Seed Oil Production Research Articles

Biodiesel production from Cynara cardunculus L. and Brassica carinata A. Braun seeds and their suitability as fuels in compression ignition engines

The development of energy crops can provide environmental benefits and may represent an opportunity to improve agriculture in areas considered at low productivity. In this work, we studied the energy potential of two species (Brassica carinata A. Braun and Cynara cardunculus L.) and their seed oil productivity under different growth conditions. Furthermore, the biodiesel from the oil extracted from the seeds of these species was produced and analysed in term of utilisation as fuels in compression ignition engines. In particular, the spray penetration and shape ratio were measured in a constant-volume chamber and compared with the results obtained with a standard diesel fuel. These results were obtained using a standard common rail injection system at different injection pressure, injection duration, and constant-volume chamber pressure.

Survey of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in seven varieties of Lappula squarrosa: An alternative source of heart-healthy vegetable oil.

Growing demand for heart-healthy omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), is putting stress on wild fish stocks. There is now a compelling need for new and novel sources of non-traditional seed oils containing high stearidonic acid (SDA), a precursor of EPA and DHA, to reduce this demand. The seed oil of Lappula squarrosa is one of the richest sources of SDA, however, the plant has been found to contain toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs). In this study, the PA concentrations of seven varieties (A-G) of Lappula squarrosa were analysed to determine the most suitable varieties for commercial seed oil production. Whilst the clean-up procedure for the PAs in the roots, flowers and leaves was on diatomaceous earth columns and finally analysed with GC-EI-MS, that of the seeds was through SCX-SPE and a more sensitive HPLC-ESI-MS/MS sum parameter method was used in the analysis. Altogether six PAs (supinine, amabiline, intermedine, lycopsamine and 3'-acetylintermedine) including one unknown retronecine-type PA were identified with variety C recording the lowest total PA concentration (4.64 mg seneciphylline equivalents (SE)/g dry weight (d.w.)). Besides, the total PA concentrations in the seeds of Lappula squarrosa varieties ranged between 2.88 μg PA/g and 10.36 μg PA/g d.w. Based solely on overall PA concentrations and PA distribution, variety D (5.95 mg SE/g d.w.) was found to be a potential candidate for commercial seed oil cultivation.

Physical properties and application of a red pepper seed meal protein composite film containing oregano oil

Red pepper seed meal protein (RMP) was extracted from the by-product of red pepper seed oil production. RMP composite films were prepared, and their physical properties were evaluated. The optimal concentration for the RMP composite film was suggested to be 4% RMP/1% gelatin, and the tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (E) values of the RMP composite film were 20.14 MPa and 11.45%, respectively. In addition, RMP composite films containing oregano oil (OR) were prepared by incorporating different amounts (0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 1%) of OR. OR affected the physical properties of the RMP composite film, and the composite film containing 0.5% OR had optimal physical properties: a TS of 8.71 MPa, a Young's modulus of 142.83 MPa, and an E of 75.32%. The antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the RMP composite films with OR increased as the OR content increased. Wrapping fatty tuna meat with the RMP composite film containing 0.5% OR reduced the inoculated Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Typhimurium populations by 0.73 and 0.89 log CFU/mL, respectively, compared with the control sample after storage at 4 °C for 12 days. Moreover, the RMP composite film containing 0.5% OR decreased the degree of lipid oxidation in the fatty tuna meat during storage. Consequently, a RMP composite film containing OR can be useful in prolonging the shelf life of fatty tuna meat.

Decreased seed oil production in FUSCA3 Brassica napus mutant plants

Canola (Brassica napus L.) oil is extensively utilized for human consumption and industrial applications. Among the genes regulating seed development and participating in oil accumulation is FUSCA3 (FUS3), a member of the plant-specific B3-domain family of transcription factors. To evaluate the role of this gene during seed storage deposition, three BnFUSCA3 (BnFUS3) TILLING mutants were generated. Mutations occurring downstream of the B3 domain reduced silique number and repressed seed oil level resulting in increased protein content in developing seeds. BnFUS3 mutant seeds also had increased levels of linoleic acid, possibly due to the reduced expression of ω-3 FA DESATURASE (FAD3). These observed phenotypic alterations were accompanied by the decreased expression of genes encoding transcription factors stimulating fatty acid (FA) synthesis: LEAFY COTYLEDON1 and 2 (LEC1 and 2) ABSCISIC ACID-INSENSITIVE 3 (BnABI3) and WRINKLED1 (WRI1). Additionally, expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in sucrose metabolism, glycolysis, and FA modifications were down-regulated in developing seeds of the mutant plants. Collectively, these transcriptional changes support altered sucrose metabolism and reduced glycolytic activity, diminishing the carbon pool available for the synthesis of FA and ultimately seed oil production. Based on these observations, it is suggested that targeted manipulations of BnFUS3 can be used as a tool to influence oil accumulation in the economically important species B. napus.

Fatty acid composition of developing tree peony (Paeonia section Moutan DC.) seeds and transcriptome analysis during seed development.

BackgroundTree peony (Paeonia section Moutan DC.) is known for its excellent ornamental and medicinal values. In 2011, seeds from P. ostii have been identified as novel resource of α-linolenic acid (ALA) for seed oil production and development in China. However, the molecular mechanism on biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids in tree peony seeds remains unknown. Therefore, transcriptome data is needed to better understand the underlying mechanisms.ResultsIn this study, lipid accumulation contents were measured using GC-MS methods across developing tree peony seeds, which exhibited an extraordinary ALA content (49.3%) in P. ostii mature seeds. Transcriptome analysis was performed using Illumina sequencing platform. A total of 144 million 100-bp paired-end reads were generated from six libraries, which identified 175,874 contigs. In the KEGG Orthology enrichment of differentially expressed genes, lipid metabolism pathways were highly represented categories. Using this data we identified 388 unigenes that may be involved in de novo fatty acid and triacylglycerol biosynthesis. In particular, three unigenes (SAD, FAD2 and FAD8) encoding fatty acid desaturase with high expression levels in the fast oil accumulation stage compared with the initial stage of seed development were identified.ConclusionsThis study provides the first comprehensive genomic resources characterizing tree peony seeds gene expression at the transcriptional level. These data lay the foundation for further understanding of molecular mechanism responsible for lipid biosynthesis and the high unsaturated fatty acids (especially ALA) accumulation. Meanwhile, it provides theoretical base for potential oilseed application in the respect of n-6 to n-3 ratio for human diets and future regulation of target healthy components of oils.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1429-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Phenotypic and Genetic Diversity in Pumpkin Accessions with Mutated Seed Coats

The increasing importance of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) cultivars for seed production has led to considerable breeding efforts for novel high-yielding and disease-resistant cultivars lacking seedcoats. Because it is very important to use genetically diverse genotypes for the development of cultivars with a broad genetic and phenotypic base, this study focused on phenotypic and genetic diversity within and among available pumpkin accessions with mutated seedcoat phenotypes. Fifty-one accessions were collected from various sources and countries, which showed a wide variety of seedcoat types. Genetic analysis with 18 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers revealed that 37.59% of the total genetic diversity was attributable to interpopulation differentiation and 62.41% to individual differentiation within populations. The average genetic differentiation between accessions (FST) was from 0.030 to 0.760, whereas expected heterozygosity (He) was between 0.048 and 0.491 and observed heterozygosity (Ho) between 0.056 and 0.522. Based on unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) analysis, the genetic relationship among accessions reflects the primary geographical origin of accessions. Marker amplification yielded a total of 109 alleles with an average number of alleles per locus of 6.06. Gene diversity per locus varied between 0.027 and 0.879, whereas the polymorphism information content (PIC) varied between 0.027 and 0.867. This is the first report about intra-accession phenotypic and genotypic variability of pumpkins with mutated seedcoats cultivated for their seeds, which are today used in the baking industry, seed oil production, and in traditional and modern medicine.

Soybean Yield Stability in Eight Locations and its Potential for Seed Oil Source in Indonesia

Soybean is a prospective source of biofuel in Indonesia due to adaptive in Indonesian agro ecology, which is 75 d to 85 d to maturity, and high oil seed content. A total of twelve soybean genotypes tested in eight locations in Indonesia in 2013 to assess its potential yield and seed oil production. Seed yield stability was assessed by (Additive Main Effect and Multiplicative Interaction) AMMI method. The seed yield range was 2.15 t ha–1 to 2.79 t ha–1 with an average of 2.54 t ha–1. Seed oil content ranges from 16.57% to 18.85% with an average 17.6%. Four soybean (G5, G7, G9, and G10) as stable genotypes. G9 (L.Jateng×Sinabung-85) prospective to be used for biodiesel development in Indonesia due to its high yield (2.67 t ha–1) and the oil content of 18.85%, hence its seed oil production reach 504 kg ha–1. G9 have 80 d to maturity. Potential production of soybean seed oil is determined by the seed yield and oil content. G9 could potentially be used for biodiesel development in Indonesia.

The bilateral influence of plant and rhizosphere characteristics in brassicas varying in seed oil productivity

Vessey, J. K., Fei, H., Burton, D. L., Bradley, R. L. and Smith, D. L. 2014. The bilateral influence of plant and rhizosphere characteristics in brassicas varying in seed oil productivity. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 1113–1116. It is important that increasing seed oil yield in species of Brassica to improve the crops as biodiesel feedstocks does not result in unforeseen increases in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Studies were conducted to determine if genotypes of Brassica napus and Arabidopsis thaliana varying in seed oil content (SOC) potential had differences in plant and rhizospheric characteristics that could impact GHG emissions. Varying SOC productivity in B. napus resulted in changes in C and N partitioning within the plant, and in some cases had effects on N2O emission in the field. Although changes were observed in the composition of the rhizosphere of A. thaliana with modified SOC, there was also evidence that rhizospheric bacteria-to-plant signals could be used to improve growth and stress resistance in the plants. Project 4c in the Green Crop Network (GCN) investigated the possible ramifications of varying SOC on various plant growth, rhizospheric and agronomic characteristic of Brassica napus L. and Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. The influence of certain bacteria-to-plant signals (i.e., lipo-chitooligosaccharides) was also investigated in these species. The rationale for these investigations was based on the fact that very little is known about how changing seed oil productivity in brassicas might affect other plants processes (e.g., C and N partitioning, root exudations, rhizospheric conditions) that might affect GHG emission from biodiesel feedstock crops designed specifically for maximized SOC.

Investigation of the contribution of oil biosynthetic enzymes to seed oil content in Brassica napus and Arabidopsis thaliana

Katavic, V., Shi, L., Yu, Y., Zhao, L., Haughn, G. W. and Kunst, L. 2014. Investigation of the contribution of oil biosynthetic enzymes to seed oil content in Brassica napus and Arabidopsis thaliana. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 1109–1112. One of the critical reactions in triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis is activation of fatty acyl chains to fatty acyl CoAs, catalyzed by long-chain acyl CoA synthetases (LACS). In Arabidopsis thaliana there is a family of nine genes that encode LACSs. Studies to determine whether the products of two of these genes, LACS8 and LACS9, function together to contribute acyl-CoAs for storage oil biosynthesis in A. thaliana resulted in discovery that it is not LACS8 but LACS1 that functionally overlaps with LACS9 in TAG biosynthesis (published in Plant Journal). To elucidate regulatory mechanisms of seed oil synthesis, the potential roles of phospholipase D zeta (PLDZ) and rhamnose synthase 2 (RHM2/MUM4) in transcription factor GLABRA2 (GL2)-mediated regulation of seed oil biosynthesis and deposition were investigated. Results demonstrated that PLDZ genes are not involved in GL2-mediated seed oil accumulation and that GL2 regulates seed oil production, at least in part, through its influence on expression of the gene RHM2/MUM4 required for the seed coat mucilage biosynthesis (published in Plant Journal). A novel Arabidopsis mutant with speckled seed coat and reduced seed oil phenotypes resulting from a mutation in a single unknown gene was identified, but attempts to isolate the gene by positional cloning have not been successful to date (unpublished results). Finally, seed oil content in near-isogenic double haploid Brassica napus lines was analyzed, “low oil” and “high oil” lines were identified, and developing seeds for expression profiling of target seed oil biosynthesis/bioassembly genes in selected double haploid lines were collected (unpublished results).

Cytosolic phosphorylating glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases affect Arabidopsis cellular metabolism and promote seed oil accumulation.

The cytosolic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPC) catalyzes a key reaction in glycolysis, but its contribution to plant metabolism and growth are not well defined. Here, we show that two cytosolic GAPCs play important roles in cellular metabolism and seed oil accumulation. Knockout or overexpression of GAPCs caused significant changes in the level of intermediates in the glycolytic pathway and the ratios of ATP/ADP and NAD(P)H/NAD(P). Two double knockout seeds had ∼3% of dry weight decrease in oil content compared with that of the wild type. In transgenic seeds under the constitutive 35S promoter, oil content was increased up to 42% of dry weight compared with 36% in the wild type and the fatty acid composition was altered; however, these transgenic lines exhibited decreased fertility. Seed-specific overexpression lines had >3% increase in seed oil without compromised seed yield or fecundity. The results demonstrate that GAPC levels play important roles in the overall cellular production of reductants, energy, and carbohydrate metabolites and that GAPC levels are directly correlated with seed oil accumulation. Changes in cellular metabolites and cofactor levels highlight the complexity and tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana cells to the metabolic perturbation. Further implications for metabolic engineering of seed oil production are discussed.

Investigation of rubber seed yield in Xishuangbanna and estimation of rubber seed oil based biodiesel potential in Southeast Asia

Rubber seed oil, derived from the seeds of the rubber tree – Hevea brasiliensis, has been shown as a viable option for biodiesel production. However, few studies have investigated the factors influencing rubber seed yield. This study evaluates rubber seed yield through in situ counting of rubber seeds from the dominant rubber tree clones (RRIM600# and GT1#) in Xishuangbanna, China. Comparisons of seed yield across tree age classes and along an elevation gradient were carried out. The rubber seed yield survey was then used as a predictor for potential rubber seed oil production, both locally and regionally, and calculates the potential biodiesel production from the rubber seed oil. The results indicate that rubber seed yield is directly linked with tree age and size, and that elevation does not affect rubber seed yield within this region. Seed yield varied greatly (3-fold) between the two cultivars studied. Furthermore, it was calculated that there is a potential production of 1.94 Mt of rubber seed oil and 1.80 Mt of biodiesel from this oil, within SE Asia (Southeast Asia).

VALORIZATION OF NEGLECTED FRENCH-AMERICAN GRAPEVINE HYBRID AS SOURCES OF NATURAL COMPOUNDS FOR NUTRACEUTICAL USES

ISHS I International Symposium on Fruit Culture and Its Traditional Knowledge along Silk Road Countries VALORIZATION OF NEGLECTED FRENCH-AMERICAN GRAPEVINE HYBRID AS SOURCES OF NATURAL COMPOUNDS FOR NUTRACEUTICAL USES

An evaluation of the factors influencing seed oil production in Camellia reticulata L. plants

Camellia seed oil is well known for its industrial uses. However, despite the increasing use of this oil, few studies have investigated which factors impact seed oil production. Thus, the aims of this study are to identify which factors influence the percentage seed oil of Camellia reticulata, a by investigating both seed and environmental variables. Firstly, fruit traits were studied and correlated against percentage seed oil data, and then environmental variables linked to seed oil production were investigated. The first experiments analyzed how well fruit characteristics (size, length, weight, seed number, seed oil) of the Camellia plants predict percentage seed oil. The second experiment modelled the effect of environmental variables (soil, elevation, temperature and rainfall) on seed oil production. The results indicated that the kernel ratio per fruit, seed weight to fruit weight ratio and fruit weight positively influenced percentage seed oil while, when these previous effects are accounted for, the number of seeds reduced percentage seed oil. The environmental model showed that seed oil was influenced most strongly by elevation and soil type, with haplic Acrisols providing the highest seed oil. Thus it is clear that Camellia seed oil is affected by a variety of factors, and these should be taken into account when selecting species and cultivars for the planting of Camellia stands for oil production.

Effects of Genetics and Environment on Fatty Acid Stability in Soybean Seed

Although seed oil production and composition are genetically controlled, changes of oil level and oil composition across genotypes and environments such as drought and temperature were observed. The mechanisms of how genotypes interact with environment, affecting oil production and composition, are still not well understood. The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of drought/water stress and temperature on soybean genotypes. Two soybean genotypes of maturity group (MG) II (PI 597411 B and PI 597408) and two of MG VI (Arksoy and PI 437726) were used. A repeated greenhouse experiment to study the effect of water stress and a repeated growth chamber experiment to study the effect of temperature were conducted. The results showed that both water stress and high temperature altered seed oil composition by increasing oleic acid and decreasing linoleic and linolenic acid concentrations. Severe water stress (soil water potential between -150 to -200 kPa) or high temperature (40/33℃, day/night) resulted in higher palmitic acid and lower stearic acid. Genotypes differed in their responses to water stress or temperature. Analyses of seed carbohydrates (glucose, fructose, sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose) showed a significant decline of glucose, fructose, and sucrose and a significant increase of stachyose concentration by water stress and high temperature. Analyses of natural abundance of δ15N and δ13C isotopes showed changes in sources of nitrogen and carbon fixation, possibly affecting nitrogen and carbon metabolism pathways. The research demonstrated that both water stress and high temperature altered oil production and composition, and this could be partially related to limited availability and movement of carbohydrates from leaves to seed. Further research to investigate the enzymes controlling fatty acids conversion and nitrogen and carbon metabolism is needed.

Production of Rubber Seed Oil Based Biodiesel Using Different Catalysts

Production of Rubber Seed Oil Based Biodiesel Using Different Catalysts

Detailed analysis of Cucurbita pepo seed coat types and structures with scanning electron microscopy

Discovery of a mutant thin-coated seed phenotype at the end of the 19th century facilitated pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) seed oil production and increased botanic interest in seed coat types and their structures. The main seed coat characteristics were usually analyzed by light and fluorescent microscopy, and more recently, seed coat traits have also been mapped on a C. pepo gene map. The aim of our research was to collect and describe various pumpkin seed types and to analyze, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the detailed structure of their seed coats. Seeds of 29 cultivars and landraces were collected and visually evaluated based on seed coat characteristics. Seed samples belonging to different seed types discovered in our collection were transversely sectioned and analyzed by SEM. Twelve seed types were determined, and SEM analysis revealed high variability in their seed coat structures. Using SEM, tissue and cell structures were clearly visible, and novel details of cell and tissue topography were documented. Hypodermal and aerenchyma cells in wild-type seed coats showed fibrous or reticulate secondary cell wall thickening, respectively. In mutant seed types, an absence of different seed coat layers was clearly noted, while the remaining layers were distinctly pronounced. A new completely hull-less seed type was described for the first time. Description of the variability of seed coats in pumpkin was complemented by novel seed coat types, and their structures were analyzed in detail the first time by SEM.

The BnGRF2 gene (GRF2-like gene from Brassica napus) enhances seed oil production through regulating cell number and plant photosynthesis

Seed yield and oil content are two important agricultural characteristics in oil crop breeding, and a lot of functional gene research is being concentrated on increasing these factors. In this study, by differential gene expression analyses between rapeseed lines (zy036 and 51070) which exhibit different levels of seed oil production, BnGRF2 (Brassica napus growth-regulating factor 2-like gene) was identified in the high oil-producing line zy036. To elucidate the possible roles of BnGRF2 in seed oil production, the cDNA sequences of the rapeseed GRF2 gene were isolated. The Blastn result showed that rapeseed contained BnGRF2a/2b which were located in the A genome (A1 and A3) and C genome (C1 and C6), respectively, and the dominantly expressed gene BnGRF2a was chosen for transgenic research. Analysis of 35S-BnGRF2a transgenic Arabidopsis showed that overexpressed BnGRF2a resulted in an increase in seed oil production of >50%. Moreover, BnGRF2a also induced a >20% enlargement in extended leaves and >40% improvement in photosynthetic efficiency because of an increase in the chlorophyll content. Furthermore, transcriptome analyses indicated that some genes associated with cell proliferation, photosynthesis, and oil synthesis were up-regulated, which revealed that cell number and plant photosynthesis contributed to the increased seed weight and oil content. Because of less efficient self-fertilization induced by the longer pistil in the 35S-BnGRF2a transgenic line, Napin-BnGRF2a transgenic lines were further used to identify the function of BnGRF2, and the results showed that seed oil production also could increase >40% compared with the wild-type control. The results suggest that improvement to economically important characteristics in oil crops may be achieved by manipulation of the GRF2 expression level.

Growth, Yield and Quality of Bird-Resistant Sunflower Cultivars Found in Genetic Resources

We examined 50 cultivars of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) for their resistance to birds in a field experiment to find parental plants for breeding. Two cultivars, Armarvirskij3497 (from Russia) and Line-41 (from Myanmar), had bird-resistant characteristics. The laboratory bird feeding test indicated that the factors associated with bird resistance were globular seed shape and heavy seed coat, because the main bird feeding on sunflower, oriental greenfinch Carduelis sinica, is relatively small and have difficulty pecking large and globular seeds. Although the two cultivars had unfavorable characters such as low tolerance to lodging and late maturity, the oil contents of their seeds was not significantly lower than that in the susceptible cultivar (63M80). The present findings suggest that Armarvirskij3497 and Line-41 are candidate parental materials for breeding bird-resistant sunflower cultivars without losing seed oil productivity.

Assessment of Western Australian sandalwood seeds for seed oil production

Summary The Western Australian sandalwood (Santalum spicatum R.Br.) industry is transforming into an agro-forestry industry in which the seeds are being considered as a valuable secondary income—generating product. Oil extracted from the seeds has a potential use in the cosmetic industry. This study aimed to identify the quality parameters for seeds to obtain oil of better and consistent quality, and the effect of seed source, seed size and storage time. Different seed samples varied in oil content, moisture content and fatty acid profile. Larger seeds from plantation trees in the wheatbelt region of Western Australia are the most suitable source of seed oil thus far evaluated. The seed grading system currently used by the sandalwood industry was suitable for selecting seeds from plantations (but not from natural stands in arid regions—‘wild wood’) for seed oil production. Basic parameters for the selection of seeds for oil extraction were identified.

Tocochromanol content and composition in Jatropha curcas seeds

Physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.) is a promising seed oil source for biodiesel production. Natural antioxidants play a major role in maintaining oxidative stability of oils and they also have important food and industrial applications. Among them, tocochromanols are the most abundant in seeds. The objective of this research was to evaluate the variation for tocochromanol content and profile in a germplasm collection of 52 accessions of J. curcas. Seeds collected in two different periods, August and November of 2009, were analysed for tocochromanol content. Additionally, the dynamics of tocochromanol accumulation in developing seeds was studied. Total seed tocochromanol content averaged 307.2mgkg−1 in August and 303.7mgkg−1 in November, whereas total oil tocochromanol content averaged 507.4mgkg−1 in August and 500.8mgkg−1 in November. The tocochromanol fraction was made up of 15.4% gamma-tocopherol, 83.8% gamma-tocotrienol, and 0.8% delta-tocotrienol in August and 18.0% gamma-tocopherol, 80.4% gamma-tocotrienol, and 1.6% delta-tocotrienol in November. Genotype×environment effects were identified for tocochromanol content but not for the proportion of major tocochromanol homologues, which showed a high positive correlation between both environments. Developing seeds contained primarily alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol at early stages of development, with gamma-tocotrienol and delta-tocotrienol being practically undetectable. Gamma-tocotrienol content remained practically undetectable till 66 DAP and then increased pronouncedly to final levels of 177.1mgkg−1 (74.8% of the total tocochromanol content). The powerful antioxidant and health-promoting properties of gamma-tocotrienol encourages further studies on selection for the tocopherol/tocotrienol ratio in Jatropha and on the potential of tocochromanols as high added-value products derived from Jatropha seed oil production.