Sedum Sarmentosum Research Articles

경량모듈형 옥상녹화시스템의 온도저감 및 열수지 평가

본 연구는 돌나물과 한국잔디를 식재한 경량 모듈형 옥상녹화시스템의 온도저감과 열수지를 평가하였다. 식물생육은 초고와 피복율을 측정하였으며, 2012년 8월 2일부터 3일까지 48시간 동안 콘크리트와 옥상녹화 표면, 토양 속, 모듈 하부의 온도와 순복사, 증발산량을 측정하였다. 기온이 <TEX>$34.6^{\circ}C$</TEX>로 가장 높았던 8월 3일 15:00시의 표면온도는 콘크리트가 <TEX>$57.5^{\circ}C$</TEX>로 가장 높았으며, 그 다음으로 돌나물 <TEX>$40.1^{\circ}C$</TEX>, 한국잔디 <TEX>$38.3^{\circ}C$</TEX>의 순으로 옥상녹화 조성 시 큰 폭으로 온도가 저감되는 것으로 나타났다. 토양 속과 모듈 하부도 옥상녹화에 의한 온도저감 효과가 나타났으며, 한국잔디가 돌나물보다 온도저감 효과가 큰 것으로 나타났다. 콘크리트 표면과 비교하여 옥상녹화 최고 온도는 약 2시간 정도 지연되는 것으로 나타났다. 표면의 온도저감에는 식물종, 기온, 토양수분이 영향을 미치고, 모듈 하부의 온도저감에는 식물종, 기온, 토양수분, 표면온도가 유의하게 영향을 미친 것으로 나타났다. 열수지 분석결과, 현열은 콘크리트 표면이 가장 높았으며, 옥상녹화 시 감소하는 경향을 보였으며 잠열은 한국잔디가 돌나물보다 높았다. 따라서 온열환경 개선을 위해서는 한국잔디가 돌나물보다 옥상녹화 적용에 더 효과적임을 알 수 있었다. The purpose of this study was to evaluate temperature reduction and heat budget of extensive modular green roof planted with Sedum sarmentosum and Zoysia japonica. Plant height and green coverage were measured as plant growth. Temperature, net radiation and evapotranspiration of concrete surface, green roof surface, in-soil and bottom were measured from August 2 to August 3, 2012 (48 hours). On 3 P.M., August 3, 2012, when air temperature was the highest (<TEX>$34.6^{\circ}C$</TEX>), concrete surface temperature was highest (<TEX>$57.5^{\circ}C$</TEX>), followed by surface temperature of Sedum sarmentosum (<TEX>$40.1^{\circ}C$</TEX>) and Zoysia japonica (<TEX>$38.3^{\circ}C$</TEX>), which proved temperature reduction effect of green roof. Temperature reduction effect of green roof was also shown inside green roof soil, and bottom of green roof. It was found that Zoysia japonica was more effective in temperature reduction than Sedum sarmentosum. Compared with the case of concrete surface, the highest temperature of green roof surface was observed approximately 2 hours delayed. Plant species, temperature and soil moisture were found to have impact on surface temperature reduction. Plant species, air temperature, soil moisture and green roof surface temperature were found to have impact on temperature reduction in green roof bottom. As results of heat budget analysis, sensible heat was highest on concrete surface and was found to be reduced by green roof. Latent heat flux of Zoysia japonica was higher than that of Sedum sarmentosum, which implied that Zoysia japonica was more effective to improve thermal environment for green roof than Sedum sarmentosum.

Simultaneous Determination by HPLC of Quercetin and Kaempferol in Three Sedum Medicinal Plants Harvested in Different Seasons

A high-performance liquid chromatography method was established for the fast quantification of quercetin and kaempferol in three Sedum crude medicines: Sedi Herba (Sedum sarmentosum Bunge.), Sedi Linearis Herba (Sedum lineare Thunb.) and Sedi Emarginati Herba (Sedum emarginatum Migo.). The column used was a YMC-pack ODS-A (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm), the mobile phase was a solution of methanol-0.4% phosphoric acid (47:53) with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min at 35°C and the detection wavelength was 360 nm. The calibration curves for quercetin and kaempferol were linear over the range of 0.01-0.62 µg for quercetin and 0.02-0.78 µg for kaempferol, and the average recoveries were 99.72% [relative standard deviation (RSD): 1.63% and 99.50% (RSD: 1.16%), respectively]. In conclusion, the method established in this paper is accurate and repeatable. It can be used for the determination of quercetin and kaempferol, controlling the quality of the three crude drugs. Furthermore, the experimental data showed that the best harvest season for the three Sedum medicinal species should be the full-bloom period between the end of April and the beginning of May.

Heavy metals in plants and substrate from simulated extensive green roofs

Recycled brick could be used in green roofs but may pose environmental risk due to its heavy metal contents. In this study, concentrations of eight heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb, and Hg) in three edible and medicinal plants (Sedum lineare Thunb (SL), Sedum sarmentosum Bunge (SS) and Portulaca oleracea L. (PO)), and in recycled brick substrate from simulated extensive green roofs, were investigated in Spring and Autumn. The results showed that most heavy metal concentrations in plants (aboveground parts) in April were significantly lower than those in October, and significantly increased year on year. None of the three species showed superiority or inferiority in all heavy metal concentrations at all the four samplings. Heavy metal concentrations in aboveground parts were all significantly lower than in roots, and significantly lower than in substrate except for Zn. The three species could not be used as food a year after they were sown; only PO collected in April can be harvested as medicine, mainly due to Pb concentrations exceeding the standard. Cd concentration in substrate increased and Ni decreased during the experiment, while the others kept unchanged. The substrate was polluted according to the standard due to its high Cd concentration which mainly came from recycled brick.

UPLC를 이용한 lutein과 zeaxanthin의 분석법 검증 및 엽채류에서의 정량적 평가

본 연구에서는 UPLC를 이용하여 lutein과 zeaxanthin을 단시간에 동시 분석할 수 있는 새로운 방법을 개발한 후 분석법에 대한 평가를 수행하였으며, 확립된 방법으로 6종의 엽채류에서 lutein과 zeaxanthin을 정량 분석하였다. 분석 컬럼은 Acquity UPLC BEH C18(<TEX>$1.7{\mu}m$</TEX>, <TEX>$2.1{\times}50mm$</TEX>), 이동상 용매는 85% methanol을 사용하였으며, 검출파장은 450 nm, 이동상의 유속은 0.5 mL/min, 분석온도는 <TEX>$40^{\circ}C$</TEX>, 시료주입량은 <TEX>$1.0{\mu}L$</TEX>로 설정하여 분석하였다. 확립된 분석조건에서 lutein과 zeaxanthin의 피크머무름시간(RT)은 각각 4.35분과 4.56분이며, 표준용액의 피크머무름시간과 엽채류 시료들의 피크머무름시간은 일치하였다. lutein과 zeaxanthin에 대한 표준검정곡선은 <TEX>$1-150{\mu}g/mL$</TEX> 농도범위에서 상관계수(<TEX>$r^2$</TEX>)는 0.9968 이상의 양호한 직선성을 나타내어 분석에 적합함을 알 수 있었으며, 검출한계는 lutein과 zeaxanthin이 각각 <TEX>$1.7{\mu}g/mL$</TEX>과 <TEX>$2.1{\mu}g/mL$</TEX>, 정량한계는 lutein과 zeaxanthin이 각각 <TEX>$5.1{\mu}g/mL$</TEX>과 <TEX>$6.3{\mu}g/mL$</TEX>로 설정되었다. Lutein과 zeaxanthin의 회수율은 각각 95.76-105.13%와 91.75-103.24% 범위를 보였다. Lutein의 일내 RSD값은 4.65-7.33%, 일간 RSD값은 4.04-10.69%이었으며, zeaxanthin의 일내 RSD값은 5.41-7.31%, 일간 RSD값은 3.79-9.82%이었다. 확립된 분석법으로 한국인이 많이 섭취하는 녹색과 엽채류인 부추, 취나물, 원추리, 참나물, 돌나물 시금치에서 lutein과 zeaxanthin을 분석한 결과 lutein 함량은 시금치와 취나물이 <TEX>$3.97{\pm}0.10mg$</TEX>/100 g fw, <TEX>$4.06{\pm}0.24mg$</TEX>/100 g fw로 가장 높았으며, 참나물과 원추리가 <TEX>$3.39{\pm}0.43mg$</TEX>/100 g fw, <TEX>$3.39{\pm}0.15$</TEX> mg/100 g fw로 높았다. Zeaxanthin의 경우 취나물과 원추리가 각각 <TEX>$0.95{\pm}0.00mg$</TEX>/100 g fw와 <TEX>$0.96{\pm}0.01mg$</TEX>/100 g fw로 가장 높았다. 본 연구에서 확립된 UPLC 분석법은 lutein과 zeaxanthin을 신속하고 효과적으로 동시 분석하는데 이용될 수 있을 것이며, 한국인이 많이 섭취하는 엽채류 중 시금치와 취나물은 lutein과 zeaxanthin의 좋은 식이 급원일 뿐 아니라, 꾸준히 섭취하면 눈건강에 도움을 줄 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. The objective of this research is to present method development and validation for the simultaneous determination of lutein and zeaxanthin using ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). Also, rapid quantification was performed on six green leafy vegetables (Allium tuberosum, Aster scaber, Hemerocallis fulva, Pimpinella brachycarpa, Sedum sarmentosum and Spinacia oleracea) that are commonly consumed in Korea. Separation and quantification were successfully achieved with a Waters Acquity BEH C18 (<TEX>$50{\times}2.1mm$</TEX>, <TEX>$1.7{\mu}m$</TEX>) column by 85% methanol within 5 min. Two compounds showed good linearity (<TEX>$r^2$</TEX> > 0.9968) in <TEX>$1-150{\mu}g/mL$</TEX>. Limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) for lutein and zeaxanthin were 1.7 and 5.1 g/mL and 2.1 and 6.3 g/mL, respectively. The RSD for intra- and inter-day precision of each compound was less than 10.69%. The recovery of each compound was in the range of 91.75-105.13%. Aster scaber and Spinacia oleracea contained significantly higher amounts of lutein (<TEX>$4.06{\pm}0.24$</TEX> and <TEX>$3.97{\pm}0.10mg$</TEX>/100 g of fresh weight), respectively.

돌나물의 항균활성 및 위암예방효과

본 연구에서는 돌나물 분획물의 항산화 및 위암예방 효과를 다양한 균들과 위암세포주를 이용하여 검토하였다. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus 그리고 helicobacter pylori에 대한 돌나물의 n-hexane, methylene chloride (MC), ethyl acetate, n-butanol 분획물의 항균효과를 disc 확산법으로 알아본 결과, MC 분획물이 E. coli에 대해 13 mm의 억제존을 보여 가장 우수한 항균효과를 나타내는 것을 알 수 있었다. <TEX>$100{\mu}g/mL$</TEX> 농도에서 모든 분획물은 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)와 hydroxyl radicals (<TEX>${\cdot}OH$</TEX>)에서 50% 이상의 소거능을 나타냈다. 특히, MC 분획물이 DPPH와 <TEX>${\cdot}OH$</TEX>에서 가장 높은 소거능을 보였다. 또한 MC 분획물은 H. pylori와 위암세포의 성장을 억제하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 그러므로 돌나물의 분획물 중 특히 MC 분획물이 radical 소거능, H. pylori에 대한 항균성 및 AGS 인체 위암세포 생존 저해효과가 우수한 활성물질을 함유하고 있을 것으로 생각된다. The aim of this research was to investigate the industrial application of Sedum sarmentosum. Antibacterial activities of the n-hexane, methylene chloride (MC), ethyl acetate, and n-butanol fractions of S. sarmentosum were tested against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Helicobacter pylori. The MC fraction showed the strongest antibacterial activity against E. coli, with an inhibition zone greater than 13 mm in disc assays. At <TEX>$100{\mu}g/mL$</TEX>, all fractions scavenged more than 50% of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl radicals (<TEX>${\cdot}OH$</TEX>). In particular, the MC fraction showed the strongest scavenging activity against DPPH and <TEX>${\cdot}OH$</TEX>. In addition, we found that treatment with the MC fraction inhibited the growth of H. pylori and gastric adenocarcinoma cells. The present results suggest that the MC fraction of S. sarmentosum would play the promising protective role against pathogenic bacteria and free radicals.

First Report of Sclerotinia nivalis Causing White Mold Disease on Sedum sarmentosum in China

AbstractIn 2010 and 2011, a disease exhibiting characteristics of white mold was found on Sedum sarmentosum, a crassulaceous weed under canopies of tea trees, in Zhushan County, Hubei Province, China. Based on the cultural and morphological characteristics, the pathogen was identified as Sclerotinia nivalis Saito. In the phylogenetic tree inferred from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)‐rDNA sequences, the pathogen was clustered with five previously characterized isolates of S. nivalis, forming a unique clade, thus confirming the morpho‐cultural identification. Koch’s postulates were fulfilled by pathogenicity tests using the isolate SsSn‐24 and Let‐19 of S. nivalis on plants of S. sarmentosum. To our knowledge, this is the first report of S. nivalis on S. sarmentosum in the family Crassulaceae.

Physicochemical Characteristics and Antioxidant Capacity of Rice Cake (Sulgitteok) Supplemented with Lyophilized Sedum sarmentosum (Dolnamul) Powder

This study was performed to increase the availability of Sedum sarmentosum (Dolnamul) and to improve the nutraceutical value of rice cakes (sulgitteok). The contents of crude protein, mineral, dietary fiber, water holding capacity, and hardness significantly and directly increased with lyophilized sedum powder (SP). Pore ratio and expansion rate decreased in samples containing more than 10% SP compared to the control. In a sensory evaluation, a positive correlation was detected between overall acceptability and taste (R2=0.99, p<0.01), and color (R2=0.72, p<0.05). Total polyphenol contents of the SP-treated groups were significantly elevated, accompanied by an increase in radical scavenging ability estimated by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Replacing 10% of the rice powder with SP efficiently improved the antioxidant and nutritional values of sulgitteok as well as its the sensory quality.

산채류 추출물의 항산화 활성 및 호흡기 질환을 유발하는 세균에 대한 항균활성

To investigate the antimicrobial activity on bacteria causing a respiration disease and antioxidant effects of water extracts from 12 kinds of wild edible vegetables, we extracted the water extracts for 72 h in 7℃ using distilled water as solvent. The water extracts except Ixeris dentate and Allium monanthum had high concentrationsof phenol compounds and flavonoids. Liguraia fischeri specially had the highest level on total phenol compounds and flavonoids with 205 μg/mL and 98. 86 μg/mL, respectively. The each 0.05% extracts of Sedum sarmentosum and Liguraia fischeri had high effect on the DPPH radical scavenging activity among wild edible vegetables and the most extracts promoted antioxidant activity with increasing concentration of extract. The catalase activity of Erysimum aurantiacum and Aralia elata showed more than 150 units per g of fresh tissue. The effect of antimicrobial activity on water extracts showed characteristic activity. Only Staphylococcus aureus KCTC 1928 and Corynebacterium diptheriae KCTC 3075 were inhibited cell growth on the other hands, the remainder of bacteria was not inhibited cell growth. Nevertheless, the extracts of wild edible vegetables had specific concentration as MIC for antimicrobial activity respectively. In case of the extract of Aster scaber, Erysimum aurantiacum, and Allium monanthum had over 30% antimicrobial activity on the bacteria causing a respiration disease. In results, the wild edible vegetables include high concentrations of total phenol compounds and flavonoids that give a good antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity. Therefore the wild edible vegetables are functional food for anti-aging and physiological activation.

Taraxerone enhances alcohol oxidation via increases of alcohol dehyderogenase (ADH) and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activities and gene expressions

The present study, taraxerone (d-friedoolean-14-en-3-one) was isolated from Sedum sarmentosum with purity 96.383%, and its enhancing effects on alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activities were determined: EC50 values were 512.42±3.12 and 500.16±3.23μM for ADH and ALDH, respectively. In order to obtain more information on taraxerone related with the alcohol metabolism, 40% ethanol (5mL/kg body weight) with 0.5–1mM of taraxerone were administered to mice. The plasma alcohol and acetaldehyde concentrations of taraxerone-treated groups were significantly lowered than those of the control group (p<0.01): approximately 20–67% and 7–57% lowered for plasma alcohol and acetaldehyde, respectively. Compare to the control group, the ADH and ALDH expressions in the liver tissues were abruptly increased in the taraxerone-treated groups after ethanol exposure. In addition, taraxerone prevented catalase, superoxide dismutase, and reduced glutathione concentrations from the decrease induced by ethanol administration with the concentration dependent manner.

Identification of d-friedoolean-13-en-3-one (Taraxerone) as an antioxidant compound from sedom (Sedum sarmentosum)

A pentacyclic triterpenoid compound was isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of sedum (Sedum sarmentosum) and identified as d-friedoolean-13-en-3-one (taraxerone) by GC-MS and crystallographic analysis. The extraction yield of taraxerone was 74.12±0.57 mg/kg sedum (dry weight). The IC50 values of taraxerone were 102.34±1.53 μM and 1,763.81±12.63 μM/mL (Trolox equivalent) by the DPPH and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) assays, respectively. Taraxerone exhibited comparable antioxidant capacities with butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) by the DPPH (p=0.117) and FRAP (p= 0.179) assays. The production of inducible nitric oxide in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine macrophage was inhibited by taraxerone (IC50=38.49±3.77 μM) via downregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression at the transcriptional level. The inhibitory effect of taraxerone on nitric oxide generation was significantly more effective than that of caffeic acid and/or gallic acid.

Identification of four Sedum plant medicines by Fourier transform infrared spectra

Background:Sedum sarmentosum bunge (SSB)., S. lineare Thunb. (SLT), S. erythrostictum migo. (SEM), and S. aizoon L. (SAL) were four widely used Chinese traditional drugs or ethnic drugs, which were easy to be confused with each other.Objective:This study aimed at developing a rapid and accurate method to identify the four Sedum plant medicines with very similar appearances and close relationships.Materials and Methods:The herbal medicines employed here were SSB, SLT, SEM, and SAL collected in different places and seasons. Through comparing the infrared (IR) spectra of their 70% ethanol extracts, the results showed that the IR spectra of the four plant medicines possessed not only some common characteristics but also certain notable distinctions, such as shapes, numbers, positions, intensity, and ratios of the absorbing peaks.Results:By fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, the four medicines could be effectively differed, their habitats could be judged preliminarily, and the genetic relationships of the original plants of the four medicines could also be estimated to some extent.Conclusion:The application of FT-IR spectroscopy in crude medicine authentication and quality evaluation deserved to be further emphasized.

Tricin 7-glucoside protects against experimental cerebral ischemia by reduction of NF-κB and HMGB1 expression

There have been several studies of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and high-mobility group box1 (HMGB1) associated with the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia. Tricin 7-glucoside, a major bioactive compound extracted from Sedum sarmentosum Bunge. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of Tricin 7-glucoside on a cultured neuronal cell line, SH-SY5Y in vitro and experimental ischemic stroke in vivo. For oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) stimulated SH-SY5Y cell line in vitro, SH-SY5Y cells were incubated with Tricin 7-glucoside. For in vivo experiment, rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MACO) for 1 h, then followed by reperfusion for 23 h. Treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with Tricin 7-glucoside reduced the OGD-induced apoptosis and cytotoxicity, blocked TNF-α-induced NF-κB and IκB-α phosphorylation, and decreased HMGB1 expression. At doses higher than 50 mg/kg, Tricin 7-glucoside produced a significant neuroprotective potential in rats with ischemia and reperfusion (I/R). Tricin 7-glucoside (100 mg/kg) demonstrated significant neuroprotective activity even after delayed administration at 2 h and 4 h after I/R. Tricin 7-glucoside 100 mg/kg attenuated histopathological damage, decreased brain edema, inhibited NF-κB activation and reduced HMGB1 expression. These data show that Tricin 7-glucoside protects brain against I/R injury with a favorable therapeutic time-window by alleviating cerebral I/R injury and attenuating blood–brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, and its protective effects may involve HMGB1 and NF-κB signaling pathway.

Flavonol glycosides with lipid accumulation inhibitory activity from Sedum sarmentosum

Three new flavonol glycosides, sarmenosides V–VII (1–3), were isolated from the whole plant of Sedum sarmentosum (Crassulaseae). The structures of 1–3 were determined on the basis of spectroscopic analysis. Among the flavonoid constituents from S. sarmentosum, 1 and 3 were found to show oleic acid–albumin-induced lipid accumulation inhibitory activity.

Assessment of antioxidant capacity of sedum (Sedum sarmentosum) as a valuable natural antioxidant source

In order to investigate the antioxidant capacity of sedum (dolnamul, Sedum sarmentosum) and to offer a scientific basis for the medicinal use of it, lyophilized sedum leaves were extracted with n-hexane, n-butanol, ethyl acetate, and methanol, respectively. The methanol extract (ME) showed the highest extraction yield, but no significant differences in the extraction yield were observed. The total polyphenol content (TPC) of the ethyl acetate extract (EAE) and the ME was significantly higher than that of the non-polar solvent extracts. The EAE and ME showed the superior antioxidant activities in the DPPH, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) assays. Lipid peroxidation was efficiently inhibited by the addition of the sedum extracts in the ferric thiocyanate (FTC) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assays, but significant differences among the tested extracts were not observed. The ME showed the potent lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity comparable to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). The correlations between the TPC and the antioxidant activities based on the DPPH, ORAC, and FRAP assays were highly positive (R 2>0.899).

Antitumor Activity of the Aqueous Extract from Sedum sarmentosum Bunge In Vitro

Sedum sarmentosum Bunge, a Chinese herb, is mainly used for the treatment of chronic viral hepatitis in China, The aim of this work was to examine the cytotoxic activity of S. sarmentosum (aqueous extract, AE) against a human hepatoma cell line (HepG2) in culture. Cell-proliferation ability was determined by the MTT method. Cell-cycle changes and earlier period apoptotic rate of HepG2 cells were detected by flow cytometry. Apoptosis of cultured HepG2 cells induced by AE were observed with a classic laddering pattern on agarose gel electrophoresis. The mRNA levels of Bcl-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were determined by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. The protein expressions of Bcl-2, VEGF, and p-STAT3 were valued by immunocytochemistry. The application of AE to the HepG2 cell culture caused a significant, dose-dependent inhibition of cancer cell growth. It was found that the AE treatment induced apoptosis of the cancer cells, although no changes were found after AE treatment for 48 hours in the HepG2 cell cycle. The mRNA and protein expressions of Bcl-2 and VEGF and the protein level of p-STAT3 were significantly decreased after the AE treatment for 48 hours. This study suggests that AE of S. sarmentosum has potential in preventing and inhibiting effects on hepatocellular carcinoma, which is associated with apoptosis of the cancer cells.

Hepatoprotective Effects of Sedum sarmentosum on d-Galactosamine/ Lipopolysaccharide–Induced Murine Fulminant Hepatic Failure

The hepatoprotective effects of sarmentosin-containing extracts of Sedum sarmentosum (SS) in d-galactosamine ( d-GalN) / lipopolysaccharide (LPS)–induced fulminant hepatic failure mouse model. Pretreatment with SS markedly protected mice from lethal liver injury, which has known to be associated with an abrupt elevation of serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α level. Indeed, SS significantly blocked the elevation of TNF-α and alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase as well. SS also remarkably reduced number of apoptotic hepatocytes and DNA fragmentation in the liver, which correlated with blockade of caspase-3 activation. In addition, SS suppressed the increased expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). The activation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and p38 induced by d-GalN/LPS was also significantly suppressed by SS treatment. Furthermore, SS significantly inhibited the activation of nuclear factor-κB. In RAW 264.7 cells stimulated with LPS, TNF-α release and TLR4 expression was suppressed by SS pretreatment, which was in line with in vivo results. These findings suggested that SS prevents d-GalN/LPS–induced fulminant hepatic failure, and this protection is likely associated with its anti-apoptotic activity and the down-regulation of mitogen activated protein kinase activity associated at least in part with suppressing the transcription of LPS receptors.

Determination of total flavonoids in three Sedum crude drugs by UV-Vis spectrophotometry

A simple, rapid UV–Vis spectrophotometry method for the determination of total flavonoids in Sedum sarmentosum Bunge., S. lineare Thunb., and S. erythrostictum Migo. was developed, with a good linearity, precision, and stability. The detection wavelength was set at 500 nm, and an extraction solvent was optimized. Through the comparative study of multiple samples of the three plant drugs, their collected seasons and the habitats can be preliminarily ascertained, which may help to control the quality of the medicines to some extent.

Water Dropwort (Ostericum sieboldii) and Sedum (Sedum sarmentosum) Delay H2O2-Induced Senescence in Human Diploid Fibroblasts

It is known that a close relationship exists among oxidative damage, senescence, and aging. Water dropwort (Ostericum sieboldii Miq. Nakai) and Sedum (Sedum sarmentosum Bunge) are popular green vegetables in Korea and are reported to have strong antioxidative activity. We investigated whether dropwort and Sedum have the potential to prevent aging using H(2)O(2)-induced prematurely senescent human diploid fibroblasts (HDFs). Dropwort and Sedum had similarly high contents of polyphenols, but dropwort had a flavonoid content about twofold higher than that of Sedum. Exposure of young HDFs to H(2)O(2) induced G2/M cell cycle arrest, positive senescence-associated (SA) beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) staining, and elevated p53, p21, and p16 protein levels. However, cotreatment with dropwort or Sedum ethanol extract significantly lowered p53, p21, and p16 levels and intracellular reactive oxygen species levels and attenuated the cell cycle arrest compared with H(2)O(2)-alone treatment. Interestingly, the increase in p16 level was prevented more quickly and clearly by dropwort treatment than Sedum treatment. The number of SA beta-gal-positive cells at 7 days after treatment was significantly reduced in dropwort-treated cells compared to H(2)O(2) alone-treated cells, whereas it was slightly reduced in Sedum-treated cells with no significance. In conclusion, dropwort showed a potential anti-senescence activity in H(2)O(2)-treated HDFs, which might be mediated by reducing p16, p21, and p53 levels and oxidative stress.

돌나물의 식물체 분화에 미치는 Glutamine과 AgNO3의 영향

돌나물 (Sedum sarmentosum)의 형질전환 및 유전자원 기내보존을 위한 효율적인 식물체 분화 체계를 확립하기 위하여, 잎절편 유래의 켈러스로부터 식물체 분화에 미치는 glutamine과 <TEX>$AgNO_3$</TEX>의 영향과 분화 식물체의 순화 후 생존율을 조사하였다. 캘러스 유도는 3 mg/L 2,4-D와 1 mg/L BA, 식물체 분화는 0.2 mg/L NAA와 3.0 mg/L BA를 각각 첨가한 MS배지를 사용하였다. 금산 수집종에서 glutamine 첨가는 50일째에 100%의 식물체 분화를 보였으며, 350mg/L glutamine 첨가시 켈러스당 17.6개의 가장 많은 식물체가 분화되었다. <TEX>$AgNO_3$</TEX> 첨가배지에서도 금산 수집종은 100% 식물체 분화를 보였으며, <TEX>$15{\mu}M$</TEX> 첨가배지에서 캘러스당 16.1개의 식물체가 분화되어 가장 양호하였다. 완주 수집종은 glutamine 첨가에 관계없이 식물체가 전혀 분화되지 않았고, <TEX>$5-15{\mu}M$</TEX> <TEX>$AgNO_3$</TEX> 첨가배지에서만 소수의 식물체가 분화되었다. 분화 식물체는 생장조절제를 첨가하지 않은 MS 배지로 옮겨 shoot생장과 발근을 유도한 다음, vermiculite와 perlite를 혼합한 인공토양에서 순화시킨 결과 88-100%의 생존율을 보였다. 생존 식물체들은 강모래:밭흙 (1:1, v/v)을 혼합한 토양에 정식한 후에도 양호한 생장을 보였으며, 모식물과 형태적으로 차이가 없었다. This work was conducted to establish an efficient plant regeneration system for genetic transformation and the in vitro conservation of Sedum sarmentosum genetic resources. Effects of glutamine and <TEX>$AgNO_3$</TEX> on plant regeneration between two genotypes were investigated using MS media supplemented with 0.2 mg/L NM and 3.0 mg/L BA. Calluses were formed on leaf explants placed on MS solid media supplemented with 3 mg/L 2,4-D and 1 mg/L BA. Calluses of Keumsan local strain produced shoots at a frequency of up to 100% after 50 days of culture on medium supplemented with glutamine. The highest number of shoots per callus was 17.6 at 350 mg/L glutamine. However, calluses of Wanju local strain gave rise to no shoots under the same culture conditions. Likewise, calluses of Keumsan local strain produced shoots at a frequency of up to 100% after 50 days of culture on medium supplemented with <TEX>$AgNO_3$</TEX> whereas Wanju local strain sporadically produced shoots. The highest number of shoots per callus of Keumsan local stain was 16.1 at <TEX>$15{\mu}M$</TEX> <TEX>$AgNO_3$</TEX>. Regenerated shoots were subcultured on hormone-free MS medium for rooting and shoot growth, and then 3-5 cm high plantlets were transplanted to the artificial soils comprising vermiculite and perlite, where they survived at a frequency of 88-100%. After being transplanted into upland soil:sand (1:1, v/v) in a greenhouse, regenerated plants showed a morphologically normal growth.

Novel megastigmanes with lipid accumulation inhibitory and lipid metabolism-promoting activities in HepG2 cells from Sedum sarmentosum

Four novel megastigmanes, neosedumosides I ( 1), II ( 2), III ( 3), and IV ( 4) were isolated from the whole plant of Sedum sarmentosum (Crassulaceae). Absolute stereostructures of these constituents were determined on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence. Among them, 1– 3 were found to show lipid accumulation inhibitory activity in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, 2 and 3 were found to also show lipid metabolism-promoting activity.