Seedling Bed Research Articles

DENSITAS HAMA BIBIT TANAMAN HUTAN DI PERSEMAIAN PERMANEN BPDASHL WAY SEPUTIH WAY SEKAMPUNG LAMPUNG SELATAN

The density of pest attacks in nurseries can interfere with growth and reduce seedling quality and can even cause death and cause economic losses. This study aims to analyze the density of each type of pest in the nursery. Data collection was carried out by direct observation of the sample plot at the BPDASHL Way Seputih Way Sekampung Permanent Nursery, Karang Sari Village, Ketapang District, South Lampung Regency. The sample was determined by Cluster Sampling which was based on the type of tree seed, while the placement of sample plots in each seedling bed used Systematic Sampling. The results showed that there were 19 types of pests that attack forest plant seeds in nurseries including leaf curler caterpillars, armyworms, bagworms, brown moths, wood grasshoppers, stone grasshoppers, green steamed grasshoppers, two-lane grasshoppers, small grasshoppers, dompolan lice, lamtoro lice , metallic blue beetle, red rumex beetle, sitona beetle, triple horn moth, walang sangit, koksi beetle, stem borer and snail. The highest density of pests that attack forest seedlings are wood locusts, stem borer beetles and dompolan lice. Nurseries need to monitor the development of pest populations and maintain a balance of climate and cleanliness of the area around the nursery with appropriate silvicultural measures.

In-Field Pine Seedling Counting Using End-to-End Deep Learning for Inventory Management

Highlights A deep learning-based machine vision system was developed for pine seedling counting. Automated seedling counting achieved less error than the manual sampling-based practice. Regression-based counting from optical flow inputs achieved the best performance. Machine counting produces seedling density maps for management practice improvement. Abstract. The southern U.S. produces over 1 billion pine seedlings for market sales per year, with prices varying from 50 to 435 dollars per thousand seedlings. An accurate inventory of seedlings provides nursery management with insights into how many seedlings can be sold and/or if there is any loss due to washout, mechanical damage, or pest/diseases that can still be mitigated. In this study, we developed a system to count pine seedlings at production sites and map the seedling density in the field. A system with three cameras was developed to collect video from different drills in the seedling bed. The videos were preprocessed to restrict the region of interest to the center portion of the image in each camera and separated each drill into individual videos. Two different modalities, i.e., video and optical flow, were evaluated as inputs to a convolutional neural network followed by a long short-term recurrent network to model the sequence of frames and regress to the seedling count for each plot. The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of our best performing model was 7.5%, which is an improvement over the baseline manual sampling-based approach with a MAPE of 11%. The results showed that the proposed approach was able to count seedlings in a crowded scene under complex field conditions with higher accuracy than the standard manual practice. Therefore, the proposed system and results demonstrated the potential to replace manual counting and even provide further information such as a seedling density map over the field for precision forest nursery management and seedling harvesting. Keywords: CNN, LSTM, Nursery Inventory, Optical Flow, Pine Seedling, Regression.

Structure of the soil pore space in the seedling bed before the seedling stage: studies using the microtomography method

In this paper we present a sequential observation of the barley seed root system germination at early development stages. A target of research was a two-layer seedbed model. The model is constituted by the topsoil material from soddy-podzolic soils (Albic Glossic Retisols (Lomic, Cutanic)). The material contains two differently structured layers of seedbed: the over-seed layer (loose; 40% of the total pore volume-pore diameter 0.5–1.5 mm) and the subseed layer (compacted; fine-pored layer is dominated by soil pore diameter of 0.01–0.2 mm). Control of the root system development was sequentially conducted with the benefit of nondestructive testing (computed tomography), which bring an opportunity to receive detailed images of roots development with an accuracy up to 16 µm. The study found that during 7 days after planting the seed emerging root system doesn’t depend on soil pore space structure surrounding the seed. The fact of a significant excess of the root diameter is noted in comparison with the diameters of soil pores, which indicates the ability of roots to push soil particles apart. It leads to an active pore space (pores-channels) formation.

Field-Grown Rice Plants Become More Productive When Exposed to Artificially Damaged Weed Volatiles at the Seedling Stage.

It is known that undamaged plants that have been exposed to volatiles from damaged con- or heterospecific plants become more resistant against herbivores. This is one of the plants’ induced resistant responses against herbivores. To test whether this response can be used for rice production, we conducted the following experiments over 2 years (2012 and 2013). Rice seedlings were first planted in the rice seedling bed for 2 weeks in early May. There, half of the rice seedlings were exposed to artificially damaged weed volatiles three times for 12 days (treated plants). Weeds were randomly collected from the areas that were >100 m away from the seedling bed and the rice paddy fields. The remaining seedlings were not exposed (control plants). In the middle of May, bunches (ca. three seedlings per bunch) were transplanted to the rice paddy field. In July, leaf damage was observed. The total number of leaves in the treated and control plants was not significantly different. In contrast, the total number of damaged leaves in the treated plants was significantly lower than that in the control plants. In September, rice grains were harvested. The average weight of a rice grain from the treated and control plants was not significantly different. However, the weight of grains per bunch of treated plants was significantly higher than that of control plants; this indicated a significant increase of the number of grains by 23% in 2012 and by 18% in 2013 in the treated plants compared to that in the control plants. The volatiles emitted from the weeds included monoterpenoids (40.4% in total), green leaf volatiles (46.5%), short-chain alcohols (5.3%), short-chain ketone (5.4%), short-chain acetate (0.5%), short-chain aldehyde (1.1%), and hydrocarbon (0.7%). These results suggest that exposure of volatiles from artificially damaged weeds to rice seedlings has the potential to increase rice production.

Health information acquisition and position calculation of plug seedling in greenhouse seedling bed

The health information acquisition of plug seedlings plays an important role in automatic seedling transplanting. This study proposed the use of a mobile inspection and transplanting machine operation method on the seedbed. Compared with the operation of a fixed transplanter, this method can reduce the workload of tray transportation. When the performing mobile picks and supplements the seedlings, the plug seedling detection system needs to obtain a large-field seedbed image and extract and locate multiple plug trays. Then, the system evaluates the health of the plug seedlings. This paper studied and compared the stitching effect of large-field seedbed images based on block area matching, Harris corner detection, and SURF feature point detection. Based on the large field seedbed image, the concentric rectangular frame template matching algorithm was designed and developed. This algorithm can realize the precise positioning of multiple plug trays on the large field seedbed image. Thus, the health status of plug seedlings was further assessed according to the area of seedlings in each cell. A 200-cell tray seedbed was the research object, and a digital camera was used to capture the partitioned image of the seedbed in multiple sections. The image stitching algorithm was used to obtain the stitched image of the large-field seedbed. After image preprocessing, including grayscale conversion, binary segmentation, and Gaussian filtering, the concentric rectangular frame template matching algorithm was used to stitched images to achieve the scanning positioning of the multiple plug trays. Furthermore, based on the positioning of the plug tray, the plug tray area was divided, and then the health status of plug seedlings was evaluated. Experiments have proved that the accuracy rate of seedling health information detection is 98.7%. Such results provide basis for precision management of seedling replenishment operations on the seedling bed and meets the requirements of actual operations.

“Two‐steps” seed‐derived plugs as an effective propagation method for the establishment of Miscanthus in saline–alkaline soil

AbstractMiscanthus, a perennial rhizomatous C4 grass, has emerged as a promising lignocellulosic crop. To avoid competition with food crops, marginal lands especially saline–alkaline soil are being recommended to grow Miscanthus across China. However, the challenges such as high cost and low reproduction coefficient associated with the propagation methods are impeding its large‐scale plantation in saline–alkaline soil. In this study, a “two‐steps” propagation method was designed, which was comprised of two phases: (1) seedling cultivation and (2) seedling strengthening. The parameters (substrate composition and plug size) for this method were determined. The optimal substrate composition of the seedling bed for M. sinensis, M. lutarioriparius, and their interspecific hybrids was peat and perlite at a ratio of 3:2, 3:1, and 3:3 by volume, respectively. The seedlings were transplanted into the plugs to deliver robust plantlets. The most appropriate plug size for M. sinensis, M. lutarioriparius, and their interspecific hybrids was 50 plugs (50 cm3/plug), 72 plugs (40 cm3/plug), and 72 plugs (40 cm3/plug), respectively. Three propagation methods, that is, direct sowing of seeds, rhizomes plantation, and “two‐steps” seed‐derived plugs for M. lutarioriparius were compared in saline–alkaline soil over 3 years (2014, 2015, and 2016). The establishment rate of the seeds directly planted was poor (zero). The performance (e.g., biomass yield) of the plants derived from the “two‐steps” seed‐derived plugs was better than that of the plants derived from rhizomes directly planted. Therefore, the “two‐steps” seed‐derived plugs can be regarded as an effective propagation method to upscale Miscanthus cultivation in saline–alkaline soil.

Study of the Tolerant Physiology of Cotton Seedlings Nursed with Simplified Techniques after Removal from the Seedling Bed

Study of the Tolerant Physiology of Cotton Seedlings Nursed with Simplified Techniques after Removal from the Seedling Bed

Amending the seedling bed of eggplant with biochar can further immobilize Cd in contaminated soils

Untreated municipal sewage is a potential source of Cd but has been used for irrigating vegetables in many countries in recent years. In growing vegetables and fruits in greenhouses, seedling breeding method is generally used in which the seedlings are transplanted into soils together with their seedling culture. Biochar has been increasingly used to amend soils contaminated by heavy metals, but there are few studies on the effectiveness of different ways of applying the biochar. In this paper, we investigated the efficacy of immobilizing Cd by amending eggplant seedling bed with biochar before transplanting them to biochar-amended soil contaminated by Cd. The results showed that, in comparison with traditional seedling method (without adding biochar), amending the seedling bed by biochar not only had a positive effect on plant growth and production, but further reduced the Cd concentration in the roots, shoots and the fruits by 12.2%, 12.5% and 18.5%, respectively. Furthermore, it increased the pH in rhizosphere to 8.83, reduced the exchangeable Cd concentration in soil by 28.6%, and decreased the Cd bio-accumulation factor from 0.36 to 0.32. Phytochelatin synthesis could be induced when plants are exposed to Cd and it has been used in the literature as a biomarker for evaluating metal toxicity. Our results showed that the seedling culture amended with biochar reduced phytochelatin synthesis in both roots and shoots. It can therefore be concluded that amending the eggplant seedlings bed with biochar can further enhance the effectiveness of remediating Cd contamination in soil after transplanting the plants into soil also amended with biochar. Capsule abstractWe found a new method to further immobilize Cd in contaminated soils by amending the seedling bed with biochar.

振動モードに着目した苗床均平機の自走現象メカニズムに関する研究

振動モードに着目した苗床均平機の自走現象メカニズムに関する研究

Effect of Seedling Density and Bed Type on Growth of Elm (Ulmus wallichiana) Seedlings in the Nursery

Ulmus wallichiana is an important multipurpose tree species of the Himalayan region suitable for furniture, leaves are consumed as fodder while as small wood is used as fuel wood. Elm seeds are minute and are generally broadcasted in the nursery beds, thereafter they need to be thinned out or transplanted so that they achieve transplantable height. The study aimed at studying the effect of seedling density and bed type on the growth of Ulmus wallichiana seedlings over a period of two years & was undertaken under All India Coordinated Research Project on Agroforestry at Srinagar centre, India. The seedlings were evaluated in nursery beds, transplant beds and thinned out nursery beds. The study concluded that undisturbed seedling beds with a density of 400 seedlings/m 2 recorded maximum height of 1.51m but seedling collar diameter was minimum. Maximum diameter of 9.56mm was recorded in undisturbed thinned out nursery beds having a density of only 100 seedlings/m 2 but height recorded was only 1.39m. Transplant beds recorded a height of 1.19m and a diameter of 7.19mm. In the present study it is evident that the seedlings need not to be necessarily transplanted from seedling beds but in the second year if proper density (100 m 3 ) is maintained by thinning, maximum seedling growth in terms of both height and diameter can be achieved.

식물공장 자동화를 위한 공압 실린더를 이용한 육묘베드 이송장치의 이송력 특성

th , 2012; Revised: April 26 th , 2012; Accepted: May 9 th , 2012 This study was performed to offer the data for design of the seedling bed transfer equipment to make the automation of working process in a plant factory. The seedling bed transfer equipment pushing the seedling bed with bearing wheels on the rail for interconnecting each working process by a pneumatic cylinder was made and examined. The examined transfer force to push the seedling bed with a weight of 178.9 N by the pneumatic cylinder with length of 60 cm and section area of 5 cm 2 was measured by experiments. The examined transfer forces was compared with theoretical ones calculated by the theoretical formula derived from dynamic system analysis according to the number of the seedling bed and pushing speed of the pneumatic cylinder head at no load. The transfer function of the equipment with the input variable as the pushing speed  (m/s) and the output variable as the transfer force (N) was represented as      where (kg), (m/N) and (Ns/m) are the mass of the bed, the compression coefficient of the pneumatic cylinder and the dynamic friction coefficient between the seedling bed and the rail, respectively. The examined transfer force curves and the theoretical ones were represented similar wave forms as to use the theoretical formular to design the device for the seedling bed transfer. The condition of no vibration of the transfer force curve was   . The condition of transferring the bed by the repeatable impact and vibration force according to difference of transfer distance of the pneumatic cylinder head from

Defoliating Lilac Seedlings in Field Production

Lilac (Syringa vulgaris L) seedlings are commonly grown in many seedling nurseries in Michigan. Typically seedlings are lifted in the fall and stored prior to shipment or stored by the customer. A major problem in field production of lilacs is that seedlings often retain their leaves late in the fall. If the leaves are not removed prior to storage or shipment, the seedlings will mold and deteriorate. Therefore, growers must spend additional labor to remove the leaves, often by hand. The goal of this research was to evaluate chemical alternatives to defoliate lilac seedlings in field nurseries. Two on-farm research trials were conducted in 2001 and 2003 in cooperation with a seedling grower in Saugatuck, MI. In Experiment 1, Florel (1/2 and ¼ dilution) and chelated copper (0.5% and 1% solution) were sprayed by and onto lilac in the seedling bed. Florel and chelated copper effectively reduced leaf area of lilac seedlings. Less than 20% of the initial leaf area remained on the 1% copper and ½ Florel-treated seedlings. The ½ Florel and 1% chelated copper completely defoliated 67% and 40% of the seedlings, respectively, whereas only 17% on the control seedlings lost all their leaves prior to lifting. Both levels of Florel and the 1% copper treatment reduced growth of seedlings after planting. In experiment 2, we applied chelated copper treatments at varying rates (0.25% and 0.5%) and times (1 application and 2 applications) using the cooperators' spray equipment. Repeated applications of chelated copper were more effective in reducing seedling leaf area than a single application at both concentrations tested.

배추 뿌리혹병(Plasmodiophora brassicae) 방제를 위한 육묘용 상토와 농약처리 효과

Clubroot disease of Chinese cabbage has extremely occurred in recent years. Conventional soils such as sandy loam soil (saprolite) and clay soil (yellow soil) as bed media combined with field soil application of fungicidal chemicals were tested for the control of clubroot disease. Using sandy loam soil and clay soil as plug seedling bed media efficiently reduced clubroot disease occurrence down to 21.7% and 14.1%, respectively compared to peatmoss (75.7%) and Baroco soil (36.6%) when seedling plants were transplanted into previously-infected Yoncheon field. Application of flusulfamide and azoxystrobin to previsouly-infected soil prior to transplanting also effectively reduced disease incidence, especially when combined with growing seedlings in sandy loam or clay soil media. In conclusion, flusulfamide application prior to trnasplanting as well as utiliz-ing sandy loam and clay soil as a plug bedding media may effectively reduce the occurrence of clubroot dis-ease of Chinese cabbage.

고속 이앙기의 유압 수평 제어 장치 개발에 관한 연구

This study was conducted to develop system for high speed rice transplanting machines. The control system includes a sensor detecting the tilt angle of the seedling bed, a micro-controller and a hydraulic system consisting of a double acting cylinder, a four-way three-position solenoid valve, a relief valve and a hydraulic pump. The levelling system shared the pump with the existing steering control, resulting in a tandem center circuit for the steering and levelling control systems. Using the input signal from the sensor, the micro-controller determined and generated the output signal to control the cylinder through the solenoid valve to keep the seedling bed always parallel to the water surface regardless of soil unevenness during the transplanting operations. Both an ON/OFF and a PWM control schemes were tested. When the flow rate was more than 1 ι/min in the ON/OFF control, the system showed unstable rolling. However, in the PWM control, the system worked stably although the flow rate was more than 1 ι/min. The PWM control showed a better performance when a large difference between the angle and the dead band of the control system occurred. The characteristics of tile system response to given tilt angles were predicted by a computer simulation. Both the ON/OFF and the PWM control systems worked well providing that the operating and waiting times were properly adjusted.

Residual Toxicity of Aerially Applied Rh-5992 to Spotted Fireworm and Sparganothis Fruitworm in Cranberries, 1996

Abstract This trial was conducted on a ˜2.0 acre seedling bed of ‘Ben Lears’ near Chatsworth, NJ. RH-5992 was applied by fixed-wing aircraft on 29 Jun at the rate of 0.25 lb AI in 20 gal of water per acre. A spray adjuvant, Latron B-1956 was included in the spray at 0.12% v/v. Foliage was collected from treated and adjacent untreated plots 0, 2, 5, and 7 DAT. On each sampling day, 15-20 cranberry uprights were collected from each of 10-12 locations along a transect in each plot. The bioassay apparatus consisted of a waterpick inserted into a 40 dram vial (10 cm length and 4 cm diameter) through a circular hole cut in the plastic cap of the vial. Cranberry uprights (3-4 twigs, 10-15 cm long) were placed in the waterpick (filled with water) and inserted into the vial. A 2.5 cm diameter opening was made on the top end of each vial and covered with very fine nylon cloth to facilitate ventilation. A single neonate first-instar larva of either SFW or SPARG was placed on cranberry foliage in each vial. Vials were examined after 7-10 d and larval survival recorded.

An Improved Electro-Hydraulic Vegetable Seedling Block Transplanting

Atwo-row electro-hydraulic vegetable seedling block transplanter was designed and tested. The transplanter automatically depotted-cylindrical seedling soil blocks from a seedling tray and transplanted them onto a pre-formed seedling bed. The transplanter was carried on a semi-mounted frame pulled by a tractor. Results of field tests were satisfactory.

Controlling effect of lettuce big-vein disease depending on the use of healthy seedling bed soil and introduction of resistant varieties of lettuce

Controlling effect of lettuce big-vein disease depending on the use of healthy seedling bed soil and introduction of resistant varieties of lettuce

Pine Seed Grading: The Implication for Orchard Seed

SUMMARY Mechanical sowing of seed in South African nurseries is becoming increasingly popular. In consequence the need arises to size-grade each seedlot. Most commercial pine seedlots in South Africa are derived from open pollinated clonal seed orchards and grading, by use of a table, is shown to tend to separate the families. In practice, growth differences between seed grades could be a measure of genetic origin, since seedling development is not related to seed Size. Thus if seed is graded to facilitate the operation of a mechanical sowing device, the genetic constitution of a seedling bed can only be preserved by sowing all grades of the seed mixture in that bed. If seed is graded with the added intention of obtaining more uniform development through sowing likesized seed in each bed, the genetic constitution of each seedling bed will differ.

Correction for the Acidity of Paddy Rice Seedling Bed Soil by Peat Moss

Correction for the Acidity of Paddy Rice Seedling Bed Soil by Peat Moss

Evaluation of mosquito net barrier on cucurbit seedling with other chemical, mechanical and botanical approaches for suppression of red pumpkin beetle damage in cucurbit

Seedling bed netted with mosquito net barrier against red pumpkin beetle, Aulacophora foveicollis (Lucas) in sweet gourd was evaluated with other chemical, mechanical, and botanical approaches during 2006-07 and 2007-08 cropping seasons. Among six treatments, results indicated that seedling bed of sweet gourd covered with mosquito net barrier upto 45 days before planting was found to be most effective and provided 97.59 and 100% protection with higher benefit cost ratio of 21.99 compared to 9.74 with Furadan 5G applied in soil; as of 4.35 using neem seed oil for the average of two years applied against red pumpkin beetle. Keywords: Mosquito net barrier; cucurbit; pumpkin beetle. DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v35i3.6446Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 35(3) : 395-401