Seedling Collar Diameter Research Articles

Effect of pre-sowing treatment on the germination and early growth of Kalappia celebica Kosterm.: an endemic and vulnerable tree species of Sulawesi, Indonesia

Abstract. Tuheteru FD, Husna, Albasri, Arif A, Basrudin, Nurdin WR, Arman E, Agustin DI, Saribadu J, Rahmat, Dermawansyah A, Daliana, Lody LP, Deri AS, Safitri I, Sudrajat DJ. 2022. Effect of pre-sowing treatment on the germination and early growth of Kalappia celebica Kosterm.: an endemic and vulnerable tree species of Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 4297-4302. Kalapi (Kalappia celebica) is an endemic tree species of Sulawesi and is threatened with extinction, so it requires conservation efforts to preserve the tree species. The research aims to determine the effects of seed pre-sowing methods on the germination of K. celebica. Matured seeds of kalapi were collected from several mother trees at the Lalona Village, Kolaka Regency, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. The seeds were treated with six pre-germinations treatments (control, nicking, nicking and soaking in cool water (20°C) for 12 h, nicking and soaking in cool water for 24 h, soaked in hot water (80°C) for 24 h till the water-cooled and soaked in cool water for 48 h. Three replication and each replication using 25 seed were used in this research, so the total seed were 450 seeds. The randomized completely design was used to test the effect of pre-germination treatments on seed germination parameters at the greenhouse. The germination parameters calculated were the first day of germination, last day of germination, germination period, germination capacity, mean germination time (MGT), and mean daily germination (MDG). The results showed that pre-germination treatment affected all seed germination parameters, which significantly increased the germination capacity. The germination capacity with the nicking was 94,67%, nicking and soaking in cool water (20°C) for 12 h (94,67%) followed by nicking and soaking in cool water (20° C) for 24 h (90,67%). In all treatments, germination started 5 to 10 days after sowing and was completed from 4 to 16 days later. The seed treatment by nicking and soaking in cool water for 12 d exhibited the lowest MGT (5.56 days), the highest MDG (0.95 germinate day-1), the highest seedling collar diameter (1.64 mm), and the highest leaf number (1.95). Therefore, the study recommends nicking followed by soaking in cool water for 12 h as an ideal pre-germination treatment to promote germination and seedling growth of kalapi tree species for supported conservation activity.

Characterization of morphometric, reproductive and seedling traits of Parkia timoriana in northeast India

We studied variations on different traits of (D.C.) Merr. in twelve provenances systematically from their source of origin to a controlled environment where representative seedlings were grown. Among the provenances, P1 gave the best result for seed traits including germination traits, P7 for pod traits and P10 for seedling vigour. Effects of seasonal distribution of rainfall and temperature on seed and pod traits were also determined by computing multiple regression analysis. The results displayed winter rainfall and summer temperature as the most important factor determining pod and seed traits. Latitude also significantly (P < 0.001) affected PWT (r = 0.52), SWP (r = 0.46) and SW (r = 0.50). A common garden study for germination and seedling growth indicated P1 and P10 provenance as the best among all. Seeds drawn from P10 gave the highest seedling vigour with an average growth rate of 0.61 cm/day from 90th to 180th day. Highest broad-sense heritability values (h) were observed in germination traits, followed by seedling collar diameter. The lowest h was observed for seedling height.Parkia timoriana22

Effects of gamma rays on germination and growth in Jatropha curcas L.

The present investigation was carried out at the Forestry Research Farm, Navsari Agricultural University; Navsari to evaluate the gamma rays at 10 kR, 20 kR and 30 kR induced variability in Jatropha curcas L. on germination, growth and yield for seven Jatropha genotypes (Phule J-1, Urlikanchan, Hansraj, SKN Big, Chhatrapati, Hansot and MPJ-55). The significantly maximum germination percentage (66.96%), seedling survival (74.18%), seedling collar diameter (0.958cm), shoot length (49.442cm), number of leaves per seedling (7.757) and leaf area (37. 58)was observed in Chhatrapati genotype during nursery stage. While low rate of gamma rays treatment (10 kR) had stimulatory effect for germination percentage, seedling survival, seedling collar diameter, shoot length, number of leaves per seedling and leaf area. However, higher gamma rays doses (30 kR) drastically reduced all studied characters. The interaction effect of genotype and gamma rays were significant for number of leaves per seedling. Further, it was not significant in other traits like germination percentage, seedling survival, seedling collar diameter, shoot length and leaf area.

Variability in cone, seed and seedling characteristics of Pinus kesiya Royle ex. Gordon

Investigations were made to determine the nature and extent of variations present for 10 morphological characters of cone, seed and seedlings of 17 plus trees (PTs) of Pinus kesiya growing in eastern Himalayas (Meghalaya state) of India. The significant variations has been observed in cone weight, cone length, cone diameter, seed length, seed diameter, seed weight, number of seeds per cone, seed germination, seedling height and seedling collar diameter among different PTs of the species. Significant positive correlation (p 75) coupled with maximum genetic gain. Traits with such values indicate the presence of good amount of heritable additive components and are under strong genetic control. The findings of the study revealed that PTs expressed both phenotypic and genotypic differences in the seed, cone and seedling characters, which may be attributed to the differences in genetic makeup of various PTs and environmental factors i.e. genotypic and environmental interaction. The presence of high variability in P. kesiya PTs for different characters provide further opportunities to improve the population in subsequent generations so as to establish this species as an important timber tree to be grown on less fertile and degraded soils in its distributional ranges.

Effect of Seedling Density and Bed Type on Growth of Elm (Ulmus wallichiana) Seedlings in the Nursery

Ulmus wallichiana is an important multipurpose tree species of the Himalayan region suitable for furniture, leaves are consumed as fodder while as small wood is used as fuel wood. Elm seeds are minute and are generally broadcasted in the nursery beds, thereafter they need to be thinned out or transplanted so that they achieve transplantable height. The study aimed at studying the effect of seedling density and bed type on the growth of Ulmus wallichiana seedlings over a period of two years & was undertaken under All India Coordinated Research Project on Agroforestry at Srinagar centre, India. The seedlings were evaluated in nursery beds, transplant beds and thinned out nursery beds. The study concluded that undisturbed seedling beds with a density of 400 seedlings/m 2 recorded maximum height of 1.51m but seedling collar diameter was minimum. Maximum diameter of 9.56mm was recorded in undisturbed thinned out nursery beds having a density of only 100 seedlings/m 2 but height recorded was only 1.39m. Transplant beds recorded a height of 1.19m and a diameter of 7.19mm. In the present study it is evident that the seedlings need not to be necessarily transplanted from seedling beds but in the second year if proper density (100 m 3 ) is maintained by thinning, maximum seedling growth in terms of both height and diameter can be achieved.

Genetic variability in seed and seedling traits of Jatropha curcas L.

Twenty two Jatropha curcas L. seed sources representing the states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Haryana, Punjab and Rajasthan were evaluated to assess the genetic variability of seed and seedling traits during April to October, 2005 under statistically randomized block design with three replications to study the genetic variability of seed and seedling traits of Jatropha curcas L. The characters studied were 100 seed weight, seed length, seed width, germination percentage, germinative energy, seedling height, seedling collar diameter, number of leaves and seedling survival percentage. Genotypic variances were higher than the environmental variances for all the characters, thereby, indicating their importance for selection. The genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation was high for seedling survival percentage, seedling height and germination percentage. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance expressed as percent mean was observed for seedling survival, germinative energy, seedling height and germination percentage. The characters namely seedling collar diameter, 100 seed weight and seed width exhibited high heritability coupled with medium genetic advance expressed as percent mean.

Response of Eucalyptus Camaldulensis to Irrigation With the Hudiara Drain Effluent

A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of the industrial effluent of the Hudiara drain on the growth and element accumulation by Eucalyptus camaldulensis at early growth stage. Plants were irrigated for 18 months with effluent diluted with tap water at 0% (T0), 25% (T1), 50% (T2), 75% (T3), and 100% effluent (T4). Results showed that the maximum growth in terms of stem height (260 cm), number of branches (29), stem fresh weight (436.67 g), stem dry weight (203.33 g), total seedling length (344 cm), number of leaves (825), leaf fresh weight (195 g), and leaf dry weight (100 g) were recorded in plants treated with T2. However, maximum seedling collar diameter (2.25 cm), root fresh weight (230 g), and root dry weight (103.33 g) were observed in T3 treated plants. On the other hand, seedlings attained maximum root length (100.67 cm) at T1 treatment. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll increased up to T2, declining beyond that treatment. The accumulation of Na, Cd, and Cr in tissues increased with increasing concentrations of the effluent. However, the increase in effluent concentration decreased K and P in roots, and increased Fe in roots and stems, while T1 and T2 increased Mg in stems. The results suggest that mixing the wastewater of the Hudiara drain with tap water (50:50v/v) benefits the growth of E. camaldulensis.

Genetic variability among Cnidoscolus phyllacanthus (Mart.) Pax. et K. Hoffm. mother trees in nursery conditions

The genetic variability among 36 Cnidoscolus phyllacanthus mother trees was estimated to select higher quality genotypes for seedling production. The experiment was structured in a randomized complete-block design with 36 open-pollinated families in four replications. Each plot consisted of four 280 cm3 plastic containers with one seedling each. Data of the seedling collar diameter (CD) and height, number of thorns cm-1 of the main vein of the leaf, and root (RDM), stem, leaf, aboveground and total dry matter were collected after six months. The seedling collar diameter and dry matter generally presented significant and high genetic correlations. The expected genetic gains resulting from the selection among families ranged from 7.91 to 23.48% to CD and RDM, respectively. Selection based on CD maximized the genetic gains (66.10%).