Sedum Aizoon Research Articles

Exposure to Gynura japonica (Thunb.) Juel plants induces hepatoxicity in rats and Buffalo rat liver cells

Ethnopharmacological relevanceGynura japonica (Thunb.) Juel is often confused with the non-pyrrolizidine alkaloid-producing herbs, Tu-San-Qi (Sedum aizoon L.) and San-Qi (Panax notoginseng L.), due to similarities in name, appearance, and medicinal use. It contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which cause over 50% of cases of hepatic sinus obstruction syndrome. However, the mechanisms underlying G. japonica-induced hepatotoxicity remain poorly understood. Aim of the studyIn this study, we aimed to investigate the toxic effects of a G. japonica decoction on liver and Buffalo rat liver (BRL) cells and elucidate the associated mechanisms. Materials and methodsThis study employed G. japonica decoction and examined its effects on liver function and tissue damage in Sprague–Dawley rats. Bioinformatics analysis was employed to identify gene expression and enriched pathways related to hepatotoxicity. Laser scanning confocal microscopy and flow cytometric annexin V/PI labeling assays were utilized to observe apoptosis in BRL cells induced by G. japonica. Transmission electron microscopy and JC-1 staining were used to determine the effects of G. japonica on mitochondrial ultrastructure and membrane potential in BRL cells. The bicinchoninic acid method and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to detect the expression of apoptosis-related proteins and caspase-3 activity, respectively. ResultsComparisons of body weight, liver histopathology, and serum liver function-related indices in rats, t showed that exposure to G. japonica may cause liver damage. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that hepatotoxicity might be related to apoptotic signaling pathways, the positive regulation of programmed cell death, and responses to toxic substances. BRL cells exposed to the G. japonica decoction exhibited mid-to late-stage apoptosis and necrosis, along with alterations in mitochondrial morphology and membrane potential. Furthermore, expression of cytochrome C (Cyt C) and pro-apoptotic proteins was increased, anti-apoptotic proteins decreased, and caspase-3 activity elevated. ConclusionsThese findings indicate that G. japonica-induced hepatotoxicity involves the activation of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. Our research enhances the scientific and theoretical foundation for clinical therapy and improves public awareness of the potential toxicity of herbal remedies.

Influence of flavonoids from Sedum aizoon L. on mitochondrial function of Rhizopus nigricans in strawberry.

Rhizopus nigricans (R. nigricans), one of the fungi that grows the fastest, is frequently discovered in postharvest fruits, it's the main pathogen of strawberry root rot. Flavonoids in Sedum aizoon L. (FSAL) is a kind of green and safe natural substance extracted from Sedum aizoon L. which has antifungal activity. In this study, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of FSAL on R. nigricans and cell apoptosis tests were studied to explore the inhibitory effect of FSAL on R. nigricans. The effects of FSAL on mitochondria of R. nigricans were investigated through the changes of mitochondrial permeability transition pore(mPTP), mitochondrial membrane potential(MMP), Ca2+ content, H2O2 content, cytochrome c (Cyt c) content, the related enzyme activity and related genes of mitochondria. The results showed that the MIC of FSAL on R. nigricans was 1.800mg/mL, with the addition of FSAL (1.800mg/mL), the mPTP openness of R. nigricans increased and the MMP reduced. Resulting in an increase in Ca2+ content, accumulation of H2O2 content and decrease of Cyt c content, the activity of related enzymes was inhibited and related genes were up-regulated (VDAC1, ANT) or down-regulated (SDHA, NOX2). This suggests that FSAL may achieve the inhibitory effect of fungi by damaging mitochondria, thereby realizing the postharvest freshness preservation of strawberries. This lays the foundation for the development of a new plant-derived antimicrobial agent.

Sedum aizoon L.: a review of its history, traditional uses, nutritional value, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and quality control.

In China, Russia, Mongolia, Japan, North Korea, and Mexico, Sedum aizoon L. (S. aizoon) is used as an edible plant. Up to now, over 234 metabolites, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, triterpenes, phytosterols, and alkaloids, among others, have been identified. In addition to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-fatigue, antimicrobial, anti-cancer, and hemostatic activities, S. aizoon is used for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. This paper provides an overview of the history, botany, nutritional value, traditional use, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and quality control of S. aizoon.

Transcriptomic analysis reveals the resistance mechanism of flavonoids from Sedum aizoon L. to Rhizopus nigricans in postharvest strawberry fruit

Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) is one of the most popular fruits worldwide, rich in vitamins and with extremely high nutritional value. However, the postharvest diseases of strawberries caused by pathogenic fungi reduced the commercial value and caused serious economic losses. Rhizopus nigricans (R. nigricans) is one of the fungal pathogens causing huge economic losses and potential food safety problems. Flavonoids from Sedum aizoon L. (FSAL) is an herbal medicine reported to have fungicidal activity. In this study, strawberries were treated with FSAL, analyzed the incidence and fruit quality, and their antioxidant enzymes, such as ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), polyphenol oxidase et al. (PPO), and peroxidase (POD). The results showed that exogenous FSAL treatment (especially at 30 h) enhanced strawberry resistance to R. nigricans, reduced disease incidence, maintained better fruit quality, and exhibited higher pathogen resistance-related defense enzyme activities. Further transcriptomic analysis of samples treated for 30 h revealed a total of 710 genes responsive to FSAL, and there were 510 and 200 genes identified as being substantially upregulated and downregulated, respectively. KEGG analysis indicated that FSAL treatment induced resistance in strawberry in relation to phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, and amino acid metabolism-related changes. The results of this study may reveal the mechanism of FSAL-induced resistance in strawberry and provide new theoretical foundation for the safe and efficient control of postharvest diseases in strawberry.

Combining network pharmacology and bioinformatics to identify bioactive compounds and potential mechanisms of action of Sedum aizoon L in the treatment of atherosclerosis

Sedum aizoon L (SL) is a medicinal plant containing several active components with anti-inflammatory, hemostatic, and blood pressure lowering effects. The aim of this research was to investigate the main pathways, mechanisms, and active components of SL to treat atherosclerosis (AS) through network pharmacology. The active ingredients and their targets of action were obtained by setting the active ingredient-screening conditions using SL as a keyword in the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) System Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform. The differentially expressed genes related to AS were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, and the targets related to the treatment of AS were retrieved from databases, such as DisGeNet and GENECARDs, and the targets of AS and SL were intersected using the Cytoscape software platform and applied to construct a drug–compound–target–pathway network map. Gene ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses, and protein–protein interaction were performed to explore the mechanisms of action of SL against AS. In all, 12 active ingredients were screened from the chemical composition of SL, among which myricetin, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, sitosterol, and beta-sitosterol were the major active ingredients for the anti-atherosclerotic effect of SL. Combining the active ingredient–target network and disease–target protein–protein interaction (PPI) network, GO and KEGG analysis, tumor necrosis factor signaling pathway, and interleukin-17 signaling pathway were the key pathways of action. SL acts as an anti-atherosclerotic agent through multiple chemical components, targets, and pathways. The active ingredients of SL mainly play the role of prevention and treatment of AS by inhibiting inflammatory response, as an antioxidant, and by lowering blood lipids, thereby providing the theoretical basis for its clinical use.

Peculiarities of seasonal development of species of the genera Sedum L. and Hylotelephium H. Ohba in the conditions of Kryvorizhzhia

Resulted results of research of seasonal development of species of the genera Sedum L. and Hylotelephium Н. Ohba in the conditions of Kryvorizhzhia during 2003–2021 years. In the conditions of the steppe zone of Ukraine, global climate changes are associated with rising temperatures and prolonged droughts, especially during the period of active vegetation of plants. This leads to the creation of stressful conditions for the vital activity of plants used in landscaping. In this regard, plants change the rhythms of growth and development, adapting to the climatic conditions of the area of growth. The limiting factors are mainly air temperature and daily photoperiod. The purpose of the work is to determine the phenology features of individual species of the genera Sedum and Hylotelephium at introduction into the Kryvyi Rih Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine under the influence of climate change. The objects of the study were Sedum aizoon L., S. album L., S. florіferum Praeg., S. hybridum L., S. reflexum L., S. spurium M. Bieb., S. takesimense Nakai, Hylotelephiuт ewersii (Ledeb.) H. Ohba, H. spectabile (Boreau) H. Ohba. The increase in annual air temperature caused changes in the timing and duration of certain phases of development of the vegetative and generative spheres. Accordingly, there was an increase in the growing season by 20–50 days. When introduced to the Kryvyi Rih Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, S. floriferum, S. takesimense and S. spurium change their phenotype from winter-green to spring-summer-autumn-green. It has been observed that S. album, S. reflexum, S. spurium, S. floriferum, S. hybridum and S. takesimense, which flower in July in their natural habitats, begin bloom in June аn Kryvorizhzhia, and in 2017–2021 the timing is accelerated – it is already the end of May–beginning of June. The difference in time reached 12–18 days. The average duration of flowering sedums was 22–30 days. During 2003–2021, the duration of flowering increased reliably in S. aizoon, S. floriferum and S. reflexum. In the conditions of Kryvorizhzhia, the species S. floriferum, S. takesimense and S. spurium change their development strategy – they do not vegetate in the winter period and bloom in June, which is not typical for them in the conditions of natural habitats. There is also a change in the flowering period to the early-summer period in S. album, S. reflexum and S. hybridum, which are summer-flowering. The identified features of the seasonal rhythm of development indicate a significant level of plasticity of the studied species.

Inhibitory Mechanism of Flavonoids from Sedum aizoon L. on Rhizopus nigricans.

Rhizopus nigricans is a widespread phytopathogen in fruits and vegetables that can cause considerable economic effects and resource waste. Flavonoids from Sedum aizoon L. (FSAL) have specific antifungal activities. This study selected FSAL as an antifungal to prolong the preservation of fruits and vegetables. The results showed that the mycelial morphology and ultrastructure were damaged by the FSAL treatment (1.0 minimum inhibitory concentration), led to the increase of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde, and affected the activity of key enzymes in the glycolytic pathway, such as lactic dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase, and hexokinase of R. nigricans. Key genes in glycolysis were upregulated or downregulated. In addition, in the treatment and control groups, 221 differentially expressed genes were found, including 89 that were upregulated and 32 that were downregulated, according to the transcriptome results. The differential genes were mainly enriched in glycolysis, pyruvate metabolism, and citrate cycle pathways. The results revealed some insights into the antifungal mechanism of FSAL against R. nigricans and offered a theoretical foundation for its advancement as a novel plant-derived antifungal agent.

Influences of flavonoids from Sedum aizoon L. on biofilm formation of Pseudomonas fragi.

Pseudomonas fragi (P. fragi) is one of the main categories of bacteria responsible for the spoilage of chilled meat. In the processing and preservation of chilled meat, it is easy to form biofilms on the meat, leading to the development of slime on the meat, which becomes a major quality defect. Flavonoids, as one of the critical components of secondary plant metabolites, are receiving increasing attention for their antibacterial activity. Flavonoids in Sedum aizoon L. (FSAL), relying on its prominent antibacterial activity, are of research importance in food preservation and other applications. This article aims to investigate the effect of FSAL on the biofilm formation of P. fragi, to better apply FSAL to the processing and preservation of meat products. The disruption of cellular structure and aggregation properties by FSAL was demonstrated by the observation of the cellular state within the biofilm. The amount of biofilm formation was determined by crystal violet staining, and the content of polysaccharides and proteins in the extracellular wrapped material was determined. It was shown that the experimental concentrations of FSAL (1.0 MIC) was able to inhibit biofilm formation and reduce the main components in the extracellular secretion. The swimming motility assay and the downregulation of flagellin-related genes confirmed that FSAL reduced cell motility and adhesion. The downregulation of cell division genes and the lowering of bacterial metabolic activity suggested that FSAL could hinder bacterial growth and reproduction within P. fragi biofilms. KEY POINTS: • FSAL inhibited the activity of Pseudomonas fragi in the dominant meat strain • The absence of EPS components affected the formation of P. fragi biofilms • P. fragi has reduced adhesion capacity due to impaired flagellin function.

Anti-oxidation and anti-fatigue effects of the total flavonoids of Sedum aizoon L.

In order to optimize the extraction process of total flavonoids of Sedum aizoon L. (TFS) and study its anti-oxidant and anti-fatigue activities. This study used single-factor and orthogonal tests to optimize the optimal extraction conditions for TFS and evaluate its anti-oxidant activity in vitro. The anti-fatigue activity of mice was evaluated by measuring their pole-climbing time and exhausted swimming time after mice given gavage for 30 days. Hepatic glycogen (HG)/Muscle glycogen (MG), Lactic acid (LD), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), Malondialdehyde (MDA), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and Catalase (CAT) were measured to explore possible causes of anti-fatigue. The results showed that TFS has good anti-oxidant activity in vitro and in vivo, and had significant anti-fatigue effects in mice. Therefore, TFS is thought to have an anti-fatigue effect by improving the body's oxidative stress response.

Influences of flavonoids from Sedum aizoon L. on the cell membrane of Botrytis cinerea

Botrytis cinerea is a plant pathogen, which affects the quality of fruits. However, chemical antifungal agents are extremely harmful to the environment, hence it's critical to create a natural plant-derived antifungal agent to replace chemical antifungal agents. The study explored the antifungal mechanisms of flavonoids from Sedum aizoon L. (FSAL) against B. cinerea. In the study, cell membrane served as an important breakthrough point. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of FSAL against B. cinerea was investigated. The propidium iodide (PI) staining observation of B. cinerea was explored. The activities of crucial enzymes involved in the metabolism were studied as well as the phospholipid and fatty acid changes. The expression of genes related to the membrane lipid metabolism was also measured. The results showed that FSAL had a certain inhibitory effect on B. cinerea and the MIC was 1.500 mg/mL. FSAL disrupted the cell membrane of B. cinerea, which decreased the contents of glutathione and proline at a low level as well as the membrane phospholipids. Compared with the control group, the activities of crucial enzymes were decreased, and the expression of key genes was reduced. It indicated that FSAL inhibited B. cinerea by disrupting its cell membrane, offering the possibility of a natural plant-derived antifungal agent for the preservation of fruits.

Optimization of enzymatic-assisted ultrasonic extraction process of total flavonoids from Sedum aizoon L. and its antioxidant activity

In order to optimize the enzymatic-assisted ultrasonic extraction method of total flavonoids from Sedum aizoon L., the effects of solid-liquid ratio, ethanol concentration, extraction temperature, extraction time, and ultrasound power on the extraction rate were investigated by single factor experiment. The optimum technological conditions for enzymatic-assisted ultrasonic extraction of total flavonoids from Sedum aizoon L. were as follows: solid-liquid ratio 1:55 (g/mL), ethanol volume fraction 60%, extraction temperature 45°C, extraction time 2 5 min, and ultrasound power 150 W. Under these conditions, the extraction rate of total flavonoids from Sedum aizoon L. could reach 10.77%. The antioxidant activity of flavonoids from Sedum aizoon L. was positively correlated with the concentration, and the greater the concentration, the stronger the antioxidant capacity. At a concentration of 0.96 mg/mL, the scavenging rate of the DPPH• radical reached 67.5%. The scavenging rate of the ABTs+• radical reached 55.8% at a concentration of 1.92 mg/mL.

To explore the active constituents of Sedum aizoon L in the treatment of coronary heart disease based on network pharmacology and molecular docking methodology.

There is a lack of effective drugs for the treatment of coronary heart disease (CHD). Sedum aizoon L (SL) has multiple effects, and there is no report on CHD in SL at present. The aim of this study is to explore the mechanisms of action of SL in the treatment of CHD based on network pharmacology and molecular docking technology. The targets and active ingredients of SL were screened using the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) database, and CHD-related targets were obtained by searching GeneCards and DisGeNet databases. The intersection of LS active ingredient targets and CHD targets was used to construct a "drug-ingredient-disease-target" network using the Cytoscape software. The STRING database was used to construct a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, and Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses were performed. Key targets and core active ingredients were selected and molecular docking was performed using the AutoDock software. According to the predicted results, a total of 134 corresponding target genes for LS, 12 active components, 1,704 CHD-related targets, and 52 intersecting targets were obtained. GO function and KEGG pathway analysis showed that the key targets were involved with signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), tumor protein p53 (TP53), and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA). The molecular docking results showed that the key targets bound to the important active ingredients in a stable conformation. The core active ingredients of LS in the treatment of CHD were determined to be ursolic acid, myricetin, and beta-sitosterol. SL may act on targets such as STAT3, TP53, and VEGFA through tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway, interleukin 17A (IL-17A) signaling pathway, AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications, and other related pathways, thereby playing a role in preventing and treating CHD.

Flavonoids from Sedum aizoon L. inhibit Botrytis cinerea by negatively affecting cell membrane lipid metabolism.

Botrytis cinerea is a highly destructive and widespread phytopathogen in fruits. The widespread use of chemical antifungal agents on fruits has aided in disease control while their long-term use has resulted in the emergence of resistant fungal strains. Flavonoids have a specific antifungal effect. The inhibitory effect and underlying mechanism of flavonoids from Sedum aizoon L. (FSAL) on B. cinerea were determined in this study. The results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration of FSAL against B. cinerea was 1.500mg/mL. FSAL treatment caused leakage of macromolecules such as nucleic acids, led to accumulation of malondialdehyde and relative oxygen species, and disrupted the ultrastructure of B. cinerea. The transcriptome results indicated that compared with the control group, there were 782 and 1330 genes identified as being substantially upregulated and downregulated, respectively, in the FSAL-treated group. The identified genes and metabolites were mostly involved in redox processes and glycerolipid and amino acid metabolism pathways. FSAL offer a promising choice for food prevention and safety. KEY POINTS: • FSAL negatively affects the glycerolipid metabolism of B. cinerea • FSAL minimum inhibitory concentration against B. cinerea was 1.500mg/mL • FSAL could be utilized as a new prevention strategy for gray mold in fruits.

Genomic analysis of intestinal flora and liver genes in mice with circadian rhythm disorders fed with flavonoids from Sedum aizoon L.

A traditional herb that is rich in active substances such as flavonoids, polyphenols and alkaloids, Sedum aizoon L. has antioxidant and preventive effects against chronic diseases. Circadian rhythm disorders are often accompanied by changes in intestinal flora, and flavonoids that can regulate intestinal flora may be an effective way to prevent and regulate circadian rhythm disorders. In this study, we established a humanized circadian rhythm mouse model to explore the regulatory mechanism of flavonoids from Sedum aizoon L.(FSAL) on circadian rhythm disorders in mice. The results after feeding FSAL for 4 weeks showed that FSAL improved the imbalance of intestinal microbial structure caused by circadian rhythm disorders, thus regulating alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, histidine metabolism and other metabolites and substances related to metabolism. The analysis of liver transcriptome showed that FSAL significantly regulated retinol metabolism, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors(PPARs) pathway, and hepatitis C pathway in mouse liver. Therefore, this study obtained the conclusion that FSAL can regulate intestinal flora, metabolites and liver genes to improve circadian rhythm disorders and maintain mouse health.

Transcriptomic analysis reveals antibacterial mechanism of flavonoids from Sedum aizoon L. against Pseudomonas fragi

Flavonoids in Sedum aizoon L. (FSAL) have been used traditional medicine due to its antibacterial properties and anti-inflammatory. In this study, the molecular mechanisms involved in the action of FSAL on Pseudomonas fragi ( P. fragi ) were investigated for the first time using the transcriptome. The results showed that FSAL treatment (1.0 MIC) disrupted the intracellular sulfate assimilation pathway and led to disturbances in glutathione redox homeostasis. A total of 298 genes were found to be responsive to FSAL, including 233 up-regulated and 65 down-regulated. The highlighted changes were those related to sulfur metabolism, ABC transporters, aminobenzoate degradation and benzoate degradation. In summary, the intervention of FSAL resulted in the disturbance of cellular metabolic processes and redox homeostasis, which inhibited P. fragi . The results revealed the mechanism of P. fragi inhibition under FSAL treatment, which could be helpful for the application of FSAL in food industry and food safety. • Transcriptome analysis of P. fragi in response to FSAL. • Sulfur metabolism is an important pathway to inhibit the growth of the P. fragi. • GSH is a key limiting factor in the sulfate assimilation pathway.

The regulatory effect of total flavonoids of Sedum aizoon L. on oxidative stress in type 1 diabetic mice

In this study, the optimal extraction conditions for the total flavonoids of Sedum aizoon L. (STF) were optimized by response surface methodology. Evaluation of the antioxidant in vitro of STF, and modulatory effects of glucolipid metabolism, and oxidative stress in mice with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). STF showed good antioxidant capacity in vitro. STF could improve glucolipid metabolism, organ coefficients, and antioxidant stress enzymes in T1DM mice effectively, reduce the damage to liver tissue, and regulate redox imbalance in the organism by modulating the Nrf2/Keap1/ARE signaling pathway. The results of this study could provide a theoretical reference for the application of Sedum aizoon L. in the development of auxiliary hypoglycemic functional foods and improvement of diabetes.

Response of soil bacterial community structure and function under two salt-tolerant plants in a coastal saline soil area of eastern Hebei province of China

The plants Feicai (Sedum aizoon L.) and dandelion(Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz.) have good salt tolerance, and can improve soil quality and the micro-ecological environment. Coastal saline-soil plots planted with S. aizoon and T. mongolicum and bare plots were used to explore their effects on the microbial community structure of coastal saline soil. The diversity and function of soil bacterial communities were analyzed using Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technology. The results showed that the α-diversity of soil bacterial communities were higher in planted than in bare plots, in the following order: T. mongolicum plot > S. aizoon plot > bare plot. The soil bacterial communities also changed after planting S. aizoon and T. mongolicum. The LDA effect size analysis showed that there were 37 indicator species among the three plot types. Correlation analysis of environmental factors showed that EC, AP, and OM were the main factors influencing bacterial community composition in this coastal saline soil. The PICRUSt functional prediction showed that the numbers of metabolic functions of bacterial communities were in the following order: T. mongolicum plot > S. aizoon plot > bare plot. The results provide a theoretical basis and plant species for developing salt-tolerant bacterial resources and phytoremediation of coastal saline soil.

Phytoremediation of secondary saline soil by halophytes with the enhancement of γ-polyglutamic acid

Soil salinization has severely affected the quality of tillage land in China, and most greenhouse soils in Shanghai suburb suffer from secondary salinization with high salinity levels dominated by Ca2+, Mg2+ and NO3−. In this work, a sandy loam soil (Calcaric Fluvisols) contaminated by the above ions was selected as research object, and the binding conditions and abilities of γ-polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA) to water-soluble Ca2+ and Mg2+ in the soil were examined, and then pot experiments were conducted to remove Ca2+, Mg2+ and NO3− by two halophytes (Sedum aizoon L., Sesbania cannabina Pers.) integrated with γ-PGA application. The results showed that under the conditions of adding 1000 mg L−1γ-PGA (pH 7) and 25 °C, the binding efficiencies of Ca2+ and Mg2+ were 51.59% and 68.03%, respectively. Compared with Sesbania cannabina Pers., Sedum aizoon L. displayed better remediation performance for the soil with γ-PGA application in pot experiments, and the removal efficiencies of Ca2+, Mg2+ and NO3− reached 93.25%, 94.78% and 84.26% after applying 1000 mg L−1γ-PGA for 56 d, respectively. Moreover, γ-PGA application could mitigate salt stress and promote plant growth, and activate antioxidant defense systems. Compared with the control, 1000 mg L−1γ-PGA application significantly increased plant height and fresh weight of Sedum aizoon L., and the removal efficiencies of Ca2+, Mg2+ and NO3− increased by 45.48%, 82.62% and 69.91%, respectively. In the future, more in-depth mechanism of joint effect and field-scale investigation need to be further studied.

Effect of Low temperature treatment on dormancy release of Sedum aizoon L.

The dormant Sedum aizoon L.seedlings were treated with different days(1d, 3d, 5d and 7d) of low temperature (5°C), and restored to grow for 40d (25°C).The growth indexes, photosynthetic characteristics and carbohydrate metabolism indexes were measured to compare the dormancy relieving effects of the seedlings. The results showed that Sedum aizoon L. was physiologic dormancy, and the effect was the best when it was treated at 5°C for 5 days, and the dormancy was completely relieved.

Effect of different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on Cadmium absorption of Sedum aizoon L

In order to investigate the effect of different arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on Cadmium (Cd) uptake of Sedum aizoon L.. Under Cd stress, five AM fungi (GMA, GM, GV, BEG167, BEG168) were inoculated to Sedum aizoon L. at 10 mg⋅kg−1 Cd concentration, and the growth, physiological indexes and Cd accumulation of Sedum aizoon L. under different treatments were measured. The results showed that: GMA fungi significantly increased the growth and biomass of Sedum aizoon L.; GMA and GM fungi significantly increased the proline content of Sedum aizoon L.; GMA and BEG168 fungi significantly reduced the Cd content of roots, stems and leaves. Therefore, under the Cd stress, inoculating GMA fungi can not only significantly improve the growth, biomass, but also significantly reduce the content of Cd in various parts of Sedum aizoon L., which has a certain value in practical production.