hairs, reducing the stomatal length, width and opening, and the leaf cells completely ruptured and a large number of organelles disintegrated under alkali stress. With the increasing stress concentration, the chlorophyll content and dry weight reduced under the three stresses, which was related to the broken chloroplasts of such conditions. In addition, the balance of Na+ and K+ was disturbed, and the increase of APX and SOD activity was the strategy to maintain the balance of reactive oxygen species and weaken the degree of membrane lipid peroxidation under three stresses. And alkali stress had the most significant effect on above changes. Moreover, Transcriptional sequencing revealed the alkali stress group had the highest number of differential expressed genes (DEGs) compared to the CK among three stresses, and a significant down-regulation of DEGs related to membrane systems under three stresses. In addition, alkali stress resulted in large number of up-regulation of DEGs associated with light repair processes and down-regulation of DEGs in ribosomal pathway with R proteins involving in regulating leaf phenotype and ultrastructure, which also echoed the overall physiological findings. Together, the adaptation mechanisms of three stresses were different in H. jubatum seedlings with higher tolerance of salt stress, and extremely sensibility to alkali stress.

Variation of the chemical and biochemical responses to salinity during germination and early growth of seedlings of two populations of Agave durangensis Gentry

Agave durangensis (Asparagaceae) sustains a mescal industry in Mexico. The main reproductive strategy of the species is by seeds. The increased demand for agave-based beverages encourages producers to seek new cultivation areas. However, more than half of the territory of the country includes arid and semiarid zones, which are highly affected by salinity. The aim of the current study was to determine if salinity triggers different seed germination potential and variable biochemical and chemical responses in seedlings of two populations of A. durangensis, that might confer different tolerance to salinity. Seeds from each population were irrigated with four salinity treatments. Germination potential, as well as growth parameters and biochemical and chemical attributes of seedlings, were determined. Although with reduced germinability and germination speed, seeds of the two populations were able to germinate even under the strongest NaCl concentration (100 mM) evaluated. Effects in the growth parameters were registered; however, the seedlings of both populations survived throughout the experiments, increasing chlorophyll content and cell viability in most saline treatments. The enzymatic defense mechanism and the accumulation of proline were activated in a salt-dependent manner, which did not occur with the phenolic compounds; however, monomeric anthocyanin accumulation was outstanding under the two strongest NaCl concentrations evaluated. Important interpopulation differences were registered in each type of response, which were differently regulated under variable NaCl concentrations, some of them being more important than others under a particular saline condition. Seeds from the population Durango were more sensitive to salinity.

A New Type of Quantum Fertilizer (Silicon Quantum Dots) Promotes the Growth and Enhances the Antioxidant Defense System in Rice Seedlings by Reprogramming the Nitrogen and Carbon Metabolism.

To promote the growth and yield of crops, it is necessary to develop an effective silicon fertilizer. Herein, a new type of 2 nm silicon quantum dot (SiQD) was developed, and the phenotypic, biochemical, and metabolic responses of rice seedlings treated with SiQDs were investigated. The results indicated that the foliar application of SiQDs could significantly improve the growth of rice seedlings by increasing the uptake of nutrient elements and activating the antioxidative defense system. Furthermore, metabolomics revealed that the supply of SiQDs could significantly up-regulate several antioxidative metabolites (oxalic acid, maleic acid, glycine, lysine, and proline) by reprogramming the nitrogen- and carbon-related biological pathways. The findings provide a new strategy for developing an effective and promising quantum fertilizer in agriculture.

Drought Tolerance Evaluation and Growth Response of Chinese Cabbage Seedlings to Water Deficit Treatment

Drought is a significant climatic factor that significantly affects the production of Chinese cabbage, a crop that is highly susceptible to drought stress. The development and cultivation of drought-tolerant varieties could be a viable strategy to minimize the damage caused by climate change and ensure stable production of Chinese cabbage. This requires the implementation of technologies for early evaluation and selection of a plethora of resources. In this study, we screened 100 varieties and breeding resources for drought tolerance under a water deficit treatment at the seedling stage. We also evaluated the growth response of Chinese cabbage varieties and breeding resources under water deficit treatment and selected drought-tolerant Chinese cabbage genotypes. We confirmed that the visual score for wilting, which evaluates the wilting response during the recovery process of Chinese cabbage seedlings through water deficit treatment and re-watering, can be used as an indicator for evaluating tolerance to drought stress. The visual score for wilting showed a high correlation with major traits representing drought tolerance. Our findings highlight the need for an integrated approach that considers various environmental conditions, varieties, and lines to select and develop drought-tolerant varieties. We selected ‘18-FH112-1’ and ‘18-FH112-1-2’ among others, and these germplasms will be useful resources for drought tolerance breeding. This study provides a foundation for future efforts to develop drought-tolerant Chinese cabbage varieties, thereby contributing to the stable production of this crucial crop.

Respon Seedling Durian Merah Lokal (Durio graveolens) terhadap Konsentrasi Penggunaan Bakteri Fotosintesis

This research aims to determine the response of local red durian seedlings to the use of photosynthetic bacteria, as well as to determine the appropriate concentration dose of photosynthetic bacteria for local red durian seedlings. This research was carried out in Pancakarya Village, Ajung District, Jember Regency, East Java, at an altitude of 50 meters above sea level. This research was carried out from December 2022 to February 2023. This research used a Randomized Completed Block Design (RCBD), with 6 treatment doses of PSB fertilizer, consisting of K0 (control); K1 (5 ml); K2 (10 ml); K3 (15 ml); K4 (20 ml); K5 (25 ml), with 5 repetitions. The parameters observed in this research included plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf length and leaf width, number of branches, and number of roots. The results of the analysis of variance of all observed parameters, which include plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf width, number of branches, root length and leaf length, show that giving PSB to local durian seedlings did not have a significant effect on all observed variables. , except for the plant height variable.

The Response of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) Seedlings to Silver and Gold Nanoparticles

With the advancement of nanotechnology and the increasing utilization of nanoparticles (NPs), their production and release into the environment are on the rise. Consequently, it is crucial to continuously monitor the toxicity of nanoparticles for humans, animals, and plants, as well as their impact on the environment. This is particularly significant in relation to human health and food production, given the escalating use of nanomaterials in agriculture and horticulture. The aim of the study was to investigate the response of rapeseed seedlings to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) over different periods of exposure. This research analyzed the impact of these nanoparticles on the biochemical response of rapeseed seedlings after 7, 14, and 21 days of growth in their presence. This study assessed the activity of guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX), pyrogallol peroxidase (PPOX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and free protein content, as well as the interactions between key elements responsible for oxidative stress and the antioxidant response. The findings demonstrated a significant effect of AgNPs and AuNPs on stimulating the response of rapeseed seedlings, with the activity of PPOX, GPOX, and SOD being dependent on the exposure time and the type and dose of nanoparticles used. Enzyme activity increased with the length of exposure time, while the content of free protein decreased over the weeks. The most intense reaction of seedlings was observed in the case of GPOX, with the lowest activity observed in PPOX and SOD. High effects of the nanoparticle type and rate were also observed in the correlation matrix. This study suggests that a comprehensive analysis of plant reactions to nanoparticles could have a significant impact on the proper and effective use of nanoparticles in agriculture and horticulture. This could lead to the environmentally friendly production of high-quality plant material.

Physiological and Molecular Responses of Pyrus pyraster Seedlings to Salt Treatment Analyzed by miRNA and Cytochrome P450 Gene-Based Markers.

Physiological and molecular marker-based changes were studied in the tissues of two-year-old Pyrus pyraster (L.) Burgsd. seedlings under salt treatment. For 60 days, 5 mL of 100 mM NaCl solution was applied to each plant per day to a cumulative volume of 300 mL in the substrate. In response to osmotic stress, the seedlings increased their water use efficiency (WUE) on day 20 of regular NaCl application and maintained a stable net photosynthetic rate (An) per unit area. Under conditions of increasing salinity, the young plants maintained a balanced water regime of the leaf tissues (Ψwl). The seedlings invested mass to their root growth (R/S), retained a substantial portion (72%) of Na+ ions in the roots, and protected their leaves against intoxication and damage. A significant decrease in the leaf gas exchange parameters (gs, E, An) was manifested on day 60 of the experiment when the cumulative NaCl intake was 300 mL per plant. The variability in the reactions of the seedlings to salinity is related to the use of open-pollinated progeny (54 genotypes) in the experiment. Lus-miR168 showed tissue- and genotype-specific genome responses to the applied stress. Polymorphic miRNA-based loci were mostly detected in the root samples on the 20th and 35th days of the experiment. The cumulative effect of the salt treatment was reflected in the predominance of polymorphic loci in the leaves. We can confirm that miRNA-based markers represent a sensitive detection tool for plant stress response on an individual level. The screening and selection of the optimal type of miRNA for this type of research is crucial. The cytochrome P450-Based Analog (PBA) techniques were unable to detect polymorphism among the control and treated seedlings, except for the primer pair CYP2BF+R, where, in the roots of the stressed plant, insertions in the amplicons were obtained. The expression ratios of cytochrome P450 in the salt-stressed plants were higher in the roots in the case of 20/100 mL and in the leaves with higher doses. The observed physiological and molecular responses to salinity reflect the potential of P. pyraster seedlings in adaptation to osmotic and ionic stress.

Estimating the Morphological and Physiological Plasticity of Ligustrum obtusifolium Seedlings in Response to Drought Stress and Subsequent Rewatering

Estimating the Morphological and Physiological Plasticity of Ligustrum obtusifolium Seedlings in Response to Drought Stress and Subsequent Rewatering

Utilizing transcriptomics and metabolomics to unravel key genes and metabolites of maize seedlings in response to drought stress

BackgroundDrought stress can substantially restrict maize growth and productivity, and global warming and an increasing frequency of extreme weather events are likely to result in more yield losses in the future. Therefore, unraveling the molecular mechanism underlying the response to drought stress is essential for breeding drought-resilient crops.ResultsIn this study, we subjected the 3-leaf-period plants of two maize inbred lines, a drought-tolerant line (si287) and a drought-sensitive line (X178), to drought stress for seven days while growing in a chamber. Subsequently, we measured physiological traits and analyzed transcriptomic and metabolic profiles of two inbred lines. Our KEGG analysis of genes and metabolites revealed significant differences in pathways related to glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, and biosynthesis of amino acids. Additionally, our joint analysis identified proline, tryptophan and phenylalanine are crucial amino acids for maize response to drought stress. Furthermore, we concentrated on tryptophan (Trp), which was found to enhance tolerance via IAA-ABA signaling, as well as SA and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) consequent reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging. We identified three hub genes in tryptophan biosynthesis, indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase (ZmAO1, 542,228), catalase 1 (ZmCAT1, 542,369), and flavin-containing monooxygenase 6 (ZmYUC6, 103,629,142), High expression of these genes plays a significant role in regulating drought tolerance. Two metabolites related to tryptophan biosynthesis, quinolinic acid, and kynurenine improved maize tolerance to drought stress by scavenging reactive oxygen species.ConclusionsThis study illuminates the mechanisms underlying the response of maize seedlings to drought stress. Especially, it identifies novel candidate genes and metabolites, enriching our understanding of the role of tryptophan in drought stress. The identification of distinct resistance mechanisms in maize inbred lines will facilitate the exploration of maize germplasm and the breeding of drought-resilient hybrids.

Characterization key genes of Arabidopsis seedlings in response to β-caryophyllene, eugenol using combined transcriptome and WGCN analysis.

Weeds present a significant challenge to high crop yield and quality. In our study, we investigated the phytotoxic activity of β-caryophyllene (BCP) and eugenol, which are natural allelopathic chemical compounds, on Arabidopsis seedlings. We found that these compounds inhibited the growth of Arabidopsis thaliana plants. When either BCP or eugenol was applied, it led to decrease in the content of cell wall components such as lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin; and increase in the levels of endogenous hormones like ETH, ABA, SA, and JA in the seedlings. Through transcriptome profiling, we identified 7181 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the roots and shoots that were induced by BCP or eugenol. The genes involved in the synthesis of lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin were down-regulated, whereas genes related to synthesis and signal transduction of ABA, ETH, SA, and JA were up-regulated. However, genes related to IAA synthesis and signal transduction were found to be down-regulated. Furthermore, we characterized 24 hub genes using Weighted Correlation Network Analysis (WGCNA). Among them, the identified 16 genes in response to BCP was primarily associated with hypoxia stress, while 8 genes induced by eugenol were linked to inhibition of cell division. Our results suggested that BCP and eugenol had ability to target multiple genes to inhibit growth and development of Arabidopsis plants. Therefore, they can serve as excellent candidates for natural biological herbicides.

Phytotoxicity and genotoxicity study of reactive red 141 dye on mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) seedlings.

Reactive Red (RR) 141 dye is widely used in various industrial applications, but its environmental impact remains a growing concern. In this study, the phytotoxic and genotoxic effects of RR 141 dye on mung bean seedlings (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) were investigated, serving as a model for potential harm to plant systems. Short-term (14 days) and long-term (60 days) experiments in paddy soil pot culture exposed mung bean seedlings to RR 141 dye. The dye delayed germination and hindered growth, significantly reducing germination percentage and seedling vigor index (SVI) at concentrations of 50 and 100ml/L. In short-term exposure, plumule and radical lengths dose-dependently decreased, while long-term exposure affected plant length and grain weight, leaving pod-related parameters unaffected. To evaluate genotoxicity, high annealing temperature-random amplified polymorphic DNA (HAT-RAPD) analysis was employed with five RAPD primers having 58-75% GC content. It detected polymorphic band patterns, generating 116 bands (433 to 2857bp) in plant leaves exposed to the dye. Polymorphisms indicated the appearance/disappearance of DNA bands in both concentrations, with decreased genomic template stability (GTS) values suggesting DNA damage and mutation. These findings demonstrate that RR 141 dye has a significant impact on genomic template stability (GTS) and exhibits phytotoxic and genotoxic responses in mung bean seedlings. This research underscores the potential of RR 141 dye to act as a harmful agent within plant model systems, highlighting the need for further assessment of its environmental implications.

Green leaf volatiles co-opt proteins involved in molecular pattern signalling in plant cells.

The green leaf volatiles (GLVs) Z-3-hexen-1-ol (Z3-HOL) and Z-3-hexenyl acetate (Z3-HAC) are airborne infochemicals released from damaged plant tissues that induce defenses and developmental responses in receiver plants, but little is known about their mechanism of action. We found that Z3-HOL and Z3-HAC induce similar but distinctive physiological and signaling responses in tomato seedlings and cell cultures. In seedlings, Z3-HAC showed a stronger root growth inhibition effect than Z3-HOL. In cell cultures, the two GLVs induced distinct changes in MAP kinase (MAPK) activity and proton fluxes as well as rapid and massive changes in the phosphorylation status of proteins within 5 min. Many of these phosphoproteins are involved in reprogramming the proteome from cellular homoeostasis to stress and include pattern recognition receptors, a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase, MAPK cascade components, calcium signaling proteinsand transcriptional regulators. These are well-known components of damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) signaling pathways. These rapid changes in the phosphoproteome may underly the activation of defense and developmental responses to GLVs. Our data provide further evidence that GLVs function like DAMPs and indicate that GLVs coopt DAMP signaling pathways.