Fatty Acid Composition Of Seeds Research Articles

Mutagenesis of the FAE1 genes significantly changes fatty acid composition in seeds of Camelina sativa

Camelina sativa is a re-emerging low-input oilseed crop that has great potentials. It is necessary to ameliorate camelina oils for optimized fatty acid composition that can meet different application requirements. Camelina seed contains significant amounts of C20-C24 very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) that may not be desirable. We demonstrated that these VLCFAs can be effectively reduced by deactivating the Fatty Acid Elongase1 (FAE1) in camelina. The allohexaploid camelina contains three alleles of FAE1 genes. Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) induced mutation at the FAE1-B gene caused over 60% reduction of VLCFAs in seed. Homozygous knockout mutants were successfully created in a single generation by simultaneously targeting three FAE1 alleles using the CRISPR technology with an egg cell-specific Cas9 expression. VLCFAs were reduced to less than 2% of total fatty acids compared to over 22% in the wild type, and the C18 unsaturated fatty acids were concomitantly increased. The fae1 mutants were indistinguishable from wild type in seed physiology and plant growth. This study demonstrated that the CRISPR/Cas9 technology can be effectively applied to the polyploid crop camelina to rapidly obtain desired traits such as optimal fatty acid composition in its seed oil. Knocking out FAE1 also provides a means to increase the levels of oleic acid or α-linolenic acid in camelina oils that are desirable for industrial or food/feed uses.

Single-step isolation of embelin using high-performance countercurrent chromatography and determination of the fatty acid composition of seeds of Embelia schimperi.

Embelin (2,5-dihydroxy-3-undecyl-p-benzoquinone) is known for its potent anthelmintic activity, but also for wound-healing, antidiabetic, anticonvulsant, antitumour, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antibacterial and antispermatogenic activities. A high-performance countercurrent chromatography method was developed for the purification of embelin from an extract of the seeds of Embelia schimperi fruit. The optimized solvent system (n-hexane-ethylacetate-ethanol-water, 7:3:7:3) resulted in the isolation of 13.9 mg of embelin, directly from 100 mg of crude extract, in a single step within a short time (40 min). Although the compound appeared to be completely pure when analysed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) with photo diode array detection, the purity was established as ~90% by UPLC-mass spectrometry. Furthermore, we report the fatty acid composition of the seeds of E. schimperi fruit. Nine fatty acids were quantified from the fruit seed extract by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, with linoleic (46.4%), palmitic (21.5%) and oleic (19.6%) acids making up the largest proportions.

Potential, Cultivation and Quality of Some Crambe Sp. in Southern Turkey

Abstract Crambe sp. is an oilseed crop from the Brassicae family and native to the Mediterranean region. It can be converted into a number of industrial and energy uses. Crambe oil is used in introducing in stain, primers, plastic and solid wax, cosmetic and engine portions in the form of nylon-13.13 exclude carburetor as eco-friendly. All these properties make it interesting. This study is the first report on yield, cultivation procedure, and quality characteristics of Crambe sp. cultivated in Turkey. Native Crambe seeds, collected from eight different locations in Turkey, were cultivated under Çukurova conditions in Mediterranean region. Two Crambe species, Crambe orientalis and Crambe tataria, determined at the locations were studied, and some morphological characteristics and oil compositions were sown from cultivars and native forms. Fatty acid composition of seeds was examined with GC and GC/MS. In native populations, high seed oil contents were obtained from C. tataria (Ankara - Faculty of Science and Letters) and C. tataria (Kahramanmaraş-Elbistan), as 45.62 and 45.50%, respectively. The highest erucic acid content (49.0 %) was found in C. tataria (Ankara-Bilkent). In Çukurova conditions, despite cultivated all collected species, just C. orientalis was bloom among this species, and so that seed yield (472.77 kg/ha) oil rate (% 27.43) and erucic acid (41.0 %) could determine just this species.

Change in morphological properties and fatty acid composition of ornamental pumpkin seeds (Cucurbita pepo var. ovifera) and their classification by chemometric analysis

Ornamental pumpkin is affiliated to Cucurbitaceae family and included within Cucurbita pepo var. ovifera botanical class. They are commonly grown for ornamental uses and known as a group of hard-shelled, colorful, and odd shaped fruits. In this study, some morphological properties of 38 ornamental pumpkin seeds from different cities in Turkey were determined. And also, oil content and fatty acid composition of the seeds were characterized. Oil contents of seeds were determined in the range of 19–41% and palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids were detected as the major fatty acids in the samples. Linoleic acid had the highest level among the determined fatty acids (~42–66%). Besides, principal component analysis was performed to characterize and classify the pumpkin seeds depending on the fatty acid composition and fruit morphological properties. Two principal components were obtained from the chemometric analysis and they were found to be explanatory of more than 87.02% of the total variability in the data set for fatty acids. In addition, significant correlations were found between some morphological properties and oil content (P < 0.05). This study is the first report on the oil content and fatty acid composition of ornamental pumpkin seeds belonging to the different genotypes.

Significant enhancement of fatty acid composition in seeds of the allohexaploid, Camelina sativa, using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing.

SummaryThe CRISPR/Cas9 nuclease system is a powerful and flexible tool for genome editing, and novel applications of this system are being developed rapidly. Here, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to target the FAD2 gene in Arabidopsis thaliana and in the closely related emerging oil seed plant, Camelina sativa, with the goal of improving seed oil composition. We successfully obtained Camelina seeds in which oleic acid content was increased from 16% to over 50% of the fatty acid composition. These increases were associated with significant decreases in the less desirable polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid (i.e. a decrease from ~16% to <4%) and linolenic acid (a decrease from ~35% to <10%). These changes result in oils that are superior on multiple levels: they are healthier, more oxidatively stable and better suited for production of certain commercial chemicals, including biofuels. As expected, A. thaliana T2 and T3 generation seeds exhibiting these types of altered fatty acid profiles were homozygous for disrupted FAD2 alleles. In the allohexaploid, Camelina, guide RNAs were designed that simultaneously targeted all three homoeologous FAD2 genes. This strategy that significantly enhanced oil composition in T3 and T4 generation Camelina seeds was associated with a combination of germ‐line mutations and somatic cell mutations in FAD2 genes in each of the three Camelina subgenomes.

Silencing of BnTT1 family genes affects seed flavonoid biosynthesis and alters seed fatty acid composition in Brassica napus

TRANSPARENT TESTA1 (TT1) is a zinc finger protein that contains a WIP domain. It plays important roles in controlling differentiation and pigmentation of the seed coat endothelium, and can affect the expression of early biosynthetic genes and late biosynthetic genes of flavonoid biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. In Brassica napus (AACC, 2n=38), the functions of BnTT1 genes remain unknown and few studies have focused on their roles in fatty acid (FA) biosynthesis. In this study, BnTT1 family genes were silenced by RNA interference, which resulted in yellow rapeseed, abnormal testa development (a much thinner testa), decreased seed weight, and altered seed FA composition in B. napus. High-throughput sequencing of genes differentially expressed between developing transgenic B. napus and wild-type seeds revealed altered expression of numerous genes involved in flavonoid and FA biosynthesis. As a consequence of this altered expression, we detected a marked decrease of oleic acid (C18:1) and notable increases of linoleic acid (C18:2) and α-linolenic acid (C18:3) in mature transgenic B. napus seeds by gas chromatography and near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Meanwhile, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry showed reduced accumulation of flavonoids in transgenic seeds. Therefore, we propose that BnTT1s are involved in the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis, and may also play a role in FA biosynthesis in B. napus.

Fatty Acid Composition of Seeds From Wild and Cultivated Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer): Occurrence of a High Level of Petroselinic Acid

AbstractThe lipid content and fatty acid (FA) composition of seeds from the Asian ginseng Panax ginseng growing naturally in taiga forests of the Russian Far East and seeds from cultivated ginseng were studied in this work. The total lipid content of seeds from both wild and cultivated plants was 9–12 % of fresh weight. FA were analyzed as isopropyl esters on a polar capillary column BD‐225, which allows good separation of petroselinic and oleic acids. The structure of FAs was confirmed using GC–MS of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) and 4,4‐dimethyloxazoline derivatives. In all the seed samples, the major FA was petroselinic acid 18:1(n‐12) which comprised more than 60 %; the contents of oleic and linoleic acids were lower (15–17 and 15–16 %, respectively). Earlier, a higher level (&gt;80 %) of oleic acid had been reported for ginseng seeds. This discrepancy can be explained by an insufficient separation of these acids on standard columns used for GC of FAME. In general, seeds of wild and cultivated ginseng are very similar in lipid content and FA composition.

Ácidos grasos y parámetros de calidad del aceite de semilla de uva silvestre (Vitis spp.)

Mexico is one of the centers of origin of the genus Vitis. Most of the native species are in an underutilized or neglected status. Thus, this work was performed aiming the determination of the potential of Mexican native grapes as a source of plant oil. It was determined the amount of oil and its fatty acid composition in seeds of wild grapes (Vitis spp.) in fruits collected in Temascaltepec, Mexico and harvested from a cropped accession growing in Zumpahuacan, Mexico. The average content of oil in seeds was 16.7% presenting four main fatty acids, linoleic, oleic, palmitic and stearic (71.5, 17.2, 6.6 and 4.3%, respectively). In the oil obtained from Temascaltepec grapes, there were determined some oil quality indexes. Possibly, the unsaturated fatty acid content explains the index of iodine (57.9 g/100 g), soapy number (170.7 mg/g), as well as the peroxide value (30 mEq/kg). Nevertheless, the high content of unsaturated fatty acid was not related with the smoking point (211 °C), although this value might be related to the content of palmitic and stearic acid. Oil from wild grape shows similar quality parameters compared with V. vinifera seed oil, thus its culinary, agro-industrial and cosmetic potential is noted.

Fatty acid profile of intact plants of two different sites and callus cultures derived from seed and leaf explants of Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess: A new resource of non-edible oil

In Mexico, the oil seed from Calophyllum brasiliense is traditionally used for lighting, but the oil seeds and leaves have not yet been evaluated. In this work, two sites of C. brasiliense were studied: San Andres Tuxtla and Pajapan. The aim of this study was to characterize the fatty acid profile of the seed oil, leaves, and callus cultures from leaves or seed explants. Fatty acids of the leaves, seeds, and callus culture samples were extracted with hexane, esterified, and then analyzed in a Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The San Andrés Tuxtla seeds had a significantly higher (P≤0.05) oil content: 58.2% versus 47.6% in Pajapan seeds. The seed oil recovered from the San Andrés Tuxtla samples showed higher amounts of linoleic acid (41.3%), while the oil recovered from the Pajapan seeds had remarkable oleic acid content (39.3%). The physicochemical parameters of San Andrés Tuxtla and Pajapan oils such as the density, viscosity, iodine, acid, and saponification values were measured and met the industrial standards for oil feedstock for biodiesel. The biomass growth of callus cultures was enhanced, and callus could produce fatty acids. These were mainly total saturated acids such as palmitic acid (31.32–39.18%) followed by stearic acid (19.52–21.18%). The main unsaturated fatty acid was oleic acid with values ranging from 23.14 to 31.63%. This is the first report on the fatty acid composition of seeds, leaves, and callus cultures from C. brasiliense. Therefore, this study can help to promote the importance of this agricultural product and can lead to biotechnological tools for the sustainable production of fatty acids or secondary metabolites.

Oil Content and Fatty Acid Characteristics in Mediterranean Sesame Core Collection

ABSTRACTThe Mediterranean sesame core collection is a valuable genetic resource for the development of seed quality and quantity. To better characterize and exploit the core collection, this study investigated the oil and fatty acid composition of seeds in the collection. Oil content, determined by a Soxhlet apparatus, varied from 32.3 to 57.3%, with a mean of 46.6%. Oil yield varied greatly among the accessions, with the highest oil yield being 891.1 kg ha−1. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) determination of fatty acid composition within the core collection showed significant differences among genotypes. Oleic acid contents ranged from 38.2 to 47.3% and linoleic acid contents from 31.0 to 40.9%. Up to 80% of fatty acids were unsaturated, indicating their importance for human dietary needs. Palmitic and stearic acids were present in small amounts in all accessions, ranging from 8.85 to 12.0% and from 6.3 to 8.9%, respectively. These results indicated that oil profiles varied widely among seeds in the Mediterranean sesame core collection, providing information that may enable the development of new varieties with high oil contents. A cluster analysis of fatty acid data based on continent affiliation yielded results highly similar to those of a cluster analysis based on agromorphological data. To our knowledge, this is the first report indicating that agromorphological and oil composition data were compatible with geographical patterns.

Effects of phylogeny and climate on seed oil fatty acid composition across 747 plant species in China

Seed oil has long been recognized as an important source of food, industry and biodiesel. In biological aspect, seed oil fatty acid composition (FAC) affects lipid fluidity and cellular metabolism, depending on temperature. Hence, the variation of FAC in seeds may reflect adaptive strategies for seed survival and seedling establishment under contrasting climate conditions. In this study, we investigated the relative effects of phylogeny and climate on seed oil FAC, testing the hypothesis that the degree of fatty acid unsaturation increases in colder climates. A large seed oil FAC dataset representing 747 species from 207 sites across China was compiled and a general linear model was used to partition total variance in FAC into taxonomic ranks (family, genus and species) and environmental components. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to examine the relative effects of mean annual temperature (MAT) and mean annual precipitation (MAP). Phylogenetically independent contrast (PIC) analysis was used to test the evolutionary association of FAC with climate at the family level. The results showed that seed oil FAC varied considerably across plant species, with phylogeny explaining a greater proportion of variance than environment; however, FAC showed obvious large-scale spatial patterns. Total unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) content increased with increasing latitude. The degree of fatty acid unsaturation, as indicated by the ratio of UFA to saturated fatty acids and iodine value, was negatively correlated with MAT and to a lesser extent with MAP. The PIC results indicated that at the family level, nearly all significant phenotypic correlations of FAC with spatial and climatic variables were evolutionarily convergent. These results indicate that despite strong phylogenetic constraints on FAC, fatty acid unsaturation in seed oil appears to evolve as an adaptive strategy in colder climates. The affiliation of phylogenetic and climate in seed oil FAC may assist in the search of potential oil plants with particular FAC for food and fuel needs.

Seed Storage Reserve Analysis.

One of the major goals of plant research is to improve crop yield, by for instance increasing seed oil or protein content. Besides this, extensive research is done to change seed fatty acid (FA) composition in order to make vegetable oils more suitable for specific purposes. To determine the effect of genetic changes on seed FA composition, oil, protein and sugar content it's important to use standardised protocols to compare results between different research groups. Here we describe standardised methods for the analysis of seed FA composition, oil, protein and sugar content.

The Contents of Phytosterols, Squalene, and Vitamin E and the Composition of Fatty Acids of Korean Landrace Setaria italica and Sorghum bicolar Seeds

To characterize the nutraceutical property of Italian millet (Setaria italica) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), ten Korean landraces of each crop were collected and their vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols), squalene and phytosterols (campesterol, stigmasterol and <TEX>${\beta}$</TEX>-sitosterol) contents as well as fatty acid composition in seeds were evaluated. Italian millet seeds exhibited 5 forms of vitamin E isomers: three (<TEX>${\alpha}$</TEX>-, <TEX>${\gamma}$</TEX>- and <TEX>${\delta}$</TEX>-) tocopherols and two (<TEX>${\alpha}$</TEX>- and <TEX>${\gamma}$</TEX>-) tocotrienols, while sorghum seeds showed only three forms of vitamin E isomers: <TEX>${\alpha}$</TEX>- and <TEX>${\gamma}$</TEX>-tocopherol and <TEX>${\alpha}$</TEX>-tocotrienol. In both crops, <TEX>${\gamma}$</TEX>-tocopherol was the major constituent of vitamin E in terms of highest quantity. Total vitamin E content in Italian millet and sorghum landraces were 88.3 mg/kg and 44.3 mg/kg, respectively. Among three phytosterols (campesterol, stigmasterol and <TEX>${\beta}$</TEX>-sitosterol) analyzed, <TEX>${\beta}$</TEX>-sitosterol was the major form comprising about 85% and 65% in Italian millet and sorghum landraces, respectively. Total phytosterols content ranged from 443.0 to 568.5 mg/kg and 442.3 to 719.2 mg/kg in Italian millet and sorghum, respectively. Squalene, a precursor of phytosterols biosynthesis, ranged from 6.8 to 10.2 mg/kg in Italian millet and from 62.2 to 115.2 mg/kg in sorghum. Linoleic, oleic and palmitic acids were the major fatty acids in both of the crops and about 80% of the total fatty acids were unsaturated fatty acids. Among the tested landraces, M09 and S10 showed relatively higher proportion of phytonutrients, suggesting their potential as a gene source for further breeding program.

국내 목본 유지식물 종자의 지방산 조성 및 바이오디젤 특성 분석

국내에 자생하는 기름생산이 가능한 목본식물의 바이오디젤 원료로서의 이용가능성을 구명하기 위해 기름함량, 지방산 조성 및 전이에스테르화를 통해 생산된 바이오디젤의 특성분석을 실시하였다. 목본 기름식물의 종자 내 기름함량은 15.1 ~ 70.3%로 다양하였으며, 지방산조성은 주로 올레산, 리놀레산, 리놀렌산, 팔미트산 및 스테아르산 등 이였으며 올레산의 함량이 가장 높았고 모든 식물에서 불포화지방산이 포화지방산보다 많았다. 지방산메틸에스테르의 산화안정성은 2.25 ~ 8.62 hours/<TEX>$110^{\circ}C$</TEX>로 나타났고, 요오드가는 때죽나무 기름이 가장 높았으며 이는 불포화지방산의 함량이 다른 식물 종보다 높기 때문이다. 저온 필터막힘점은 <TEX>$0^{\circ}C$</TEX> to <TEX>$-13^{\circ}C$</TEX>로 다양하게 나타났으며 이팝나무 지방산메틸에스테르가 저온유동성이 가장 우수하였다. 기름함량, 지방산조성, 바이오디젤 특성 등을 종합하였을 때 동백나무, 이팝나무 및 때죽나무의 종자에서 추출한 기름이 바이오디젤로의 이용 가능성이 비교적 높은 것으로 생각된다. In order to evaluate their potential as sources of biodiesel, oil content and fatty acid composition of seeds and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) properties from seven woody oil plants in Korea were analysed. The oil content of seed of all woody plant species ranged from 15.1 (Ligustrum lucidum) to 70.3% (Camellia japonica) by dry weight. Fatty acid composition consisted mainly of oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, palmitic acid and stearic acid, with oleic acid being the most abundant. The content of unsaturated fatty acids of all species was higher than saturated fatty acids. Oxidation stability of seed oils of all woody plants ranged from 2.25 to 8.62 hours/<TEX>$110^{\circ}C$</TEX>. Fatty acid methyl ester of Styrax japonica has been found to have the highest iodine value, indicating that unsaturated fatty acid content is higher than other seed oils. Cold filter plug point(CFPP) was varied over a wide range from <TEX>$0^</TEX><TEX>{\circ}C$</TEX> to <TEX>$-13^{\circ}C$</TEX>. The cold fluidity of FAME of Chionanthus retusa were excellent.

동백나무와 차나무 기름의 지방산 조성 및 메틸에스테르 특성 분석

Abstract To secure raw materials of biodiesel production, the possibility of camellia ( C. japonica L.) and tea ( C. sinensis L.) seed oil was studied to produce biodiesel. In this research, crude oil contents and fatty acid compositions of seeds were analyzed by Solxlet and Gas chromatography (GC). The oil contents in the seeds of camellia were 69.8%~73.8%, and tea were 26.3%~29.4%. Among the fatty acids of camellia and tea oil, oleic acid was dominant. The unsaturated fatty acids accounted for 88.4% and 80.2% of the whole fatty acids of camellia and tea seed oil. Total seed oil content and fatty acid composition of tea seed were influenced by collecting date. Across maturation period, oil content of tea seed averaged 18.3% on 6 th Septemberincreasing to 27.9% by 11 th October. For largest seed yield and oil content, the optimum time to harvest tea is in middle october,and camellia is late september and thereafter. The extraction efficiency of oil from seeds by extraction methods was determined.Biodiesel were synthesized in 92.1~92.8% yields from camellia and tea oils by transesterification. The biodiesel was characterizedby its physical and fuel properties including oxidation stability, iodine value and cold filter plugging point (CFPP). Oxidation stabilityof camellia was 8.6~8.8 hours and tea was 2.9~3.6 at 110℃. Camellia oil had considerably better oxidation stability and CFPP than tea oil.

SUCROSE TRANSPORTER 5 supplies Arabidopsis embryos with biotin and affects triacylglycerol accumulation

The Arabidopsis SUC5 protein represents a classical sucrose/H+ symporter. Functional analyses previously revealed that SUC5 also transports biotin, an essential co-factor for fatty acid synthesis. However, evidence for a dual role in transport of the structurally unrelated compounds sucrose and biotin in plants was lacking. Here we show that SUC5 localizes to the plasma membrane, and that the SUC5 gene is expressed in developing embryos, confirming the role of the SUC5 protein as substrate carrier across apoplastic barriers in seeds. We show that transport of biotin but not of sucrose across these barriers is impaired in suc5 mutant embryos. In addition, we show that SUC5 is essential for the delivery of biotin into the embryo of biotin biosynthesis-defective mutants (bio1 and bio2). We compared embryo and seedling development as well as triacylglycerol accumulation and fatty acid composition in seeds of single mutants (suc5, bio1 or bio2), double mutants (suc5 bio1 and suc5 bio2) and wild-type plants. Although suc5 mutants were like the wild-type, bio1 and bio2 mutants showed developmental defects and reduced triacylglycerol contents. In suc5 bio1 and suc5 bio2 double mutants, developmental defects were severely increased and the triacylglycerol content was reduced to a greater extent in comparison to the single mutants. Supplementation with externally applied biotin helped to reduce symptoms in both single and double mutants, but the efficacy of supplementation was significantly lower in double than in single mutants, showing that transport of biotin into the embryo is lower in the absence of SUC5.

Some Physico-Chemical Properties of Edible and Forage Watermelon Seeds

The crude oil, crude protein, crude ash, crude fiber, total phenol and antioxidant activity values, peroxide values, specific gravity, the refraxtive index and acid value of Citrullus lanatus and their oils were determined. Fatty acid composition of seeds belong to both watermelon were determined by Gas Chromotography (GC). These oils are important sources of essential fatty acid, linoleic acid (63.19% to 72.03%). Oleic acid contents of seeds ranged between 17.55% (Forage watermelon kernel) to 24.65% (watermelon kernel). Cd, Cr, Mn contents of watermelon kernel were found between 0.02 to 0.09 mg/kg, 0.37 to 1.46 mg/kg and 6.08 to 11.31 mg/kg, respectively. Ca, K, Mg, Na, P and S were found as major elements in seed samples. Total phenol contents of watermelon seeds ranged between 0.13 mg GAE /100 mg to 0.30 mg GAE/100 mg. Antioxidant activity of Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) seeds (5.06 and 13.90%) were found higher than those of normal seeds (1.31 and 4.42%). Peroxide values of watermelon oils ranged between 7.6 meqO 2/kg to 11.7 meqO 2/kg.

Fatty Acid Composition and Sensory Properties of Tarhanas Prepared by Processed Tomato and Paprika Waste Materials

Tomato and paprika seed oils contain high percentages of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). In this study, tomato and paprika pomaces and seeds were used as a natural source of essential fatty acids in tarhanas, a traditional fermented wheat flour–yogurt mixture food product. Wheat flour of tarhana was partially (15, 25 and 35%) substituted with tomato and paprika seeds and pomaces. Oil content and fatty acid composition of seeds, pomaces and tarhana samples and sensory properties of tarhana soups were determined. All tarhana samples prepared with waste materials had significantly (P < 0.05) higher total UFA and lower total saturated fatty acid contents than the control. Tarhana soups with tomato seed, paprika seed and paprika pomace substituting 15% of flour and the control sample were equally liked in sensory evaluation. In conclusion, tomato and paprika waste materials are natural sources of essential fatty acids and can be successfully used in tarhana production. Practical Applications The tomato and paprika seeds and peel residues contain bioactive compounds, such as dietary fiber, essential fatty acids, minerals, phenolic compounds and carotenoids. Only a small portion of these by-products is utilized directly for human consumption, and tarhana could be a good carrier for the health beneficial constituents of these by-products. In this study, tomato and paprika seeds and pomaces were used as good sources of essential fatty acids in tarhana production. Results of sensory analysis indicated that these wastes may be effectively incorporated into tarhana up to the substitution level of 15%. However, the amount of vegetable oil added into tarhana soups should be reduced because these waste materials are high in oil content. Final tarhana soups contain health beneficial constituents like essential fatty acids, and the use of waste materials in food production could be a solution for disposal problems and environmental pollution.

Fatty Acid Composition of Juniperus Species (Juniperus Section) Native to Turkey

Fatty acid compositions of seeds of five taxa of the Juniperus section of the genus Juniperus L. (Cupressaceae), i. e. J. drupacea Lab., J. communis L. var. communis, J. communis var. saxatilis Pall., J. oxycedrus L. subsp. oxycedrus, and J. oxycedrus subsp. macrocarpa (Sibth. & Sm.) Ball, were investigated. Methyl ester derivatized fatty acids of the lipophylic extracts of the five species were comparatively analyzed by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Juniperus taxa showed uniform fatty acid patterns, among which linoleic (25.8 - 32.5%), pinolenic (11.9 - 24.1%) and oleic acids (12.4 - 17.2%) were determined to be the main fractions in the seed oils. Juniperonic acid was found to be remarkably high in J. communis var. saxatilis (11.4%), J. oxycedrus subsp. oxycedrus (10.4%), and J. communis var. communis (10.1%). To the best of our knowledge, the present work discloses the first report on the fatty acid compositions of seeds of this Juniperus section grown in Turkey.

Growth and Fatty Acid Composition of Borage (Borago officinalis L.) Leaves and Seeds Cultivated in Saline Medium

The effects of salinity on growth and fatty acid composition of borage (Borago officinalis L.) leaves and seeds grown in hydroponic medium were investigated. Three different levels of NaCl (25, 50, and 75 mM) were applied. The first results showed that salinity significantly reduced plant growth by 56.5 % at 75 mM compared with the control, suppressed seed yield at 50 and 75 mM, and increased lipid peroxidation. Raising NaCl concentrations led to an important decrease in total fatty acid (TFA) content by 77 % at 75 mM NaCl. Moreover, the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content decreased, whereas the saturated fatty acids increased with respect to increasing salinity. The 25 mM NaCl level did not modify the fatty acid composition of seeds and their contents.