Seed-borne Fungal Pathogens Research Articles

Integrated Management of Seed Borne Pathogenic Fungi Of Brri 29 Rice Variety

A pot experiment was conducted with the single and combined doses of fungicides, plant extracts and antagonist for the management of nine rice pathogens. A total of 13 treatments including controls with or without inocula of the pathogen were tested. Amongst all the treatments only T6 (Bavistin + Azadirachta indica + Trichoderma harzianum) showed highest percentage of seed germination and seedling vigor index of seeds inoculated with Alternaria alternata , Aspergillus flavus, Curvularia lunata and Pestalotiopsis guepinii. Next to T6, T10 (Bavistin + Tall + Azadirachta indica + Citrus medica) showed promising result against Drechslera oryzae, Fusarium moniliforme, Microdochium oryzae and Sarocladium oryzae. T3 treatment (Azadirachta indica) showed highest percentage of seed germination and seedling vigor index in case of seeds inoculated with Fusarium solani. Amongst all treatments the integrated use of Bavistin, A. indica and T. harzianum showed the better performance for growth reduction of test pathogens and increased germination of seeds. Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 31(1): 159-168, 2022 (January)

First comprehensive study on distribution frequency and incidence of seed-borne pathogens from cereal and legume crops in Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka as an agricultural country requires seed health testing to manage crop diseases. So far no comprehensive research has been carried out for the proper identification of seed mycoflora affecting the seed quality in Sri Lanka. The present study strives to address this issue by identifying seed-borne fungal pathogens from stored seeds using morpho-molecular characterization. Fungal pathogens were isolated from surface-sterilized and non-surface sterilized seeds of Arachis hypogea, Oryza sativa, Vigna radiata, and Vigna sinensis. PCR amplification and DNA sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was carried out for molecular identification of pathogens. The germination quality of each seed variety was calculated by pot experiments. Distribution frequencies, percentage of germination, and seedling vigor were calculated and analyzed for each seed variety tested. In total eighteen isolates were recovered from the four seed varieties. Molecular characterization revealed that the fungal isolates recovered from all the four seed varieties belong to seven genera: Aspergillus, Bipolaris, Daldinia, Macrophomina, Orbilia, Rhizopus, and Talaromyces. Rhizopus spp. showed the highest distribution frequency (75%). Arachis hypogea showed the lowest germination percentage (20%) and lowest seedling vigor index (585). The seeds of Oryza sativa showed no germination probably due to their high incidence of fungal pathogens (four out of seven genera). This study is the first comprehensive study analyzing the seed-borne pathogens of the four most commonly consumed Sri Lankan cereal and legume crops. Results reported in this study helps to identify and implement optimum storage facilities and control such fungal pathogens in future agricultural practices.

Quality and nutrition of oat seed as influenced by seed-borne fungal pathogens during storage

Quality and nutrition of oat seed as influenced by seed-borne fungal pathogens during storage

Molecular characterization and vegetative growth of pathogenic seed-borne fungus, Curvularia lunata of tomato and its in vitro control measures

Present studies were conducted to isolate and identify the seed-borne pathogenic fungus from the selected tomato variety through morphological and molecular techniques based on the sequencing of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of 18S rDNA. According to the colony and conidial features, the fungus was identified as Curvularia sp. The obtained ITS sequencing showed above 99% similarity with Curvularia lunata in the NCBI database. The sequence of the fungus was deposited in NCBI GenBank under the accession number: ITS, MH382879.1. Besides, the phylogenetic tree further confirmed the taxonomic position of the studied fungus. Growth characteristics of the fungus on nine different fungal culture media were evaluated, in which Honey peptone agar, Carrot agar, Potato sucrose agar, and Kauffman’s agar were found the most suitable. The maximum vegetative growth of the fungus was recorded at 30°C temperature and pH conditions. The bio-control potential of five different antagonists against the studied fungus was assessed, in which Trichoderma harzianum showed the better performance to restrict mycelial growth. Three ethanolic plant extracts were also evaluated, in which Lowsonia inermis L. exhibited above 60% mycelial growth inhibition of the fungus. Among three tested fungicides, Tilt 250 EC was found as an excellent fungicide to inhibit mycelial growth of C. lunata under in vitro conditions. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 11(2): 124-132, Dec 2021

Evaluation of antifungal plant extracts against cereal and legume seed-borne pathogens for effective management

Sri Lanka as an agricultural country needs to manage the seed-borne fungal pathogens that have caused infections and diseases that result in significant crop losses and a decline in yield and productivity. Therefore, it is imperative to apply pathogen management strategies that are environmentally friendly, and economically feasible such as plant extractions, to reduce seed-borne fungi and increase the quality of the seed. This study was aimed at identifying the antifungal efficacy of <italic>Allium sativum</italic>, <italic>Aloe vera</italic>, <italic>Azadirachta indica</italic>, and <italic>Zingiber officinale</italic> extracts and their effective concentrations to control the seed-borne fungal pathogens; <italic>Aspergillus flavus</italic>, <italic>A. niger</italic>, <italic>Orbilia foliicola</italic>, <italic>Rhizopus oryzae</italic>, and <italic>Talaromyces oumae-annae</italic> isolated from <italic>Arachis hypogea</italic>, <italic>Oryza sativa, Vigna radiata,</italic> and <italic>V. sinensis</italic> respectively. Antifungal efficacy was determined by the agar well diffusion method and poisoned food technique. Plant extracts’ effectiveness for seed germination and seed quality was evaluated by pot experiments. <italic>Zingiber officinale</italic> crude extract exhibited the highest antifungal activity against the tested pathogens which was as effective as Captan 50% (WP), a positive control. Further analysis of the results from the pot experiment revealed that <italic>O. sativa</italic>, and <italic>V. radiata</italic> seeds treated with<italic> A. indica</italic>, and<italic> Z. officinale</italic> aqueous extracts showed 100% germination percentage. <italic>Azadirachta indica</italic>, and<italic> Z. officinale</italic> aqueous extracts are the most effective in promoting seed germination and seedling vigor while <italic>A. vera</italic> extract is the least effective extract. Comparing the two different extracts, aqueous extracts significantly promote seed germination and increase seedling vigor.

The impact of seed-borne fungal pathogens on wheat germination and yield: A comprehensive review

The impact of seed-borne fungal pathogens on wheat germination and yield: A comprehensive review

Differentiation of the Pea Wilt Pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi from Other Isolates of Fusarium Species by PCR.

Pea wilt disease, caused by the soilborne and seedborne fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi (Fop), first appeared in Japan in 2002. We herein investigated the molecular characteristics of 16 Fop isolates sampled from multiple locations and at different times in Japan. The 16 isolates were divided into three clades in molecular phylogenic ana­lyses based on both the TEF1α gene and the rDNA-IGS region. All of the Fop isolates harbored a PDA1 gene, which encodes the cytochrome P450 pisatin demethylase (Pda1), and also carried one or both of the SIX6 and SIX13 genes, which encode secreted in xylem (Six) proteins. Other forms of F. oxysporum and other species of Fusarium did not carry these sets of genes. Based on these results, a PCR method was developed to identify Fop and differentiate it from other forms and non-pathogenic isolates of Fusarium spp. We also demonstrated that the PCR method effectively detected Fop in infected pea plants and infested soils.

Effect of several types of endophytic fungi isolates Beauveria bassiana in suppressing seed-borne pathogens Colletotrichumspp

Anthracnose is one of the most important seed-borne diseases in chili plants because this disease can reduce the quantity and quality of chilies and cause substantial economic losses. The aim of this study was to obtain the best isolates from various types of endophytic fungi Beauveria bassiana in suppressing the growth of pathogens. chili seed borne disease caused by the fungus Colletotrichum spp. The design used in this study was a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 6 treatments. The treatments consisted of control and 5 types of B. bassiana isolates (PD114, TD312, WS, BbKo, KT2B23). Parameters observed in this study were chili seeds that were attacked by Colletotrichum spp., normal seed germination on paper-to-paper test, length of plumule and radicle. Results. The study showed that different types of B. bassiana isolates could reduce the attack rate of seed-borne pathogenic fungi Colletotrichum spp. KT2B23 isolate was the best isolate in suppressing chili seed-borne pathogens.&#x0D;

Development of an intelligent laser biospeckle system for early detection and classification of soybean seeds infected with seed-borne fungal pathogen (Colletotrichum truncatum)

There is a need for developing rapid and non-destructive techniques for the early detection of seed-borne fungal pathogen because they can be an essential step towards adopting effective disease control measures. Existing techniques for detecting seed-borne diseases have poor sensitivity towards early stages of pathogen development (i.e., when seeds are asymptomatic) and they are also expensive, time-consuming, complex, require mycological skills and destructive testing operations. Aiming at overcoming the above limitations of the existing techniques, a novel laser biospeckle based method is proposed for early detection of seed-borne fungal infection in conjunction with machine learning. Soybean seeds infected by low concentrations (102-106 spores ml−1) of Colletotrichum truncatum were analysed by using full field biospeckle analysis to establish the possible relationship between biological activity in early stages of pathogen infection, with and without the use of frequency filtering. The results demonstrate that the biospeckle activity (BA), for both, raw and frequency filtered data was significantly high (p < 0.05) for the diseased seeds even for low inoculum concentrations. Moreover, the amplitude values of mid frequency spectral components for diseased seeds were higher than those of lower and higher spectral components which correspond to the BA of fungal infected seeds. Several classical machine learning algorithms were trained to model the response of healthy and diseased samples after parameter optimisation. Obtained results showed that k-nearest neighbour (k-NN), decision tree (DT), and artificial neural network (ANN) based predictive models presented strong robustness and high performance with overall accuracy reaching up to 96.94% for classifying diseased seeds.

Identification and Characterisation of Seed-Borne Fungal Pathogens Associated with Maize (Zea mays L.).

A research study was conducted to identify and characterise seed-borne fungal pathogens associated with maize (Zea mays L.) in storage. Seed-borne fungal pathogenic infections of maize were studied using seed samples collected from Gokwe South District in Zimbabwe. The agar plating method using PDA medium was used to detect fungal pathogens on the maize seeds. A total of 150 treatments were used for this experiment, which were replicated three times in a randomised complete block design (RCBD). Analysis of the grain showed the presence of Fusarium moniliforme, Rhizopus stolonifer, Penicillium citrinum, and mostly Aspergillus species, namely, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus tamarii. Significant differences (p < 0.05) between treatments were detected for the pathogens. A total of ten samples were used for mycotoxin determination, and all of them were 100% positive with aflatoxin total, zearalenone, fumonisin, and deoxynivalenol (DON) having an average of 0.255 ppb, 2.425 ppb, 2.65 ppb, and 0.07 ppb, respectively. The present study showed that most grain samples are contaminated with different species of fungi with mycotoxigenic potential. The data on the diversity and magnitude of pathogen infection by fungal species will have a significant effect even at the regional level for predicting the extent of pre- and postinfections. Measures to reduce mycotoxin contamination are needed for maize grains.

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN BEBERAPA PESTISIDA NABATI UNTUK MENGENDALIKAN JAMUR TULAR BENIH KACANG TANAH (Arachis hypogeae L.) DAN PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP DAYA KECAMBAH BENIH

Seedborne diseases on peanut seeds can be controlled by using plant leaf extracts which applied by seed treatment. The plants leaf used, such as: sambiloto leaves extract, bay leaves extract, basil leaves extract and guava leaves extract. The aim of this research is to study the effect of application several plants leaf extract and obtain the best extract to control seedborne fungal pathogens on peanut seeds and its effect to germination of peanut seeds. The research has been conducted at the Laboratory of Plant Disease and Greenhouse Experimental Farm at Faculty of Agriculture, Riau University, Pekanbaru. This research has been conducted experimentally by using a completely randomed design (CRD), consisting of 5 treatments, namely: without application of plants leaf extract (E0), sambiloto leaves extract 30% (E1), bay leaves extract 30% (E2), basil leaves extract 30% (E3) and guava leaves extract 30% (E4). The data obtained were statistically analyzed with analysis of variance and to compare the mean of treatments, and Tukey’s test at level 5% was applied. The result obtained 5 isolate seedborne fungus on peanut seeds. The results showed that application of basil leaves extract was able to inhibit the growth of Rhizoctonia sp. (30.25%), Macrophomina sp. (41,00%), Rhizopus sp. (20,25%) and Aspergillus sp. (15,00%), the extract of bay leaves had a higher inhibition of Aspergillus sp. (31.25%). The application of bay leaves extract resulted in a better germination rate of (93.00%). The application of the four plants leaf extract were not able to affect the total normal germination seeds and seedling height.

Development of copper sulfide-sepiolite nanocomposite (SP-CuS NC) as degradable, assimilative and hypotoxic antifungal seed storage material

Challenges activated engineered nanoparticles composites are attracting increasing attention as next generation seed storage materials to retain or increase seed viability, in light of unavailability of seed storage chemicals. Copper sulfide-sepiolite composite (SP-CuS NC) nanoplatform was developed as seed treatment agent to control seed borne fungal pathogen as well to increase the seed quality parameters after application during storage. Copper sulfide-sepiolite nanocomposite (SP-CuS NC) was prepared sonochemically by in situ synthesis of copper sulfide in aqueous media containing dispersed activated sepiolite. The complete topomorphological, elemental and bonding information was obtained from TEM, SEM, EDS mapping, AFM, XRD, IR and UV–visible spectroscopic methods. Results from application of nano composite on freshly harvested paddy seeds at different active concentrations of copper sulfide (ranging from 20 to 500 μg/g) when packed in cotton bags for storage indicated the efficacy of such nano-enabled natural silicate material for seed storage approach due to the restricted delivery of copper at the right place without showing any sign of phytotoxicity. SP-CuS NC inflicted the promotion of seed germination, particularly in the diseased media conditions, which increased with the time of application as well as applied concentration. The most optimized concentration was 500 μg/g for the application of six months in which % enhancement in germination, root length, shoot length, dry weight and vigor index were maximum at 70.92%, 73.69%, 69.65%, 52.21% and 86.14%, respectively (comparison to control) (P-value < 0.05). The % reduction in seed blight and seed rot were 88.17 and 89.81 which was also maximum at the same applied concentration and time of application. SP-CuS NC significantly increased the health and quality parameters of rice seeds as compared to conventional copper formulation which becomes toxic at the comparative concentrations.

Application of plant-derived bioactive compounds as seed treatments to manage the rice pathogen Fusarium fujikuroi

Plant essential oils (EO) possess antifungal properties due to the presence of terpenoids and phenolics capable of damaging microbial cell membranes. The compounds present in EO could represent a valid alternative to synthetic fungicides in rice crop protection, especially in Europe, where the available plant protection products are increasingly scarce, particularly for managing seed-borne fungal pathogens like Fusarium fujikuroi Nirenberg, the causal agent of bakanae disease. Bakanae is a major concern in Europe for seed producers, which often fail to comply with the strict regulatory limits on the presence of the pathogen in the field, resulting in the rejection of the seed crop from marketing and economic losses. The present work was aimed at studying 1) the in vitro effect of EO derived compounds against F. fujikuroi and 2) their efficacy in disease management under field conditions applied as seed treatments. Results confirmed the in vitro antifungal activity of tested compounds: specifically, thymol (0.025% vol/vol), terpinen-4-ol (0.1%), and eugenol (0.05%) showed strong antifungal activity against all the tested F. fujikuroi strains. Two-years, two-locations open field trials showed that seeds treated with thymol (20%) and eugenol (5%) significantly reduced bakanae incidence compared to untreated control, without any phytotoxicity effect on rice seed. The efficacy of these two compounds in managing the disease without affecting germination rates was comparable to the commercially available prochloraz and triticonazole formulation, considered as the positive control. Our results suggest that thymol and eugenol could be used as alternative fungicides in innovative formulations for seed dressing, with the advantage of being compliant with the European IPM framework and organic farming legislation.

Assessment of Seed-Borne Plant Pathogenic Fungi, Insect Emergence and Percentage Germinability Associated with Harvested and Stored Rice in Kwara State, Nigeria

This study was conducted to assess the incidence of seed-borne fungi, insect emergence as it affect the germinability rate of rice seed collected from the major rice growing areas of Kwara State, Nigeria, The rice seeds were collected during the dry season of 2019. Five (5) fungi species were isolated from all the rice samples. The incidence of fungi pathogens vary from one locality to another, as well as the frequency of occurrence. The pathogens isolated include Fusarium. oxysporium, Aspergillus spp., Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus., Cladosporium sp., Mucor sp. FARO 44 rice variety has the highest incidence of fungal pathogen(12.5× 104) while local varieties Alhaji Sule and Kuddo has the lowest incidence of (0.5× 104) respectively. Penicillium sp. has the highest percentage frequency of occurrence (49.3%) while cladosporium sp has lowest (1.33%) across all samples. Sample 9(F-52), 15(E) and 17(K) has the lowest percentage germinability of 41, 40 and 45% while sample 11(AB) and 8(K) has the highest percentage germinability of 84% and 77% respectively. All the samples do not have the most serious damaging insect infestation of Sitophilus oryzae but some of the sample has infestation of some other insects such as Rhyzopertha dominca, a lesser grain borer and a primary stored pest of cereals, Tribolium. castaneum a secondary pest and some other unidentified insects in varying percentage. Measures such as lowest moisture content of seed meant for storage and proper cleaning of the store must be put in place to avoid seed deterioration as a result of seed borne fungal pathogen and insect infestation.

Evaluation of Seven Essential Oils as Seed Treatments against Seedborne Fungal Pathogens of Cucurbita maxima.

Essential oils are gaining interest as environmentally friendly alternatives to synthetic fungicides for management of seedborne pathogens. Here, seven essential oils were initially tested in vivo for disinfection of squash seeds (Cucurbita maxima) naturally contaminated by Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum, Alternaria alternata, Fusarium fujikuro, Fusarium solani, Paramyrothecium roridum, Albifimbria verrucaria, Curvularia spicifera, and Rhizopus stolonifer. The seeds were treated with essential oils from Cymbopogon citratus, Lavandula dentata, Lavandula hybrida, Melaleuca alternifolia, Laurus nobilis, and Origanum majorana (#1 and #2). Incidence of S. cucurbitacearum was reduced, representing a range between 67.0% in L. nobilis to 84.4% in O. majorana #2. Treatments at 0.5 mg/mL essential oils did not affect seed germination, although radicles were shorter than controls, except with C. citratus and O. majorana #1 essential oils. Four days after seeding, seedling emergence was 20%, 30%, and 10% for control seeds and seeds treated with C. citratus essential oil (0.5 mg/mL) and fungicides (25 g/L difenoconazole plus 25 g/L fludioxonil). S. cucurbitacearum incidence was reduced by ~40% for plantlets from seeds treated with C. citratus essential oil. These data show the effectiveness of this essential oil to control the transmission of S. cucurbitacearum from seeds to plantlets, and thus define their potential use for seed decontamination in integrated pest management and organic agriculture.

Seed-Borne Fungal Diseases of Maize (Zea mays L.): A Review

&#x0D; Introduction: Maize (Zea mays) is one of the most important cereal crops. It is ranked as 3rd after wheat and rice. Due to its wide adaptability, diversified uses, and low production costs, it has great potential as a cereal crop. In the case of yield losses, various factors are involved. The fungal diseases of maize play a significant role in the reduction of both quantity as well as the quality of maize.&#x0D; Review Results: At the seedling stage, maize suffers from numerous diseases and many of them are seed-borne diseases. Anthracnose stalk rot (Colletotrichum graminicola), Charcoal rot of maize (Macrophomina phaseolina), Crazy top downy mildew disease (Sclerophthora macrospora), Corn grey leaf spot disease (Cercospora zeae-maydis), Aspergillus ear and kernel rot (Aspergillus flavus), Corn smut (Ustilago maydis), Southern corn leaf blight disease (Bipolaris maydis) etc. are important among these diseases.Chemical control of seed-borne pathogens of maize is rather difficult to achieve as a reasonably good. Due to the hazardous environmental effects of chemicals, the Integrated Management of the seed-borne fungal pathogens of corn is mostly preferred. The distribution, disease cycle, symptoms of the damage, effects of environmental factors, economical importance of disease, and integrated disease management options of major seed-borne fungal pathogens of maize have been reviewed in this review article from various currently available sources.&#x0D;

Prevalence of Seed-borne Fungal Invasion on Tossa Jute (&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Corchorus olitorius&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;) Seeds

Fungi of different kinds/races have been observed on Tossa jute seeds collected from different locations in Bangladesh. These fungi harm the quality of seeds and lessen germination percentage of the seeds. The aim of this research was to determine the seed-borne fungal pathogens on Tossa jute varieties collected from different locations in Bangladesh. The experiments were conducted following Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications. Eight Tossa jute varieties are used in the present research. Seed sample of each and every variety collected from each of four different districts of Bangladesh. The predominant identified fungi were Macrophomina phaseolina, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp. and Penicillum spp. Kishoregonj District as well as O-72 variety is the most vulnerable in response of seed borne fungal infection, individually and simultaneously. Rangpur District as well as O-795 variety is the most secure in response of seed borne fungal infection, individually and simultaneously. No limitation has been found to conduct the experiment. Seed borne fungal pathogens are the extreme constraints which deadly influenced the healthy Tossa jute seed production. From the results obtained from this study, it will be easy to select the right variety and location for Tossa jute seed production in Bangladesh. And Farmers can be careful at the beginning of Tossa jute seed cultivation to get rid of the fungus which is more prevalent.

Study of Impact of Seed Borne Fungal Pathogen on Seed Germination, Seedling Biomass And Chlorophyll Contents of Four Different Pulse Crops

Study of Impact of Seed Borne Fungal Pathogen on Seed Germination, Seedling Biomass And Chlorophyll Contents of Four Different Pulse Crops

Seed-borne pathogenic fungi on some soybean varieties

Abstract. Soesanto L, Hartono ARR, Mugiastuti E, Widarta H. 2020. Seed-borne pathogenic fungi on some soybean varieties. Biodiversitas 21: 4010-4015. The present study was conducted to detect and identify seed-borne pathogenic fungi in some soybean varieties and their effect on seed germination. Experiment was performed in a completely random design with eight treatments and four replicates. Eight soybean varieties i.e., Malabar, Kaba, Dering, Detam I, Sinabung, Dena, Gepak Kuning, and Slamet were selected for the investigation. Seed borne fungi were isolated using blotter test and agar plate techniques. The variables observed were morphological/cultural characteristics, microscopic features of fungi, and percentage of seed germination. A total of eight fungi namely Aspergillus flavus Link, Aspergillus niger van Tieghem, Cladosporium oxysporum Berk. &amp; M.A. Curtis, Colletotrichum dematium (Pers. et Fr.) Grove f.sp. truncate (Schw.) Arx, Curvularia pallescens Boedijn, Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc., Melanospora zamiae Corda, and Nigrospora sp. Mason were isolated from different varieties of soybean seeds. The highest seed germination was found to be 80.5% in Daring and Detam I varieties, respectively, and the lowest 53% was recorded in Dena variety.

Biofabrication of zinc oxide nanoparticles from Melia azedarach and its potential in controlling soybean seed-borne phytopathogenic fungi

Present study, report the biofabrication of zinc oxide nanoparticles from aqueous leaf extract of Melia azedarach (MaZnO-NPs) through solution combustion method and their novel application in preventing the growth of seed-borne fungal pathogens of soybean (Cladosporium cladosporioides and Fusarium oxysporum). The standard blotter method was employed to isolate fungi and was identified through molecular techniques. The characterization of MaZnO-NPs was carried out by UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) equipped with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The physicochemical characterization confirmed the particles were of high purity and nano size (30-40nm) with a hexagonal shape. The synthesized MaZnO-NPs inhibited the growth of C. cladosporioides and F. oxysporum in a dose dependent manner. Biomass, ergosterol, lipid peroxidation, intracellular reactive oxygen species and membrane integrity determination upon MaZnO-NPs treatment offered significant activities there by confirming the mechanism of action against the test pathogens. In conclusion, due to the effectiveness of MaZnO-NPs in controlling the growth of C. cladosporioides and F. oxysporum, the synthesized MaZnO-NPs provides insight towards their potential application in agriculture and food industries.