Oilseed Meals Research Articles

Pyrolysis-Based Synthesis and Characterization of Bio-Oil From Brassica Carinata Oilseed Meals and Its Application to Produce Bio-Jet Fuel

Pyrolysis-Based Synthesis and Characterization of Bio-Oil From Brassica Carinata Oilseed Meals and Its Application to Produce Bio-Jet Fuel

346 Substitution of Modified Distillers Grains with Soybean Meal with Or Without Hulls Had Negligible Effect on Growth Performance, Efficiency and Carcass Traits in Yearling Steers

Abstract Changes to the fuel landscape in the United States have resulted in changes in long-held supplemental protein price relationships. The objective of this study was to evaluate substituting oilseed meal for corn processing co-products. Predominately Angus steers [initial shrunk body weight (BW) = 435 ± 23.6 kg] were used in a 118-d experiment using three treatments: modified distillers grains (MDGS)fed at 15% diet DM (MDGS) replaced by either soybean meal and corn (9 and 6% of DM, respectively; SBM), or soybean meal and soyhull pellets (9 and 6% of DM, respectively; SBM-SBH). Steers (n = 240) were individually weighed and allotted to one of 24 pens (n = 10 steers per pen; 8 pens per treatment) at the Southeast Research Farm located near Beresford, SD. Dietary concentrations of crude protein and neutral detergent fiber based on tabular values and weekly batching records were 12.3 and 17.6%, 12.8 and 14.5%, and 12.8 and 17.8% for MDGS, SBM, and SBM-SBH, respectively. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS 9.4 with treatment and block as fixed effects; pen was the experimental unit. Pen conditions were wet and muddy during the final weeks of this experiment; consequently, final BW was calculated by dividing hot carcass weight (HCW) by a common dressing percentage of 62.5. No differences amongst treatments (P ≥ 0.11) were found for carcass-adjusted final BW, dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), or feed efficiency. Dietary treatment had no effect (P ≥ 0.11) on HCW, dressing percentage, ribeye area, rib fat, marbling score, USDA Yield Grade, percent empty body fat (EBF), or final BW adjusted to 28% EBF. Distribution of USDA Quality and Yield grades were unaffected by treatment (P ≥ 0.39). Dietary treatment did not affect liver abscess incidence and severity (P = 11). Net energy values calculated from animal performance agreed closely with tabular estimates with observed to expected ratios for net energy equaling one. In this experiment, feeding supplemental protein sources with enhanced diet conditioning attributes and greater concentrations of ruminally undegradable protein provided no advantage to cattle performance. These results indicate that protein source decisions can be based upon price per unit of delivered crude protein.

Optimization of mustard, soybean and flaxseed meal blend formulation for development of biopolymeric film and its characterization

The current research work demonstrates the valorisation of oilseed meals by transforming them into biopolymeric films with tunable properties for stringent food packaging applications. The oilseed meals are obtained as waste materials after oil extraction having a large potential in the food industry. For the study, the biopolymeric films fabricated using defatted oilseed meals of mustard, flaxseed, and soybean each in range of (1–100%) using the mixture design. The films were developed using solvent casting method with the addition of a glycerol (75%) as plasticizer and soy lecithin (2%) as emulsifier. The effectiveness of the various proportions of the selected oilseed meals on water vapour permeability, water solubility, swelling property and tensile strength has been studied. The optimized films were obtained with the combination of 20.50% mustard seed meal, 67.15% flaxseed meal, and 12.33% soybean seed meal. The result obtained after investigation of selected responses were found as 32.09% solubility, 1.88 kPa tensile strength, elongation at break at 4.31%, and water vapour permeability with 0.68 g/Pa h m g. The thermal, morphological, and functional analysis results improved in the optimized biopolymeric films. The oilseed meals were found significant on the properties of the biopolymeric. The formulation obtained had improved mechanical as were as barrier properties of biopolymeric films.

Effect of Fungal Fermentation on Enhancement of Nutritional Value and Antioxidant Activity of Defatted Oilseed Meals.

Agro-industrial residues contain high nutritive value. Nowadays, various advanced researches have been done for the production of various value-added products, using these wastes as substrates in the fermentation media. Flaxseed, mustard, and rice bran meal, residues of oil industry, were used as substrates for fermentation. Submerged fermentation with soil-isolated fungal species of the genus Aspergillus sp. was done for oil production by using these substrates in the fermentation media. Effect of fermentation by the oleaginous species of Aspergillus on the nutritive value and functional properties of flaxseed, mustard, and rice bran meal has been discussed for the first time in the present study. After fermentation, the seed meals showed substantial increase in the protein and ash content. The fungal strains utilized the carbohydrate present in the seed meals for the production of highly nutritional metabolites, which decrease the sugar contents of the meals. The fungi also showed extracellular amylase and cellulase activities which helped to hydrolyze the carbohydrates present in these meals, to utilize them for their metabolism. The enhancement was also observed in terms of antioxidant activity of the meals. Increase in the total phenolic and flavonoid contents was observed after fermentation along with radical scavenging activity of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid reagents and ferric reduction potential. These effects of fermentation modify these cheap waste materials into nutrient dense substrates, which could be further used in the formulation of value-added products.

Differential effects of oilseed protein hydrolysates in attenuating inflammation in murine macrophages

Proteins from underutilized defatted oilseed meals have been proposed as promising sources of bioactive peptides. This study was conducted to determine the anti-inflammatory activities of five oilseed proteins (flaxseed, rapeseed, sunflower, sesame and soybean) hydrolysed via alcalase, pepsin (at pH 1.3 and pH 2.1), respectively, and to compare these against two dairy proteins (whey, casein). The potential of protein hydrolysates of three different molecular weight fractions (Mw > 10 kDa, 3–10 kDa, < 3 kDa) to modulate nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signalling was screened via RAW-Blue™ reporter cells. Fractions with Mw < 3 kDa of pepsin (pH 1.3)-treated protein hydrolysates were subsequently selected to validate anti-inflammatory properties in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Rapeseed fractions showed greatest potency to attenuate inflammation, via efficiently down-regulating the expression of IL-6 (−49.1%), IL-1β (−58.6%), iNOS (−41.9%) and COX-2 (−58.7%) and up-regulating the IL-10 (+47.2%) mRNA level at 2000 μg peptides/mL. Rapeseed, sesame and casein demonstrated marked repression of NF-κB pathway, through down-regulating NF-κB1, p65 and/or IκBα mRNA levels. In addition, rapeseed, sesame and soybean reduced the expression of TLR4 and/or CD14 associated with attenuated LPS recognition. In addition, it was confirmed that rapeseed and soybean hydrolysates showed capabilities to bind 43.9 and 52.4% of LPS in solution, thereby weakening inflammatory response; an effect that could at least partially be related to the presence of hydrophobic amino acids. To summarize, current data demonstrate differing capacity of plant protein hydrolysates to interact with inflammatory signalling, indicating the need for further research into the molecular mechanisms of peptide action.

The relationship between material transformation, microbial community and amino acids and alkaloid metabolites in the mushroom residue-prickly ash seed oil meal composting with biocontrol agent addition

This study investigated the effects of adding biocontrol microbes on metabolites and pathogenic microorganisms during mushroom residue composting and the relationships of metabolite changes with microbes and material transformation. The results showed that the addition of Bacillus subtilis (BS) and Trichoderma harzianum (TH) with mushroom residue promoted the conversion of organic carbon and nitrogen. The abundance of pathogenic microbes was increased in biocontrol microbial treatments. BS or TH treatments increased the levels of amino acids, carbohydrates, and bacteriostatic alkaloid metabolites. Network analysis revealed that the main microorganisms significantly related to alkaloid metabolites were Rhabdanaerobium, Atopostipes, Planifilum and Ureibacillus. The increased bacterial abundance and decreased NO3–-N and TOC were closely related to the increases in amino acid and alkaloid metabolites after biocontrol agent treatments. Generally, adding biocontrol microbes is an effective way to increase the levels of antibacterial metabolites, but there is a risk of increasing the abundance of pathogenic microbes.

PSXIV-12 Sources of variation in the nutritive value of hemp seed meal

Abstract The 2018 Farm Bill, with its groundbreaking hemp legislation, offered an alternative protein source to livestock producers. Hemp is the agricultural product of Cannabis sativa L. which must contain less than 0.3% tetrahydrocannabinol, the psychoactive component common to marijuana. Hemp oil, cold-pressed from C. sativa seed, has been gaining popularity over recent years for its use in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and human food products. Like most oilseeds, this leaves an oilseed meal with a potential for inclusion in livestock feeds. Thus, our objective was to quantify the sources of variation in the nutritive value of hempseed meal. Hempseed meal samples were obtained from commercial oil processing facilities (n = 4). Across these facilities, samples represented 15 independent hempseed meal batches. Our experimental design was a completely randomized design including the random effects of source, batch within source, and replicate within batch by source (laboratory replication). Samples were assayed for NDF, ADF, ADL, CP, and IVTD. Source had no contribution to variance for NDF, ADF, ADL, or CP (P ≥ 0.20). However, batch within source had a significant contribution to variation for NDF (μ = 50.1%; P = 0.01), ADF (μ = 36.8%; P = 0.01), ADL (μ = 12.9%; P &amp;lt; 0.01), and CP (μ = 30.9%; P &amp;lt; 0.01). Irrespective of the differences in nutritive value, there was no contribution to variation (P ≥ 0.23) of any measured effect on IVTD (μ = 53.0%). Results are interpreted to mean that, while variation exists among hempseed meal samples with respect to nutritive value, the viability of hempseed meal as a livestock feed source is strong.

Effects of biocontrol Bacillus and fermentation bacteria additions on the microbial community, functions and antibiotic resistance genes of prickly ash seed oil meal-biochar compost

This study evaluated the effects of biocontrol Bacillus and fermenting bacteria addition on the microbial community, metabolic functions and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) of new prickly ash seed oil meal (PSOM)-biochar composting. The results showed that the addition of Bacillus subtilis and fermentation bacteria significantly increased the NH4+-N, bacterial abundance and fungal diversity of compost while decreasing the relative abundances (RAs) of carbon metabolism genes in mature compost. NH4+-N was significantly correlated with microbial abundance and diversity, and its increase was closely related to microbial amino acid metabolism. The addition of biocontrol and fermenting bacteria changed the RAs of ARGs, which was caused by changes in the potential hosts Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota and Firmicutes in the compost. Consequently, adding Bacillus and fermenting bacteria into PSOM to make composting was suggested as an effective method to promote nutrient transformation, regulate microbial activity and decrease RAs of tetracycline and vancomycin ARGs.

Розробка харчових систем підвищеної біологічної цінності на основі олієвмісної сировини та борошна

Goal. To develop using mathematical modeling methods several food systems with improved amino acid composition based on wheat flour and oil-containing raw materials, including soybean meal and flax. To determine the biological value of proteins of simulated food systems. Methods. The mass fraction of protein in oilseed meal and wheat flour was determined by the Kjeldahl titrimetric method. Amino acid composition of flax and soybean meal proteins was determined by the method of ion-exchange column chromatography. Indicators of the biological value of oilseed meal and wheat flour were determined by comparing the content of each essential amino acid of their proteins with the content of the same amino acid of the so-called “ideal” reference protein amino acid scale of the FAO/WHO Committee. Modeling of the amino acid composition of meal composition and food systems was performed using mathematical methods. Results. Soybean meal protein, in contrast to wheat flour and flaxseed meal, contains sufficient quantities of all (except for the amount of sulfur-containing methionine and cystine) essential amino acids necessary for full human life. You can compensate for the lack of such essential acids in soybean meals by adding flaxseed meals. To obtain the amino acid composition of the protein, which will be as close as possible to the reference, the ratio of components in the composition of oilseed meal, namely — flaxseed meal: soybean meal = 68:32. It was found that the addition of 10 to 20% of this composition to the flour makes it possible to obtain a food system with an amino acid composition as close as possible to the formula of the protein taken as a standard. Conclusions. It is established that the food system containing 20% of meal composition and 80% of wheat flour has the greatest biological value in comparison with wheat flour. The developed food systems have the consistency of flour, so they can be recommended for use in the technology of flour products with high biological value.

The use of oilseed cake for supplementation of bakery products

The issue of rational use of secondary raw material resources as a waste-free production is important today. The possibility of using oilseed meal (rapeseeds and camelina seeds) in the production of bakery is discussed in the article. The researches and analysis of the effect of oilseed meal on the formation of quality indicators and nutritional value of bakery were carried out. It was revealed that the introduction of rapeseed cake into the recipe composition of yeast dough up to 5% and camelina cake up to 10% of the weight of wheat flour has a similar character and a positive effect on the process of dough fermentation, formation of sensorical aspects. Finished products with rapeseed and camelina cake have a pleasant yellowish-mustard color with insignificant impregnations, good dimensional stability, porosity, and in terms of physical and chemical parameters, it meets the requirements of regulatory documents. An increase in the nutritional value of new types of bakery products is associated with a significant increase in their composition of the total amount of protein, dietary fiber, iron, and B vitamins. Taking into account the taste, it is proposed to use products with rapeseed cake as bread for toasts, products with camelina cake as buns for hamburgers and sandwiches.

수입 박류사료내 에너지 및 영양소 함량의 변이

This study was conducted to investigate the variation in nutrient composition of oilseed meals and to develop prediction equations for amino acid concentrations. Energy and nutrient contents were determined in a total of 1,380 feed ingredient samples including copra byproducts, corn distillers, dried grains with solubles, palm kernel byproducts, and soybean meal. The ingredient samples were imported to the Republic of Korea between 2006 and 2015. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. The regression procedure of SAS was used to generate the prediction equation for the lysine concentration using the crude protein (CP) concentration as an independent variable. The concentrations of moisture, gross energy, CP, ether extract, crude fiber, ash, calcium, phosphorus, lysine, methionine, cysteine, and threonine in tested oilseed meals differed (<i>P</i>&lt;0.05) depending on producing countries. The prediction equations for amino acid concentrations (% as-is basis) in the oilseed meals are: lysine = −1.08 + 0.080 × CP (root mean square error = 0.244, <i>R</i>² = 0.924, and <i>P</i>&lt;0.001); threonine = −0.297 + 0.044 × CP (root mean square error = 0.099, <i>R</i>² = 0.958, and <i>P</i>&lt;0.001). In conclusion, energy and nutrient compositions vary in the oilseed meals depending on the producing countries. Moreover, the crude protein concentration can be used as a suitable independent variable for estimating lysine and threonine concentrations in the oilseed meals.

Phytase supplementation effects on amino acid digestibility depend on the protein source in the diet but are not related to InsP6 degradation in broiler chickens

The objective was to determine phytase effects on prececal amino acid (AA) digestibility and phytate (InsP6) breakdown when different oilseed meals were used in broiler chicken diets. The study included 14 diets: a corn-soybean meal (SBM) basal diet and 6 diets that contained SBM, rapeseed meal (RSM), and sunflower meal (SFM) with 2 inclusion levels at the expense of corn starch (150 and 300 g/kg SBM or SFM, or 100 and 200 g/kg RSM). Each diet was mixed with or without a phytase supplement of 1,500 FTU/kg. Diets were provided to broilers for 5 D. Digesta from the posterior half of the ileum were collected on day 21. The average essential AA digestibility, calculated by a regression approach, without and with phytase was 84 and 85% (SBM), 74 and 77% (SFM), and 66 and 73% (RSM), respectively. In the diets, phytase effects on AA digestibility were lower owing to other protein sources also present in the diet, but significant. Prececal InsP6 disappearance was significantly affected by interactions between oilseed meal, inclusion level, and phytase supplementation. Overall, prececal InsP6 disappearance was higher in SBM diets (52%) than in SFM diets (38%) and intermediate in RSM diets (43%). Across diets, phytase supplementation effects on prececal InsP6 degradation linearly increased with the InsP6 concentration of the diet up to 12 g/kg DM. The only exception from linearity was the diet with the high inclusion of SFM, which contained 15.9 g InsP6/kg DM. In the ileal content, the concentration of myo-inositol was significantly increased by phytase supplementation, and this effect was highest in the diets that contained SBM as the only oilseed meal. Concentrations of lower inositol phosphates were increased by phytase supplementation, and this effect was most remarkable for Ins(1,2,3,4)P4 and inositol tetrakisphosphates. The study showed that phytase effects on AA digestibility varied among the 3 tested oilseed meals, but these differences were not detectable in the diets containing these meals. Although phytase effects on ileal content of InsP6 and its degradation products were substantial, they were not related to the effects on AA digestibility.

Sunflower in the global vegetable oil system: situation, specificities and perspectives

Sunflower is the third oilseed produced in the world, the fourth vegetable oil and third oilseed meal among protein feed sources. In the past decades, the competition has been tough on the very dynamic vegetable oils and oilseed meals markets, respectively driven by palm oil and soybean meal. The sunflower sector succeeded in maintaining its competitiveness through continuous innovation in genetics, cropping practices and research of added value leading to a higher market segmentation. This article establishes a picture of the past evolutions and present situation of the global sunflower sector and review potential development fields.

The effect of plant protein‐based diets on apparent nutrient digestibility, growth response, egesta quantity, postprandial ammonia excretion rate and serum quality of Nile tilapia

The study assessed the effect of oilseed meal mixtures on the biological value, faecal matter output, ammonia excretion rates and serum biochemistry of Nile tilapia over 63 days. The experimental diets (PPB 1, PPB 2 and PPB 3) were formulated using four selected oilseed meals that were mixed in different protein proportions to contribute 80% of total dietary crude protein. In each diet, either one or two of the oilseed meals were the dominant protein contributor. A commercial tilapia feed was used as the control diet (CTRL). Sex-reversed Nile tilapia fingerlings (35 g) were stocked at 20 fish per tank in a recirculation system and fed at 3% body weight of their respective diets. At the end of the study, ADCs of dry matter, crude lipid and ash were significantly (p < .05) lower in all the plant-based diets compared with the control diet. Fish fed the control diet had significantly higher weight gain and SGR compared with the plant-based diets. Egesta output was 127% higher in the plant-based diets compared with the control diet. All dietary treatments exhibited a similar trend in changes in ammonia nitrogen. Nevertheless, serum metabolites levels indicated no significant differences among treatments. Although the PPBs did not affect ADC of protein and serum profile, fish growth was reduced while faecal output increased.

Substitution of Leucaena hay for oil seed cake meal in total mixed rations for goats

This study investigated the effects of incorporating different protein sources (oil seed cakes versus Leucaena leucocephala hay) in a total mixed ration (TMR) on intake, digestibility, growth and carcass meat quality of Saanen goats. Sixteen Saanen male goats were allocated to TMR diets formulated with or without L. leucocephala hay at 25% of total dry matter (DM). The TMRs were formulated to be iso-nitrogenous, isocaloric and iso-neutral detergent fibre using two sources of crude protein from Leucaena hay or oilseed cake meal (OSCM), which is a blend of soybean, sunflower and cottonseed cake meal. Data were collected on nutrient digestibility and carcass quality parameters. The goats fed TMR with Leucaena had greater (P &lt;0.05) dry matter intake compared with those fed the control diet. In contrast, the digestibility of DM, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and feed conversion ratio did not differ (P &gt;0.05) between the two dietary treatments. Between treatments, no differences were detected for slaughter bodyweight, empty bodyweight carcass weight, and dressing percentage. Nor were differences detected (P &gt;0.05) for cooking loss percentage, back fat cover, and area of eye muscle (longissimus dorsi) and WarnerBratzler shear force between goats fed the two TMR diets. Replacing a portion of oilseed cake meal at 15% DM with Leucaena hay at 25% DM in TMR for Saanen goats would help rural farmers to reduce the cost of feeding.Keywords: body composition, digestibility, feed intake, growth, meat quality

Prospects and Ways of Berries Oil Seed Meal

Prospects and Ways of Berries Oil Seed Meal

Research into the structural-mechanical properties of shortbread dough with oilseed meals

This paper reports results of research into the application of oil-seed meal in the technology of flour-based confectionery products, specifically shortbread dough. We have investigated the structural-mechanical properties of shortbread dough with the addition of meal from the seeds of sesame, nut, and flax. It has been revealed that the indicators for elasticity, plasticity, and distensibility decrease compared to control sample by 4 % to 40 % when adding the meal of sesame, nut, and flax whose content ranges from 10 % to 30 %. Adding meals helps reduce the amount of gluten-free flour, which is a positive factor for making shortbread dough. Adding a composition of the specified meals at a ratio of 1.5:2:1.5 to shortbread dough increases the content of protein, fiber, macro- and micronutrients. We have performed sensory quality assessment of shortbread dough semi-finished products made from oil-seed meals. The distensibility of control and experimental samples of shortbread dough semi-finished products has been calculated when replacing flour with a 10 %, 20 %, and 30 % of the composition. We have estimated the structural-mechanical characteristics of shortbread dough – deformation, relative plasticity, elasticity, distensibility. A diagram has been constructed for the deformation dynamics of shortbread dough that contains the model compositions of sesame, nut, and flax meals. The developed dough semi-finished products demonstrate the reduced indicators for plasticity, elasticity, distensibility, and deformation. It has been determined that the amount of gluten in shortbread dough decreases and the developed products show a greater fragility. It was found that the best sensory indicators were demonstrated by the sample with a 20 % content of meals in the flour. We have experimentally confirmed the appropriateness of using oilseed meals, as well as devised a technology of flour confectionery products made from shortbread dough. It has demonstrated the increased protein content, by 2.4 times, selenium – by 41.2 times, fiber – by 4.7 times, calcium – by 18.4 times, magnesium – by 8.5 times, vitamin E – by 9.1 times. It was established that the developed functional products have improved food and biological value and fragility

Effects of compost and defatted oilseed meals as sustainable organic fertilisers on cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.) production in the Mediterranean basin

ABSTRACTCardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.) is considered as one of the most suitable energy crops for Southern Europe. The aim of this work was to outline the effects of organic fertilisers on the productivity and the global warming potential (GWP) on cardoon production. Six fertilisers (N 100 kg ha−1, N 50 kg ha−1, Compost 30 t ha−1, Compost 15 t ha−1 + N 25 kg ha−1, 3 t ha−1 of defatted oilseed meals of sunflower, 3 t ha−1 of defatted oilseed meals of Brassica carinata), and unfertilised control, were evaluated on two cultivars (‘Gobbo di Nizza’ and ‘Altilis 41’) in a split-plot experiment. Defatted oilseed meal of sunflower recorded higher total dry weight (+10%), seed yield (+17%), nitrogen use efficiency (+14%) and better GWP (−66%) compared to the other organic fertilisers and performing as well as N 100 kg ha−1. Altilis 41 cultivar showed the highest aboveground total dry weight (10 t ha−1 y−1), seed yield (1.7 t ha−1 y−1), stalk dry weight (7 t ha−1 y−1) and head dry weight (3 t ha−1 y−1). Our results highlighted that by combining suitable cultivar and fertilisation strategies, it could be possible to increase the production sustainability of C. cardunculus.

Ruminal protein digestibility of Australian produced oilseed meals

Initially, samples of Australian canola, soybean, cottonseed and flaxseed meal produced by solvent-extraction, expeller and cold-press technologies collected from late 2014 to early 2015 were analysed for general chemical composition, protein and ruminal digestibility characteristics. The oilseed meals had levels of ash, neutral-detergent insoluble crude protein, total intestinal digested protein, B1, B2, B3 and C protein content similar to those in previous reports, but lower Fraction A (non-protein N) levels than in previous reports. Acid-detergent insoluble fibre, metabolisable energy, total digestible nutrients, ash (P &amp;lt; 0.05), neutral-detergent fibre, in vitro dry matter digestibility, crude protein (CP), true protein, acid-detergent insoluble CP, soluble protein, in vitro rumen-undegradable protein (RUP), total tract digested protein, Fraction A, B2 and C (P &amp;lt; 0.01) differed among oilseed types. Dry matter, the ratio of RUP to total tract digested protein (P &amp;lt; 0.05), CP, lipid, soluble protein, RUP, Fraction A, B1 and B2 (P &amp;lt; 0.01) differed among oil-extraction techniques. Utilising an in vitro simulated rumen proteolysis procedure by Krishnamoorthy et al. (1983), mean ranges of in vitro RUP were greater and varied more so in canola (18.8–70.1%) than soybean (40.3–54.0%), cottonseed (31.5–33.9%) and flaxseed (18.5–21.8%) meals. Estimated RUP was lower (P &amp;lt; 0.01) in cold-press than expeller and solvent-extraction oilseed meals.

&lt;i&gt;In vitro&lt;/i&gt; ruminal fermentation and fatty acid production by various oil seeds

Rumen simulating techniques (Rusitec) were used to determine the impact of diets containing milled oilseeds on the fermentation parameters and amount of fatty acids (FA) in the effluent. High-forage diets containing no oilseeds (control diet (CD)) or 10% oilseed meal from rapeseed (RS), sunflower seed (SS), or flaxseed (FS) were used on a dry matter (DM) basis. No differences in DM digestibility were observed between the diets. Inclusion of SS and FS significantly reduced the pH values of the ruminal fluid, and a significant decline in the ammonia nitrogen (NH 3 -N) (mg/d) production in effluent was observed in the vessels with SS. Generally, oilseeds in these diets significantly reduced the amount of total fermentation gases (L/d); however, only a tendency toward methane (CH 4 , %) decrease was detected. The addition of oilseeds also significantly diminished the amount of total volatile fatty acids (VFA) produced (mmol/d). Significant reductions in the amounts of saturated FA in the vessels with RS and FS were observed compared with the CD and a significantly higher amount of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) was noted in the vessels with RS. An increased amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), compared with the CD, was statistically significant only in the vessels with FS. Keywords: Flaxseed, high-forage diet, methane, rapeseed, sunflower seed