Seed Hull Research Articles

Genetics and inheritance of seed dormancy inflicted by seed- coat factors in rice (Oryza sativa l.)

The study was undertaken to investigate the genetic mode of inheritance of dormancy imposed by the hull (seed coat) in rice seeds. Freshly harvested seeds of parents, F1 and F2 populations of a cross between a dormant cultivar Kisegese and non-dormant strain K2004 were used. Germination test of the de-hulled (without seed coat) and un-dehulled (whole or with seed coat) seeds were conducted at 10 days intervals starting at 15 days after harvesting (15DAH) for 65 days. The seeds were sown in petri dishes. Numbers of germinated and un-germinated seeds were recorded at 7 days after sowing. Germination of seeds with seed coat (unhulled) of the dormant Kisegese was less than 65% even at 65DAH where as its dehulled seeds (without seed coats) showed more than 90% of germination at 15DAH, indicating that dormancy was imposed by the seed hull. The dormancy was also found to be controlled by dominant genes when an F1 un-dehulled seeds were dormant at 35DAH and the dehulled seeds were non-dormant. The F2 population ratio indicated that seed coat-imposed dormancy in the rice cultivar Kisegese was controlled by two complementary dominant genes. Tanzania Journal of Science Vol. 32 (1) 2006: pp. 13-16

Investigation of Phenol Removal using Sol-Gel/Alginate Immobilized Soybean Seed Hull Peroxidase

In this study, the removal of phenol using immobilized soybean seed hull peroxidase was investigated. The soybean peroxidase (SBP) enzymes were extracted from the raw soybean seed hulls and entrapped within hybrid (silica sol-gel/alginate) particles. An aqueous sol-gel route was preferred over an alkoxide route to prepare the silica sol-gel suspension. A cluster of nozzles was designed for the bulk production of the biocatalysts. Upto 85% phenol was polymerized using the fabricated biocatalysts under the optimized conditions. Viability studies and repeated application/regeneration of entrapped enzymes were carried out. Surface conditions and the pore structure of the particles were studied using SEM before the reaction and after the reaction. The study indicates that these particles are promising biocatalysts for fluidized bed or packed bed reactors. This study represents the first investigation of enzymatic reactions that form a coating on the immobilized biocatalyst. On a etudie dans ce travail l'elimination du phenol a l'aide de peroxydase de coques de graines de soja immobilisees. Des enzymes de peroxydase de soja (SBP) ont ete extraites des coques des graines de soja brutes et emprisonnees a l'interieur de particules hybrides (alginate/sol-gel de silice). Une voie sol-gel aqueuse a ete preferee a une voie alkoxyde pour preparer la suspension de sol-gel de silice. Un groupe d'orifices a ete concu pour la production en vrac de biocatalyseurs. Jusqu'a 85 % du phenol a ete polymerise a l'aide des biocatalyseurs fabriques dans des conditions optimisees. Des etudes de viabilite et l'application/regeneration repetee des enzymes emprisonnees ont ete menees. Les conditions de surface et la structure des pores des particules ont ete etudiees par SEM avant et apres la reaction. L'etude indique que ces particules sont des catalyseurs prometteurs pour les reacteurs a lits fluidises ou a lits garnis. Cette etude constitue la premiere recherche sur les reactions enzymatiques qui forment un enrobage sur le biocatalyseur immobilise.

Enzymatic Treatment of Soils Contaminated with Phenol and Chlorophenols Using Soybean Seed Hulls

This study presents the application of soybean seed hulls for the decontamination and/or detoxification of phenol and chlorophenol polluted soils. The effect of soil was examined on both catalytic activity of soybean seed hull peroxidase (SBP) and enzymatic transformation of phenol, 2-chlorophenol, and 2,4-dichlorophenol through the polymerization reaction. The sorption of the enzyme to soil organic matter was found to account for the loss of partial catalytic activity of soybean seed hulls in a soil slurry environment. The organic matter present in loamy soils, rather than other soluble soil constituents and soil micro-organisms, is a factor in SBP inhibition by soil and the corresponding decline in treatment efficiency of phenol and chlorophenols. Under improved conditions, however, soybean seed hulls demonstrated a satisfactory ability to catalyze the polymerization reaction. Over 96% of total phenols were removed using soybean seed hulls in a soil slurry bioreactor, which demonstrates a great potential in use of soybean seed hulls, a readily available and inexpensive source of SBP, for bioremediation of soils contaminated with phenolic compounds.

Enzymatic Removal of Phenol and Chlorophenols Using Soybean Seed Hulls

AbstractSoybean peroxidase (SBP), (EC 1.11.1.7) can be readily extracted from soybean seed hulls. This study reports on the direct use of soybean seed‐hull extracts for the bioremediation of phenolic wastes. The crude SBP extract from the hulls, like pure soybean peroxidase, is catalytically active in a broad range of pH and temperatures. As SBP is gradually released into the aqueous solution from seed hulls, the direct use of soybean seed hulls can reduce SBP inactivation by H2O2 and enhance the utilization efficiency of SBP through the slow release of the enzyme from the seed hulls. However, large doses of soybean seed hulls were found to be ineffective in phenol removal. Gradual additions of H2O2 in combination with the SBP released from the hulls were applied to optimize the bioremediation. Since the crude extract contains a mixture of multiple soybean proteins, soybean seed hull slurry required a higher concentration of H2O2 to remove the phenolic substrates than did the purified enzyme. Under the experimental conditions, 80 % of phenol (10.6 mM), 96 % of 2‐chlorophenol (3.9 mM), 95 % of 2,4‐dichlorophenol (3.1 mM), and 94 % of mixed phenol and chlorophenols were removed using soybean seed hulls in a single batch reactor. These results demonstrate that soybean seed hulls, compared to purified SBP, may be a more cost‐effective alternative in the enzymatic removal of phenolic compounds through polymerization reactions.

Carbon paste biosensor based on crude soybean seed hull extracts for phenol detection.

In this study, a novel biosensor based on enzyme extracts from soybean seed hulls has been prepared, which demonstrated promising results in the detection of hydrogen peroxide and phenol. The biosensor preparation is straightforward and inexpensive, and the response time is 50 s. The optimum conditions of pH and temperature are a pH of 7.4 and a temperature of 20 degrees C. Contrary to expectations, the biosensor showed narrow pH and temperature optimums. The effects of enzyme loading and type of mediator were also investigated. The biosensor showed a linear response up to 500 microM phenol.

Seed hull content in field pea

Seed hull content in field pea was used as a measure of estimating fiber content. Screening of field pea cultivars and germplasm showed a range of 7.2–12% in seed hull content. There was a significant effect of growing sites and years on hull %. No significant correlation was detected between hull % and yield, maturity or seed size but cultivars containing high hull % produced purée with poor viscosity. Key words: Field pea, Pisum sativum, seed hull, fiber

The Seed Hull Maturity Index as an Estimator of Yield and Value of Virginia-type Peanuts1

Abstract The Seed Hull Maturity Index (SHMI) is a low cost maturity estimation method which has been shown to be correlated to yield and value per hectare using short term studies. To test the relationship of SHMI to yield and value on a long term basis, an equation was developed for deriving SHMI from 9 years of market grade information. Comparison of observed and derived SHMI values produced an R of 0.93. Among the cultivars used only Florigiant, NC6, and NC7 are either major commercial cultivars or cultivars being evaulated commercially. The data from this study confirmed that SHMI optimum values must be determined for each cultivar of interest. SHMI was shown to best estimate value per hectare. The value estimation equations for Florigiant and NC6 are given. The SHMI at which maximum value occurs is 3.0 for Florigiant and 3.1 for NC6. The SHMI at which maximum yield occurs is 2.7 for both cultivars.

Variation in the Seed Hull Maturity Index in Commercial Peanut Fields1

Abstract Previous research studies have indicated that peanut cultivars Florigiant and NC6 have a maximum crop value when the Seed Hull Maturity Index (SHMI) is 3.0. This SHMI value may be used as a guideline by the peanut grower to help determine the time to dig his peanuts. In order to determine the sample size needed to determine the SHMI, we have measured the variance among SHMI values for individual plant samples within commercial fields of peanuts. The average variability found among SHMI values was 0.166 with a maximum variance of 0.276. Using this information it was determined that 17 plant samples from a field would be adequate for most situations. However, if a field appeared to present unusually variable conditions an increased sampling rate to a maximum of 28 plant samples might be desirable. A plant sample may have one to three plants because of the entwining of plants. Recommended procedures are presented for sampling the field, subsampling of bulked peanut fruits, and determining SHMI for actual farm situations.