Germination Of Rice Seeds Research Articles

POTENSI ALELOKIMIA DARI EXTRACT DAN MULSA BIOMAS TANAMAN SORGUM (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)

[ALLELOCHEMICAL POTENTIAL OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT AND MULCH OF PLANT BIOMASS OF SORGHUM (Sorgum bicolor L. Moench)]. This study was aimed to examine the allelopathic potential of sorghum through aqueous extract and mulch from biomass on seed germination and early growth of three tested plants, namely rice, mustard and cucumber. The results showed that the aqueous extract of the sorghum biomass significantly inhibited the germination of mustard and cucumber seeds, reduced the vigor-index of the germination of rice, mustard and cucumber seeds, and suppressed the growth of radicle length of mustard sprouts. The same thing was seen when sorghum biomass was tested as mulch which also suppressed the early growth of the tested plants on the variables of stem height, fresh and dry weight of biomass of rice, mustard and cucumber. The higher the concentration of allelochemicals extract or sorghum mulch, the stronger the inhibition on germination and early growth of the three test plants. At a concentration of 10% allelochemicals suppressed the germination of mustard and cucumber to 76 and 79%, respectively, while a dose of 10% mulch suppressed early growth in the height of rice, mustard, and cucumber to 56, 55, and 68%; and dry weight to 53, 30 and 60%. The results of this study are important information about the allelochemical potential of sorghum as a natural herbicide in integrated weed management

Comparative Metabolomics Reveals Two Metabolic Modules Affecting Seed Germination in Rice (Oryza sativa).

The process of seed germination is crucial not only for the completion of the plant life cycle but also for agricultural production and food chemistry; however, the underlying metabolic regulation mechanism involved in this process is still far from being clearly revealed. In this study, one indica variety (Zhenshan 97, with rapid germination) and one japonica variety (Nipponbare, with slow germination) in rice were used for in-depth analysis of the metabolome at different germination stages (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h after imbibition, HAI) and exploration of key metabolites/metabolic pathways. In total, 380 annotated metabolites were analyzed by using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based targeted method combined with a nontargeted metabolic profiling method. By using bioinformatics and statistical methods, the dynamic changes in metabolites during germination in the two varieties were compared. Through correlation analysis, coefficient of variation analysis and differential accumulation analysis, 74 candidate metabolites that may be closely related to seed germination were finally screened. Among these candidates, 29 members belong to the ornithine–asparagine–polyamine module and the shikimic acid–tyrosine–tryptamine–phenylalanine–flavonoid module. As the core member of the second module, shikimic acid’s function in the promotion of seed germination was confirmed by exogenous treatment. These results told that nitrogen flow and antioxidation/defense responses are potentially crucial for germinating seeds and seedlings. It deepens our understanding of the metabolic regulation mechanism of seed germination and points out the direction for our future research.

Predatory activity of Acanthamoeba sp genotype T4 on different plant growth-promoting bacteria and their combined effect on rice seedling growth

Heterotrophic protists play a crucial role in plant growth promotion via nutrient cycling and shift in microbial community composition in the soil ecosystem. Selective predation pressure by protists contributes to the evaluation of plant beneficial traits in rhizospheric bacteria. However, not always all plant growth-promoting bacterial (PGPB) strains are benefitted by predation. This study aimed to examine the predatory effect of Acanthamoeba sp genotype T4 on a range of PGPB strains and their combined impact on early rice seedling growth. Acanthamoeba sp isolated from rice rhizosphere soils were used to assess predation against several PGPB such as Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Enterobacter, Morganella, Stenotrophomonas, Providencia, and Lysinibacillus on Nutrient Yeast Extract agar (NYE) plate. The controlled experiment on the germinated rice seeds (Oryza sativa L.) grown in Petri dishes containing each PGPB strain and Acanthamoeba sp was performed to evaluate the combined impact on plant performance. The PGPB-Acanthamoeba combined treatments in Petri dishes showed significant rice seedling growth compared to PGPB alone, non-PGPB and control. Our results indicated the positive but different impact of Acanthamoeba sp with different PGPB species on early rice plant growth. Further in-depth research should be carried out with diverse protists and PGPB species to assess which protist species can be linked to enhancement of indigenous soil PGPB for improved plant growth.

Effect of The Type Impermeable Storage Container on The Quality of Rice Seeds

Rice as a food source that provides carbohydrates for the people of Indonesia, especially South Kalimantan, needs to be increased in production so that the community's needs can be met. The quality of seeds will determine the productivity and quality of seeds. Storage treatment is one way that can be done to maintain seeds until the seeds are planted, but storage treatment that is too long will cause seed deterioration or seed viability to decrease. The decline in seed quality caused by keeping in open spaces storage causes fluctuations in temperature and humidity due to direct interaction with the environment. Efforts to control factors that can affect the rate of seed deterioration can be executed, among others, by using an impermeable storage container. Impermeable storage containers do not support the exchange of air from the environment to the inside of the storage container. The purpose of this study was to determine which type of impermeable storage container is best for the quality of rice seeds. The research has been at the Laboratory of Center for Supervision and Certification of Food Crops and Horticulture Seeds, South Kalimantan Province, Banjarbaru City and used a one-factor CRD with w 0 (+) (cans), w 0 (-) (plastic sack), w 1 (glass jars), w 2 (plastic jars) and w 3 (aluminum foil). The results of the study indicated that the use of impermeable storage containers had a significant effect on moisture content, germination, and maximum growth potential of rice seeds. The use of the best impermeable storage container for the moisture content of rice seeds in the storage period of 45 days after storage (das) was found in the w 3 treatment (aluminum foil) of 11.63%, while the parameter of germination in the 15 das was 63.83%, the maximum growth potential in the storage period of 45 and 90 das was found in the w 1 treatment (glass jar) of 73.50% and w 0 (+) (cans) of 70.69%.

Impact of Different Concentrations of Municipal Wastewater on Rice Seed Germination and Seedling Performance

Impact of Different Concentrations of Municipal Wastewater on Rice Seed Germination and Seedling Performance

OsABF1 Represses Gibberellin Biosynthesis to Regulate Plant Height and Seed Germination in Rice (Oryza sativa L.).

Gibberellins (GAs) are diterpenoid phytohormones regulating various aspects of plant growth and development, such as internode elongation and seed germination. Although the GA biosynthesis pathways have been identified, the transcriptional regulatory network of GA homeostasis still remains elusive. Here, we report the functional characterization of a GA-inducible OsABF1 in GA biosynthesis underpinning plant height and seed germination. Overexpression of OsABF1 produced a typical GA-deficient phenotype with semi-dwarf and retarded seed germination. Meanwhile, the phenotypes could be rescued by exogenous GA3, suggesting that OsABF1 is a key regulator of GA homeostasis. OsABF1 could directly suppress the transcription of green revolution gene SD1, thus reducing the endogenous GA level in rice. Moreover, OsABF1 interacts with and transcriptionally antagonizes to the polycomb repression complex component OsEMF2b, whose mutant showed as similar but more severe phenotype to OsABF1 overexpression lines. It is suggested that OsABF1 recruits RRC2-mediated H3K27me3 deposition on the SD1 promoter, thus epigenetically silencing SD1 to maintain the GA homeostasis for growth and seed germination. These findings shed new insight into the functions of OsABF1 and regulatory mechanism underlying GA homeostasis in rice.

Melatonin Alleviates Low-Temperature Stress via ABI5-Mediated Signals During Seed Germination in Rice (Oryza sativa L.).

With increasing areas of direct sowing, low-temperature (LT) stress drastically affects global rice production. Exogenous applications of melatonin (MT) serve as one of the effective ways to improve seed germination under various stress conditions. In this study, we found that MT treatment greatly improved the LT stress-induced loss of germination percentage and the weak performance of seedlings under LT of constant 20°C (LT20). This was largely dependent on the activated antioxidant system and enhanced activities of storage substance utilization-associated enzymes. Moreover, we also detected that exogenous feeding of MT significantly increased the biosynthesis of gibberellin (GA) and endogenous MT but simultaneously inhibited the accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) under LT20 stress. These results suggested that MT had antagonistic effects on ABA and H2O2. In addition, MT treatment also significantly enhanced the expression of CATALYSE 2 (OsCAT2), which was directly regulated by ABA-INSENSITIVE 5 (OsABI5), a core module of ABA-stressed signals, and thus promoting the H2O2 scavenging to reach reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis, which consequently increased GA biosynthesis. However, in abi5 mutants, OsCAT2 failed in response to LT20 stress irrespective of MT treatment, indicating that OsABI5 is essential for MT-mediated seed germination under LT20 stress. Collectively, we now demonstrated that MT showed a synergistic interaction with an ABI5-mediated signal to mediate seed germination, partially through the direct regulation of OsCAT2.

Effects of brassinolide on the growing of rice plants.

Brassinosteroids are plant steroid hormones that are essential for plant growth. When germinated rice seeds were treated with brassinolide (BL), stems were elongated and root spiral formation was observed at 5 nM of BL. Such root spiral formation was not induced by other plant hormones such as auxin and gibberellin. Since weak non-steroidal brassinolide-like compound (NSBR1) also induced spiral formation, this root spiral induction can be used as the index in the search for BL-like compounds.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Research on varietal classification and germination evaluation system for rice seed using hand-held devices

This article has been retracted from publication in the Taylor & Francis journal, Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B — Soil & Plant Science. Following publication, concerns were raised by multiple third-parties around the content of the special issue and the decision-making process. Following an investigation by the Taylor & Francis Publishing Ethics & Integrity team in full cooperation with the Editor-in-Chief, it was confirmed that this article included in Special Issue titled “ Envisage Computer Modelling and Statistics for Agriculture”, guest edited by Gunasekaran Manogaran was not peer-reviewed appropriately, in line with the Journal's peer review standards and policy. As the stringency of the peer review process is core to the integrity of the publication process, the Editor and Publisher have decided to retract all of the articles within the above-named Special Issue. The journal has not confirmed if the authors were aware of this compromised peer review process. The journal is committed to correcting the scientific record and will fully cooperate with any institutional investigations into this matter. The authors have been informed of this decision. We have been informed in our decision-making by our policy on publishing ethics and integrity and the COPE guidelines.

Effect of Polystyrene Microplastics on Rice Seed Germination and Antioxidant Enzyme Activity.

The accumulation and distribution of microplastics (MPs) in agricultural soils, including rice fields, is well studied. However, only a few studies have investigated the uptake of MPs by rice plants and the consequential toxic effects of MPs under solid-phase culture conditions. Hence, in this study, we explored the effects of different concentrations of polystyrene MPs (PS-MPs, with a size of 200 nm) on rice seed germination, root growth, antioxidant enzyme activity, and transcriptome. PS-MPs exhibited no significant effect on the germination of rice seeds (p > 0.05). However, PS-MPs significantly promoted root length (10 mg L−1; p < 0.05), and significantly reduced antioxidant enzyme activity (1000 mg L−1; p < 0.05). Staining with 3,3-diaminobenzidine and nitrotetrazolium blue chloride further revealed significant accumulation of reactive oxygen species in the roots of rice treated with PS-MPs. In addition, transcriptome data analysis revealed that PS-MPs induce the expression of genes related to antioxidant enzyme activity in plant roots. Specifically, genes related to flavonoid and flavonol biosynthesis were upregulated, whereas those involved in linolenic acid and nitrogen metabolism were downregulated. These results enhance our understanding of the responses of agricultural crops to MP toxicity.

OsNAC2 Is Involved in Multiple Hormonal Pathways to Mediate Germination of Rice Seeds and Establishment of Seedling.

The germination of seeds and establishment of seedling are the preconditions of plant growth and are antagonistically regulated by multiple phytohormones, e.g., ethylene, abscisic acid (ABA), and gibberellic acid (GA). However, the interactions between these phytohormones and their upstream transcriptional regulation during the seed and seedling growth in rice remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrated a rice NAC (NAM-ATAF-CUC) transcription factor, OsNAC2, the overexpression of which increases the ethylene sensitivity in rice roots during the seedling period. Further study proved that OsNAC2 directly activates the expressions of OsACO and OsACO3, enhancing ethylene synthesis, and then retards seedling establishment. Moreover, OsNAC2 delays the germination of seeds and coleoptile growth through the ABA pathway instead of the ethylene and GA pathway, by targeting the promoters of OsNCED3, OsZEP1, and OsABA8ox1. We also found that OsNAC2 regulates downstream targets in a time-dependent manner by binding to the promoter of OsKO2 in the seedling period but not in the germination stage. Our finding enriched the regulatory network of ethylene, ABA, and GA in the germination of rice seeds and seedling growth, and uncovered new insights into the difference of transcription factors in targeting their downstream components.

The Effect of Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) and Heat Treatments on Seed Germination of Rice: An Approach to Restore Seed Viability

Dormancy in rice serves as a mechanism of survival by protecting the seed from germinating in the mother plants; however, it becomes a problem in germination during sowing in soil or under in vitro conditions. This study was conducted to determine the effect of heat treatment and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) treatment of seeds on dormancy alleviation. The seeds included both freshly harvested seeds and one-year-old stored seeds, which were tested for germination after different types of seed treatments. Both the treatments increased the germination percentage in seeds, however, it was lesser in the case of old seeds. The best results were obtained from 2% NaOCl treatment for 24 hrs in new seeds, i.e. 92.84±0.103 % germination percentage (GP). However, the higher GP in old seeds were obtained from 48 hrs of heat-treated seeds i.e. 82.9±0.509 % GP. The results of the experiment revealed that rice seeds start to lose viability within a year due to seed dormancy, but this can be reversed with proper measures. These methods of breaking seed dormancy can be considered effective to break seed dormancy and improve seed germination in rice.

THE ALLELOPATHICITY OF RED SPRANGLETOP (Leptochloa chinensis L.) AGAINST GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF RICE (Oryza sativa L.)

Red sprangletop (Leptochloa chinensis L.) is a problematic weed of aerobic rice (Oryza sativa L.) that greatly reduces in yield. The laboratory studies were undertaken to confirm allelopathicity of its plant leachates and soil-decomposition plant residues towards emergence and seedling growth of rice. In first experiment, aqueous extracts from various plant parts of red sprangletop (stem, root, leaves, flower and entire plant) at their 5% (w/v) concentration were applied to germinating rice seeds. In second experiment, soil-decomposed red sprangletop plant residues of variable concentrations (2, 4 and 6% w/w) were used as germination media for rice. Among plant parts, red sprangletop leaves showed maximum allelopathic effect by fully inhibiting the germination of rice while its stem could be positioned at second situation as it caused 60, 73, 84.13 and 86 % reductions in germination percentage, germination index, seedling length and seedling dry biomass of rice as compared with control, respectively. This treatment also resulted in maximum delays in mean germination time (up to 4.80 days) and days taken to 50% germination (up to 4.40 days) of rice. The highest concentrated (6%) soil-decomposed plant residue of red sprangletop significantly diminished the germination percentage, germination index, seedling length and seedling vigor index that were 35.13, 23.26 and 41.61% lower than control. It very well may be presumed that liquid concentrates of leave and stem soil-decomposed plant residues of 6% concentration had different kind of allelochemicals that inhibited the germination, seedling growth and development of rice.

Nanopriming with phytosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles for promoting germination and starch metabolism in rice seeds

The application of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) in agricultural field is emerging and relatively new. In this work, a simple, cost-efficient, non-toxic and eco-friendly method for the green synthesis of ZnO NPs by Senna occidentalis leaf extract has been described. Techniques used to characterize nanoparticles (NPs) were X-ray diffractometer (XRD), UV visible spectroscopy, Particle size analyzer (PSA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In this study, green synthesized ZnO NPs at 20−40 mg/l solution was used to prime aged seeds of early flowering homozygous mutant (BM6) of Pusa basmati (Oryza sativa), which enhanced germination performance and seedling vigor significantly as compared to zinc sulphate (ZnSO4) priming and conventional hydropriming. The effect of treatment was analyzed by measuring biophysical and biochemical parameter of germinating rice seeds. The seeds treated with ZnO NPs of 20 mg/l concentration showed more than 50 % stimulation in dry weight, relative water uptake of seeds and radicle length of seedling in comparison to other priming solution and control (hydro-primed). Significant growth was also observed in plumule length and fresh weight of seeds in ZnO NPs at 20 mg/l concentration in comparison to control and other priming treatments. At the same concentration of ZnO NPs, there was 23 % stimulation reported in total soluble sugar content and 45 % stimulation in amylase activity. There was also a substantial increase in antioxidant enzymes i.e. superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity. Seed priming represents an innovative user-friendly approach to enhance the germination rate, starch metabolic process and triggered zinc acquisition of rice aged seed as an alternative to the conventional priming method.

Soil burial induced dormancy in weedy rice seeds through hormone level changes: Implications in adaptive evolution and weed control

AbstractSeed dormancy plays a key role in preventing seeds of higher plants from random germination under adverse environmental conditions. Previous studies suggested that a critical temperature could regulate germination of weedy rice seeds without primary dormancy at seed dispersion. However, what will happen to the non‐dormant seeds after shattering in the soil seed banks when temperature fluctuates to exceed the critical temperature remains an interesting question to be investigated. To determine whether or not soil burial can change the status of dormancy in weedy rice seeds, we examined germination ratios of weedy rice seeds after soil‐burial treatments. In addition, we compared hormone levels in the untreated seeds and viable but ungerminated seeds after soil burial. Results showed that soil burial induced a proportion of 41%–72% dormant seeds in the initially non‐dormant weedy rice seeds. Also, the induction of seed dormancy is associated with the change of hormone levels in the seeds treated by soil burial, suggesting that soil burial can significantly activate the control of hormone production in seeds. Together, the previously reported mechanism of critical temperature‐inhibited seed germination and the newly found phenomenon of soil burial‐induced seed dormancy provide a “double‐security” strategy to ensure germination of weedy rice seeds under a favorable condition in agricultural ecosystems. The findings not only reveal the important role of rapid evolution of adaptive functions in weeds, such as weedy rice, in adapting to changing agricultural environments, but also facilitate the design of strategies for effective weedy rice control practices.

Labelled Image Dataset Preparation for Rice Seed Germination Prediction and Variety Classifictaion using Low Cost Devices

Machine vision and Digital Image processing systems widely used in many of the applications like Quality control, Classification, Recognition, Identification, Security etc. For the implementation of machine vision system and machine learning, system must be feed by collection of images. Collecting the required images for the system are time consuming and complex task. We can collect the images from internet, research centres or existing data prepared by the researchers. Most of the systems images are not available, many of the researchers preparing the image datasets by themselves. Preparation of datasets needs costly equipments like high resolution cameras, highly configured computer systems, scanners etc. Nowadays handheld devices are equipped with high resolution cameras and cost also when compared to digital cameras very low. In this article we are going to demonstrate the step by step procedure of hardware setup, capturing image, processing images and feature extracted for those images by using mobile phone. For this implementation we have used Vivo z1pro mobile and prepared the data sets for the research of germination prediction and variety identification for the rice seeds. Preparing the datasets we have used four major rice seeds cultivated in Tamilnadu namely Andhraponni, Atchayaponni, KO50and IR20 which are collected from Agricultural university Trichirappalli,Tamilnadu,India. The prepared data set is freely available in https://github.com/duraitrichy/Riceseed.

Allelopathic Effect of Lamiaceous Weeds on Seed Germination and Early Growth of Aromatic Rice (Oryza sativa ‘Gobindobhog’)

Abstract The present study reveals the allelopathic effect of aqueous leaf and root extracts of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. and Leucas cephalotes (Roth) Spreng. on seed germination and early growth of Oryza sativa ‘Gobindobhog.’ Leaf and root extracts at different concentrations (0.5%, 1%, 2.5%, 4%, and 5%) were used to study the effect in laboratory-based experiments. After 5 days of incubation, seed germination and root and shoot length of rice seedlings were measured, and both H. suaveolens and L. cephalotes showed allelopathic effects on seed germination and growth parameters. Hyptis suaveolens showed a more pronounced effect at 5% concentration of aqueous leaf and root extracts than L. cephalotes . The inhibitory effects were as follows: root length &gt; seed germination &gt; shoot length. Both H. suaveolens and L. cephalotes impede seed germination and early growth of rice by releasing water-soluble allelochemicals from their leaves and roots.

OsKEAP1 Interacts with OsABI5 and Its Downregulation Increases the Transcription of OsABI5 and the ABA Response Genes in Germinating Rice Seeds.

Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1)–nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is the key antioxidant system in animals. In a previous study, we identified a probable KEAP1 ortholog in rice, OsKEAP1, and demonstrated that the downregulation of OsKEAP1 could alter the redox system and impair plant growth, as well as increase the susceptibility to abscisic acid (ABA) in seed germination. However, no NRF2 orthologs have been identified in plants and the mechanism underlying the phenotype changes of downregulated oskeap1 mutants is yet unknown. An in silico search showed that OsABI5 is the gene that encodes a protein with the highest amino acid identity score (38.78%) to NRF2 in rice. In this study, we demonstrated that, via yeast two-hybrids analysis and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays, OsKEAP1 interacted with OsABI5 via its Kelch repeat domain in the nucleus. In germinating seeds, the expression of OsKEAP1 was significantly downregulated in oskeap1-1 (39.5% that of the wild-type (WT)) and oskeap1-2 (64.5% that of WT), while the expression of OsABI5 was significantly increased only in oskeap1-1 (247.4% that of WT) but not in oskeap1-2 (104.8% that of WT). ABA (0.5 μM) treatment significantly increased the expression of OsKEAP1 and OsABI5 in both the oskeap1 mutants and WT, and 4 days post treatment, the transcription level of OsABI5 became significantly greater in oskeap1-1 (+87.2%) and oskeap1-2 (+55.0%) than that in the WT. The ABA-responsive genes (OsRab16A and three late embryogenesis abundant genes), which are known to be activated by OsABI5, became more responsive to ABA in both oskeap1 mutants than in the WT. The transcript abundances of genes that regulate OsABI5, e.g., OsSnRK2 (encodes a kinase that activates OsABI5), OsABI1, and OsABI2 (both encode proteins binding to OsSnRK2 and are involved in ABA signaling) were not significantly different between the two oskeap1 mutants and the WT. These results demonstrated that OsKEAP1 played a role in the ABA response in rice seed germination via regulating OsABI5, which is the key player in the ABA response. In-depth analyses of the components and their action mode of the KEAP1–NRF2 and ABA signaling pathways suggested that OsKEAP1 likely formed a complex with OsABI5 and OsKEG, and OsABI5 was ubiquitinated by OsKEG and subsequently degraded under physiological conditions; meanwhile, under oxidative stress or with increased an ABA level, OsABI5 was released from the complex, phosphorylated, and transactivated the ABA response genes. Therefore, OsKEAP1–OsABI5 bore some resemblance to KEAP1–NRF2 in terms of its function and working mechanism.

The estimation of the insect fungicidal disinfectant ‘Selest Top’ effect on rice plants

The current paper has presented the study results (2016–2017) of the products ‘Selest Top’, ‘KS’ (the active ingredients are thiomethoxam (262.5 g/l), difenoconazole (25 g/l) and fludioxonil (25 g/l)) for pre-sowing treatment of rice seeds. The purpose of the work was to estimate the effect of the disinfectant ‘Selest Top’ on the sprouting energy, germination, the processes of initial growth and development of rice plants, to find out the biological efficiency of the product against root rot. There has been carried out a number of laboratory trials to study the effect of the product on sprouting, germination energy of seeds. When conducting a vegetation trial, there was estimated efficiency of the disinfectant against root rot. The test results were compared with the effect of the product ‘Vintsit’ (25 g/l of thiabendazole and 25 g/l of flutriafol). The disinfectant ‘Selest Top’ was used at a rate of 1.0 l/t, 1.5 l/t and 2.0 l/t. It was established that the studied products had no negative effect on sprouting energy and germination of rice seeds. The disinfectant had a positive effect on the length of the rice sprouts and also has a stimulating effect on the plant root system. It was identified that the length of roots increased on 2.2–3.0 cm (7 days) and 1.0–3.8 cm (14 days). There was established that the product had a high biological efficiency against root rot at all stages of rice development. The maximum indicators were obtained at a rate of 1.5 l/t with 57.3% (complete sprouts), 57.2% (panicle formation) and 37.2% (milky-wax ripeness). Under the agroclimatic conditions of Primorsky Krai, the pre-sowing seed treatment with the product ‘Selest Top’ is justified due to the high biological efficiency and increased plant resistance to root rot pathogens.

Alterations of DNA Methylation Caused by Cold Plasma Treatment Restore Delayed Germination of Heat-Stressed Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Seeds

In rice (Oryza sativa L.), seeds exposed to heat stress during grain filling exhibit delayed germination because of DNA methylation levels at promoters of abscisic acid (ABA, a germination-inhibiti...