Sedentary Conditions Research Articles

A Proposal for a Noxious Stimuli-Free, Moderate-Intensity Treadmill Running Protocol to Improve Aerobic Performance in Experimental Research on Rats.

Background/Objectives: Animal models can help understand human physiological responses, including the response to exercise and physical activity. However, many of these models incorporate noxious stimuli for various scientific purposes. We propose a noxious stimuli-free treadmill running training program for Rattus norvegicus species to study adaptations to aerobic exercise. Methods: In this study, rats were randomly allocated to training (n = 20) and sedentary (n = 20) groups. The training group underwent a program consisting of 30-50 min of treadmill running at 60% intensity, three times per week for 8 weeks. Maximum speed tasks (Tmax) were conducted to determine, adjust, and evaluate changes in fitness conditions. The rats had one week of familiarization with the treadmill, and a rubber ball was used at the back wall of the lane as a painless stimulus to encourage running. All assessments were conducted by two independent researchers in a double-blind manner, with data analysis conducted by a third-blind investigator. Results: A significant effect of time (η2p = 0.430, p < 0.001, large effect) could be found, showing differences between Tmax1 and Tmax2, and between Tmax1 and Tmax3 in both groups. The training group significantly outperformed the sedentary group (η2p = 0.266, p < 0.001, large effect). There was a significant interaction between time and condition (η2p = 0.152, p < 0.001, large effect). Conclusions: The proposed moderate-intensity treadmill running program could effectively differentiate between trained and sedentary conditions within both the short period of 4 weeks and the extended period of 8 weeks. This protocol can be used as a model for running on a treadmill for Rattus norvegicus species without the use of noxious stimuli.

Wearable Applicability of Respiratory Airflow Transducers: Current Approaches and Future Directions.

Advanced technologies employed in modern respiratory airflow transducers have exhibited powerful capabilities in accurately measuring respiratory flow under controlled and sedentary conditions, particularly in clinical settings. However, the wearable applicability of these transducers as face-mounted electronics for use in occupational and sporting activities remains unexplored. The present review addresses the critical wearability issue associated with current respiratory airflow transducers, including pneumotachographs, orifice flowmeters, turbine flowmeters, hot wire anemometers, ultrasound flowmeters, and piezoelectric airflow transducers. Furthermore, a comprehensive analysis and comparison of all factors that impact the wearable applicability of respiratory airflow transducers are conducted, considering dynamic accuracy, long-term usability, power consumption, calibration frequency, and cleaning requirements. The findings indicate that the piezoelectric airflow transducer stands out as a more viable option for wearables compared to other devices. We expect that this review will serve as a valuable engineering reference, guiding future research efforts in designing and developing wearable respiratory airflow transducers for ambulatory respiratory flow monitoring.

Correlation between physical activity and anthropometric measurements among children and adolescents

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to measure the association between the level of physical activity and sedentary conditions with anthropometric measurements of children and adolescents. MethodsThis cross-sectional descriptive study consisted of a convenience sample of 400 children and adolescents from public schools in Itapevi-SP, Brazil. The Physical Activity Checklist Interview or LAF “Lista de Atividades Físicas” in a Brazilian version, was administered in a face-to-face interview on a school day and allowed assessment of sedentary behavior and physical activity on the previous day. Anthropometric measurements included body weight, sex, age, and lower limb posture. The participants were photographed in the frontal and sagittal planes, and the photos were analyzed using postural assessment software (PAS/SAPO). Pearson's tests were applied to analyze correlations. ResultsChildren and adolescents show a greater tendency toward valgus knees with increasing body mass (r = ‒0.33). On average, girls have a larger Q angle. Ankles are less likely to become valgus with increasing age and mass (r = ‒0.18 and ‒0.23, respectively). The horizontal alignment of the pelvis is mostly in anteversion with a significant increase with age (r = 0.27) and a slight increase with mass (r = 0.15). The knee and ankle tend to be less hyperextended and more dorsiflexed from the age of 10, with no correlation with the other variables. It was not possible to observe a clear relationship between the time spent in physical activity and sedentary behavior and the postural angles mentioned above. ConclusionAlthough correlations were found between age, sex and body mass, and postural angles, notably pelvis alignment, Q angle, knee, ankle, sex, and body weight, there was no correlation between the time spent in physical activity, sedentary behavior, and lower limb posture.

Obesity Promotes Marrow-Derived Myeloid Cell Accumulation while Exercise Reduces Proliferative Signaling in Colon Cancer.

Obesity increases colon cancer risk that has been previously linked to marrow-derived myeloid cells. We previously demonstrated that exercise training (EX) prevents colon cancer initiation, potentially through reduced myelopoiesis. However, it remains unknown whether early myeloid cell accumulation and inflammation in the colon precedes carcinogenesis with high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, and if EX can attenuate these effects. We hypothesized that obesity would promote colon carcinogenesis that was preceded by myeloid cell accumulation and inflammation that would be attenuated by EX. C57BL/6 mice were randomized to a HFD or control (CON) diet for 8 weeks. The HFD mice switched to CON diet and all mice were given intraperitoneal injections of azoxymethane (AOM) to induce colon cancer and randomized into EX or sedentary (SED) conditions. HFD mice developed more aberrant crypt foci (ACF), a marker for early carcinogenesis, compared to CON (p < 0.01), and EX developed fewer ACF compared to SED (p < 0.0001). Marrow-derived (p < 0.001) CD206+ macrophages were elevated in HFD compared to CON at study week 16 (p < 0.01). Marrow-derived CD206- macrophages (p < 0.05) and marrow-derived (p < 0.05) CD206+ macrophages were more abundant in HFD compared to CON at study week 42. EX did not alter colon immune cell populations. β-Catenin protein was higher in HFD compared to CON at study week 42 (p < 0.05), and STAT3 protein content was lower at study week 28 with EX compared to SED (p < 0.05). The results suggest that obesity promotes colon ACF formation, potentially through early inflammatory myeloid cell accumulation. Despite attenuating ACF, EX did not alter myeloid cell accumulation in the colon, suggesting that EX inhibits ACF formation through alternative mechanisms which may include reduced β-Catenin and STAT3 signaling.

Mediterranean Diet adherence, physical activity level, and quality of life in patients affected by thyroid diseases: Comparison between pre- and post-lockdown assessment

Background: SARS-CoV-2 pandemic resulted in lifestyle change of world’s population because of the measures adopted by governments to contain the virus spread. Design and Methods: This study examined whether lockdown impacted anthropometric indices, Mediterranean Diet (MD) adherence, Physical Activity Level (PAL), and Quality of Life (SF-12) in a cohort of 116 patients (96 F, aged 57.2 ± 13.1 years) affected by thyroid disorders. Before lockdown, data were collected during the endocrinological examination; after lockdown they were collected through a tele-phone interview (via video call). Results: Data revealed an overweight condition in 59% of patients, with no significant differences between the two observations (BMI values: 26.5 ± 4.9 vs 26.6 ± 4.9 kg/m2), whereas waist circumference values significantly increased over time (93.3 ± 12.6 vs 94.4 ± 12.5 cm; p = 0.003). Moreover, a lower adherence to the MD (PREDIMED score: 7.3 ± 1.8 vs 7.0 ± 1.8; p = 0.003) and a significant increase of sitting time (6.4 ± 3.2 h/die vs 9.0 ± 4.2; p &lt; 0.001) were observed. A not significant decrease in PAL, which revealed a sedentary condition in pre- and post-lockdown (648 and 562 METs/week respectively), was found. The SF-12 score did not show relevant changes between the two observations. Conclusion: Our study highlights that patients with thyroid diseases are often sedentary and exhibit a high prevalence of over-weight, underscoring the need for a systematic anthropometric evaluation and, at times, lifestyle interventions.

Gestational physical activity alters offspring brain APP processing in an age-specific manner.

Maternal exercise is beneficial for offspring brain development. Amyloid precursor protein (APP) influences neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity. Cleavage products of APP are implicated in the proliferation of neural progenitor cells and neuronal network development. Our study aimed to investigate differences in APP processing in active or sedentary offspring of dams who were exposed to voluntary wheel running with and without a western diet throughout gestation. Female Wistar rats (7-8 weeks old) were fed a normal chow or western diet and randomized into voluntary wheel run or sedentary conditions. Dams returned to sedentary conditions post-parturition. The pups were weaned at 6 weeks after which point half of the samples were collected, while the rest of the pups remained on a normal diet, separated into sedentary or voluntary wheel run groups, and collected 12 weeks later. In utero exposure to maternal exercise was associated with higher neuronal nuclear protein, higher soluble APPα and lower soluble APPβ in offspring prefrontal cortex tissue at 6, but not 18 weeks of age. Neuronal nuclear protein is exclusive to mature neurons implying that offspring of mothers who exercised could have more neuron maturation potentially influenced by the higher APPα content at this early developmental stage. The voluntary wheel run offspring groups had a higher mature/pro brain derived neurotrophic factor ratio compared to the sedentary counterparts. The maternal effects were isolated to the juvenile 6-week-old pups, while the differences in the adult offspring were caused by their own exercise status.

Influences of Ruminococcus bromii and Peptostreptococcaceae on voluntary exercise behavior in a rodent model

IntroductionThis study investigates the relationship between the gut microbiome and voluntary exercise, focusing on wheel running activity in a rat model. The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in host physiology, homeostasis, and behavior. Alterations in the gut microbiome have been linked to various pathological states and health conditions, including obesity.MethodsGiven the strong association between physical inactivity and obesity development, our study aimed to identify microbiome factors associated with elevated levels of voluntary exercise. Male Sprague Dawley rats were used in the 4-week exercise paradigm in which voluntary wheel running behavior was monitored alongside weekly microbiome sampling from fecal pellets.ResultsWe observed individual differences in running activity among the cohort. Significant positive correlations in running distance were identified across the 4-week time course, suggesting that running activity ranking was largely preserved. Furthermore, earlier running activity emerged as a potential predictor for subsequent running behaviors. Analysis of gut microbiome revealed that alpha diversity was positively correlated with daily running distances, with significant differences in beta diversity observed between high and low running groups. Taxonomic analysis showed distinct abundance differences between running and sedentary conditions, particularly in the Ruminococcaceae and Peptostreptococcaceae families.DiscussionOur results suggest that the microbiome composition changes significantly early in exercise exposure, potentially influencing exercise behavior. Ruminococcaceae, particularly R. bromii, was identified as a significant contributor to exercise adaptation, while Peptostreptococcaceae was inversely related to running performance as well as alpha diversity. This study underscores the potential of the gut microbiome as a modulator of exercise behavior. Future research should focus on the biological mechanisms linking microbiome changes to exercise adaptation, with R. bromii and Peptostreptococcus as promising candidates for influencing exercise behaviors through future interventional studies.

Effect of Stanozolol and/or Cannabis Abuse on Hypertrophic Mechanism and Oxidative Stress of Male Albino Rat Cardiac Tissue in Relation to Exercise: A Sport Abuse Practice

Adolescents commonly co-abuse many drugs including anabolic androgenic steroids either they are athletes or non-athletes. Stanozolol is the major anabolic used in recent years and was reported grouped with cannabis. The current study aimed at evaluating the biochemical and histopathological changes related to the hypertrophic effects of stanozolol and/or cannabis whether in condition of exercise practice or sedentary conditions. Adult male Wistar albino rats received either stanozolol (5 mg/kg, s.c), cannabis (10 mg/kg, i.p.), and a combination of both once daily for two months. Swimming exercise protocol was applied as a training model. Relative heart weight, oxidative stress biomarkers, cardiac tissue fibrotic markers were evaluated. Left ventricular morphometric analysis and collagen quantification was done. The combined treatment exhibited serious detrimental effects on the heart tissues. It increased heart tissue fibrotic markers (Masson’s trichrome stain (p < 0.001), cardiac COL3 (p < 0.0001), and VEGF-A (p < 0.05)), lowered heart glutathione levels (p < 0.05) and dramatically elevated oxidative stress (increased malondialdehyde (p < 0.0001) and 8-OHDG (p < 0.0001)). Training was not ameliorating for the observed effects. Misuse of cannabis and stanozolol resulted in more hypertrophic consequences of the heart than either drug alone, which were at least largely assigned to oxidative stress, heart tissue fibrotic indicators, histological alterations, and morphometric changes.

Physical activity mitigates serotonin and oxidative stress-associated mesenteric arterial endothelial dysfunction in obesity

Introduction: Serotonin (5-HT) signaling may play a role in modulating vascular endothelial function. Obesity-induced oxidative stress causes the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We aimed to investigate the protective effect of voluntary wheel running (EX) on serotonin receptor (5-HT1B) and oxidative stress in the mesenteric artery of obese mice. Methods: Mice were randomly divided into four groups. They were fed a control low-fat diet (LF) or high-fat diet (HF; 45% of calories from fat) and provided with voluntary wheel running (LF-EX or HF-EX) or a sedentary condition. The protein expressions of phosphorylated-endothelial nitric oxide synthase (p-eNOS), 5-HT1B receptor, Akt, and proteins regulating oxidative stress were quantified by Western blot analysis. Statistical comparisons between groups were performed with two-way ANOVA with Fisher’s LSD test. Results: The protein expressions of p-eNOS, 5-HT1B receptor, and p-Akt in HF were lower compared to LF, but EX increased the protein levels ( P &lt; 0.05). NOX2 in HF was higher compared to LF, but EX decreased it ( P &lt; 0.05). SOD1, SOD2, and UCP2 in HF were lower compared to LF, but EX increased the protein levels ( P &lt; 0.05). There was no difference in expressions of Akt, Gαq/11, NOX4, and VDUP1 between groups. Conclusion: Voluntary wheel running improves e-NOS-mediated vascular endothelial function possibly via increased 5-HT1B receptors and reduced oxidative stress, which could mitigate the risk of obesity-induced CVD. This study was supported by grants from the Cardiovascular Research Foundation Asia (#16215 to Y. P.) and the University of Houston (Small Grant Program to Y. P.). This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

A brief bout of moderate intensity physical activity improves preadolescent children's behavioral inhibition but does not change their energy intake.

Children in rural communities consume more energy-dense foods relative to their urban peers. Identifying effective interventions for improving energy intake patterns are needed to address these geographic disparities. The primary aim of this study was to harness the benefits of physical activity on children's executive functioning to see if these improvements lead to acute changes in eating behaviors. In a randomized crossover design, 91 preadolescent (8-10y; M age = 9.48 ± 0.85; 50.5% female; 85.7% White, 9.9% Multiracial, 9.9% Hispanic) children (86% rural) completed a 20-minute physical activity condition (moderate intensity walking) and time-matched sedentary condition (reading and/or coloring) ~ 14 days apart. Immediately following each condition, participants completed a behavioral inhibition task and then eating behaviors (total energy intake, relative energy intake, snack intake) were measured during a multi-array buffet test meal. After adjusting for period and order effects, body fat (measured via DXA), and depressive symptoms, participants experienced significant small improvements in their behavioral inhibition following the physical activity versus sedentary condition (p = 0.04, Hedge's g = 0.198). Eating behaviors did not vary by condition, nor did improvements in behavioral inhibition function as a mediator (ps > 0.09). Thus, in preadolescent children, small improvements in behavioral inhibition from physical activity do not produce acute improvements in energy intake. Additional research is needed to clarify whether the duration and/or intensity of physical activity sessions would produce different results in this age group, and whether intervention approaches and corresponding mechanisms of change vary by individual factors, like age and degree of food cue responsivity.

Experimental study on thermo-physiological differences between children and adults during indoor sedentary conditions

Previous research has shown that children prefer cooler environments and have lower thermal sensitivity than adults. This disparity may be attributed to physiological differences between these age groups. However, studies are scarce that specifically measure children's physiological parameters. In this study, we measured the physiological parameters of children aged 6–9 years and their parents, concurrently collecting their thermal comfort votes. Measured physiological parameters include metabolic rate, blood flow, body composition, core temperature, blood oxygen, heart rate, skinfold thickness, and skin temperature.We found that the average metabolic rate of the measured children was 1.20 met, 39% higher than the measured adults who had their average metabolic rate as 0.86 met. Children consistently exhibited higher metabolic rates than their own parents. Children were observed to have less body fat and thinner skin folds compared to adults. Additionally, children exhibited higher skin temperatures in core areas, elevated heart rates, and quicker recovery of skin blood flow and local skin temperature after experiencing cold exposure on hand compared to adults. These characteristics reveal children's superior thermoregulatory abilities, explaining their preference for cooler environments and reduced thermal sensitivity. Besides, no gender difference was observed in the thermal physiology of the measured children.All of the distinctive thermal physiological traits of children underscore the necessity of specific criteria for evaluating the thermal comfort of children.

Influence of sex and sedentary conditions on sympathetic burst characteristics in prepubertal, postpubertal, and young adult rats.

Recent evidence indicates that sex-based differences in cardiovascular disease (CVD) begin early in life, particularly when associated with risk factors such as a sedentary lifestyle. CVD is associated with elevated sympathetic nerve activity (SNA), quantified as increased SNA burst activity in humans. Whether burst characteristics are influenced by sex or sedentary conditions at younger ages is unknown. The purpose of our study is to compare SNA bursts in active and sedentary female and male rats at ages including prepuberty and young adulthood. We hypothesized that burst characteristics and blood pressure are higher under sedentary conditions and lower in female rats compared with males. We analyzed splanchnic SNA (SpSNA) recordings from Inactin-anesthetized male and female rats at 4-, 8-, and 16-wk of age. Physically active and sedentary rats were each housed in separate, environmentally controlled chambers where physically active rats had free access to an in-cage running wheel. Sympathetic bursts were obtained by rectifying and integrating the raw SpSNA signal. Burst frequency, burst height, and burst width were calculated using the Peak Parameters extension in LabChart. Our results showed that sedentary conditions produced a greater burst width in 8- and 16-wk-old rats compared with 4-wk-old rats in both males and females (P < 0.001 for both). Burst frequency and incidence were both higher in 16-wk-old males compared with 16-wk-old females (P < 0.001 for both). Our results suggest that there are sedentary lifestyle- and sex-related mechanisms that impact sympathetic regulation of blood pressure at ages that range from prepuberty into young adulthood.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The mechanisms of decreased incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in reproductive-age women compared with age-matched men are unknown. The strong association between elevated sympathetic activity and CVD led us to characterize splanchnic sympathetic bursts in female and male rats. Prepubescent males and females exhibited narrower sympathetic bursts, whereas young adult males had higher resting burst frequency compared with age-matched females. Sex-based regulation of sympathetic activity suggests a need for sex-dependent therapeutic strategies to combat CVD.

Predicting survival time for cold exposure by thermoregulation modeling

BackgroundExtreme temperatures are becoming increasingly common due to global warming. Extreme cold and heat events lead to an increase in mortality rates. More deaths occur in cold weather as a result of hypothermia. However, the change progress of body core temperature and the survival time during cold exposure has yet to be extensively studied. ObjectivesTo establish a mathematical thermoregulatory model for prolonged cold air exposure and to propose a method for predicting survival time under sedentary conditions. MethodsWe extended the classical multi-segment multi-node human thermoregulatory model by considering the effects of thermoregulatory fatigue on shivering and vasoconstriction based on the variable setpoint theory. The core threshold temperatures and the sensitivity of the responses decreased with the degree of fatigue (fa). The model was then used to systematically examine the effects of environmental parameters on the time course of body core temperature in the development of fatal hypothermia. A new wind chill index was constructed based on the simulated data of our thermoregulatory model to estimate the survival time. ResultsOur extended thermoregulatory model predicted that during prolonged cold air exposures, body core temperature would decrease in three distinct stages: an initial decrease due to uncompensated cooling load, an equilibrium plateau due to shivering, and a final rapid drop due to thermoregulatory fatigue. Fatal hypothermia occurred at the third stage due to impaired shivering and vasoconstriction caused by fatigue. Lower air temperature and higher air speed can accelerate the occurrence of hypothermia. We proposed a predictive equation for survival time, i.e., the maximum endurance time before fatal hypothermia occurs, which is an exponential function of the wind chill index, and the newly defined wind chill index considers the contribution from both air temperature and air speed. ConclusionsWe suggest a new thermoregulatory model to predict the fatal hypothermia due to thermoregulatory fatigue during cold air exposure. We proposed a survival time chart based on a new wind chill index, which can be used to alert the early risk of fatal hypothermia during extreme cold events.

The Effects of Breaking Up Prolonged Sitting on Cognitive Performance in Middle‐Aged and Older Adults: Dose Response Analysis of a Randomized Crossover Trial

AbstractBackgroundSedentary behavior (SED) is highly prevalent and associated with poor health outcomes and cognitive decline, independent of physical activity (PA). Studies have established the harmful effects on cognition and information processing, and while PA guidelines endorse reducing SED, they fail to address how often SED should be broken up, and for how long. The purpose of this study is to assess how frequently and for how long SED should be disrupted with light‐intensity physical activity (PA) to offset the effects on cognitive performance.MethodA randomized crossover study of n = 11 middle and older aged adults (&gt;45 years) completed five 8‐hour visits: a sedentary (control) condition and four experimental conditions with varied walking (1.9 mph, 0% grade) frequency and durations: every 30 minutes for 1 minute, every 30 minutes for 5 minutes, every 60 minutes for 1 minute, and every 60 minutes for 5 minutes. Cognition was assessed at baseline, 4 hours, and 6 hours via the Single Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), a validated cognitive performance measure that assesses information processing speed and accuracy.ResultCompared with control, there was significant improvement in SDMT score for the every 30 minutes for 5 minutes dose (net difference compared to control: 3.1 [SE: 1.4], p‐value = 0.034), every 60 minutes for 1 minute dose (net difference compared to control: 3.4 [SE: 1.4], p‐value = 0.016), and every 60 minutes for 5 minutes dose (net difference compared to control: 3.3 [SE: 1.4], p‐value = 0.017). The effect on SDMT was not statistically significant for the every 30 minutes for 1 minute dose, but a positive trend was observed (net difference compared to control: 2.6 [SE: 1.4], p‐value = 0.069).ConclusionThere was a significant effect of breaking up SED on SDMT scores with light intensity walking for both low frequency breaks (1 minute every 60 minutes and for 5 minutes every 60 minutes) and high frequency breaks (5 minutes every 60 minutes). This suggests that even brief breaks in SED may offset harmful effects on cognitive performance. This result provides a specific and achievable mechanism for offsetting the harm caused by SED on cognitive performance.

Physical Activity, Bleedings and Quality of Life in Patients with Haemophilia a without Inhibitors - a Multicenter, Observational Italian Study with a Wearable Device

Introduction: Haemophilia A (HA) is characterized by spontaneous or traumatic recurrent bleedings, especially in joints and muscles, which can cause haemophilic arthropathy, impaired function, and in turn, reduce physical and social activities and negatively impact the quality of life (Franchini M at al., Semin Thromb Hemost, 2022 Nov; Mannucci PM et al., N Engl J Med, 2001 Jun). Despite regular physical activity (PA) being strongly recommended by guidelines as a key element to improve well-being and mental health, the perception of an associated increased risk of bleeding and bleed-related issues discourage people with hemophilia A (PWHA) (Makris M at al, Haemophilia, 2013 Jan; Matlary RED at al., Haemophilia, 2022 Nov; Srivastava A et al., Haemophilia, 2020 Aug 1) Methods: This cohort study (NCT04165135 - POWER) is a multicenter study conducted in 18 investigational Italian sites aimed at gathering data on activity status, bleeding, QoL, and health status, through the use of a wearable device and an ePRO app, in individuals with moderate or severe HA without inhibitors receiving standard of care (SoC) treatment. This population was observed for 12 months or up to 18 months if the therapy with a newly approved product was initiated during the study. The study started in January 2020 and has been completed in April 2022 with the last data collection. Results: A total of 103 male patients represented the Intention To Treat Population (ITT). Of them, 97 (94.2%) had severe (FVIII &amp;lt;1%) and 6 (5.8%) moderate (FVIII 1-2%) HA without inhibitors. They were aged 12-50 years (17, 16.5% aged 12-17 years [adolescents]; 46, 44.7% aged 18-30 years [young], and 40, 38.8% aged 31-50 years [adults]); 21 subjects switched to a newly approved agent for HA during the study and were followed for additional six months after the switch. Eighty-eight (85%) completed the study. The primary outcome measures included the duration and type of PA, distance covered, calories burned, body weight, heart rate, sleep data, active minutes, metabolic equivalents for tasks (METs), and step counts. The secondary measurements included the documentation of PA by type and intensity, the description of the population in terms of adherence to WHO Guidelines, disease severity, and treatment regimen for HA, health status, joint health status, and BMI. PA data were collected continuously through a fitness tracker worn by the patient. HRQoL questionnaires, joint health assessments, intensity of pain and bleeding episodes were recorded by the patient through an ePRO app (Petracca F. at al., JMIR Form Res 2021) Only 54/103 subjects (52.4%), which represented the Evaluable Population (EVL), were using the fitness tracker for at least 10 hours in 50% of their days for a period of at least 6 months in the study; adolescents were the least compliant age group. The fitness tracker's analysis of the type of activity collected showed low weekly rates for all activities (no differences in the different physical activities). High-intensity physical activities were poorly represented in all the subgroups. Approximately 51% of the subjects (including all adolescents) had sedentary behavior (Figure1). The mean METs per day were lower in adults. The EQ-5D utility score did not change during the observational period. The mean EQ-5D VAS progressively worsened, indicating a situation of discomfort and pain during the study. The results of HRQoL showed that a sedentary condition was associated with a worse quality of life, a higher risk of hospitalization, and a worse joint status compared to active patients. At least one bleeding (mean 2.9; median 2.0) was reported in 43.7% of the subjects (Figure 2), with a higher proportion in sedentary than active subjects. The physical activity in the 2 days preceding the bleeding was comparable to the one observed in the overall observational period. Adherence to the treatment regimen was quite poor overall (mean 55%) and only 26.2% of the subjects had an adherence ≥ 80%. Conclusion: The results from this study show that patients with HA without inhibitors have a lower-than-expected physical activity. Despite the poor PA, around half of the subjects reported bleeds, especially in the sedentary population. This suggests that other causes than PA, such as treatment adherence and type of treatment, might affect the number, frequency, and severity of bleedings. This study has been sponsored and financially supported by Roche Italy.

Exercise performance is not improved in mice with skeletal muscle deletion of natriuretic peptide clearance receptor.

Natriuretic peptides (NP), including atrial, brain, and C-type natriuretic peptides (ANP, BNP, and CNP), play essential roles in regulating blood pressure, cardiovascular homeostasis, and systemic metabolism. One of the major metabolic effects of NP is manifested by their capacity to stimulate lipolysis and the thermogenesis gene program in adipocytes, however, in skeletal muscle their effects on metabolism and muscle function are not as well understood. There are three NP receptors (NPR): NPRA, NPRB, and NPRC, and all three NPR genes are expressed in skeletal muscle and C2C12 myocytes. In C2C12 myocytes treatment with either ANP, BNP, or CNP evokes the cGMP signaling pathway. Since NPRC functions as a clearance receptor and the amount of NPRC in a cell type determines the signaling strength of NPs, we generated a genetic model with Nprc gene deletion in skeletal muscle and tested whether enhancing NP signaling by preventing its clearance in skeletal muscle would improve exercise performance in mice. Under sedentary conditions, Nprc skeletal muscle knockout (MKO) mice showed comparable exercise performance to their floxed littermates in terms of maximal running velocity and total endurance running time. Eight weeks of voluntary running-wheel training in a young cohort significantly increased exercise performance, but no significant differences were observed in MKO compared with floxed control mice. Furthermore, 6-weeks of treadmill training in a relatively aged cohort also increased exercise performance compared with their baseline values, but again there were no differences between genotypes. In summary, our study suggests that NP signaling is potentially important in skeletal myocytes but its function in skeletal muscle in vivo needs to be further studied in additional physiological conditions or with new genetic mouse models.

O073 The Relationship between Circadian type and Physical Activity on Cognitive Performance during Simulated Nightshifts: A Randomised Controlled Trial.

Abstract Introduction Physical activity might be a nonphotic strategy which could improve cognitive performance for nightshift workers. Innate characteristics like circadian type may also influence individual performance. Thus, this study explores the relationship between circadian type and physical activity on cognition over consecutive nightshifts. Methods Thirty-two healthy adults (age M±SD: 24.3±4.6 years; 19 females) participated in a 7-day laboratory study, with 5 nightshifts (2200-0600). Participants were randomised into the Breaking up sitting (BUS; n=19) or Sedentary (SED; n=13) condition. Overnight, BUS participants completed 3-min bouts of light-intensity walking every 30-min, while SED participants remained seated. At 2200, 0000, 0200, 0400 and 0600, participants completed the 10-min Psychomotor Vigilance Task (mean RRT). Participants completed the 11-item revised Circadian Type Inventory (factor 1: rigid/flexible; factor 2: languid/vigorous), resulting in four-subgroups (rigid; n= 12, flexible; n= 11, and languid; n= 11, vigorous; n= 13). Participants may only be one type from either factor (i.e. rigid and vigorous). Results Linear mixed models showed a significant 3-way interaction between nightshift (1-5), condition (BUS, SED), and circadian type (rigid/flexible) for mean RRT (p=0.03), such that flexible types in the Breaking up sitting condition outperformed Sedentary flexible types and Breaking up sitting rigid types, with performance worse on the first nightshift. There were no significant interactions between nightshift, condition and circadian type (languid/vigorous). Discussion Breaking up sitting improved performance for flexible types over rigid types. These findings have significant implications for nightshift rostering, suggesting that incorporating breaking up sitting may optimise cognitive performance, and therefore work efficiency.

Outdoor Education, Integrated Soccer Activities, and Learning in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Project Aimed at Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda

This research aims to promote motor activity in children with autism spectrum disorder through the development of an adapted integrated soccer project played outdoors. The project is carried out in collaboration with the nonprofit “Smile Association” of the city of Frosinone (Lazio-Italy) and the Pegaso and Parthenope Universities. The main purpose of the Smile Association is to provide an educational and sports service in an area poorly provided with opportunities for children with intellectual disabilities, allowing them to change their predominantly sedentary condition and, through corporeality, to improve cognitive, affective, and relational processes. Participation in sports activities allows for the development of motor skills, social interactions, and cognitive stimulation. There is a need for available resources and programs dedicated exclusively to children with ASD to help them develop social, motor, and cognitive skills. One of the programs that might be helpful is a structured group play program involving physical activity. In addition, through the project, a dense social network has been activated between the third sector, sports companies, and local health authorities. The project aims to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda in Articles 3, 4, and 11. This paper describes the correlation between learning and motor activity. According to the hypotheses of this research, integrated soccer activity implements cognitive skills, particularly those related to memory for visual stimuli and to the theory of mind, as well as sense-motor skills. Work carried out to improve attentional skills can reduce stereotypical behaviours. The results showed that continuous and regular engagement in motor activities has positive health outcomes for children with autism in terms of reduced symptomatology and improved quality of life. A total of 108 statistical units (the control group consisted of 18 statistical units, and the sample comprised 90 participants) aged 8 to 11 years were examined. The project is aimed at girls (in compliance with Art. 5 regarding gender equality); however, the participants identified by the local health authority are predominantly male.

Sequential biofluid sampling microfludic multi-sensing patch for more accurate sweat analysis under sedentary condition

Wearable sweat sensors hold immense potential for continuous monitoring of physiological parameters non-invasively. However, environmental and physiological changes may lead to reduced sweating, making iontophoresis-induced sweat analysis a more attractive and feasible option for easy-sampling in daily life. Nevertheless, this approach also faces challenges such as analyte concentration being affected by sweat rate variance and sweat dilution. To address these challenges, we have developed a multi-sensing patch for iontophoresis-stimulated sweat detection under sedentary conditions. The platform integrated electrochemical sensor arrays with microfluidic components for a rapid collection and in situ measurement including metabolites (glucose and ethanol) and electrolytes (Na+ and pH) in sweat. The designed microfluidic patch, capable of sequential sweat collection, significantly improved the signal stability at low sweat rate and its performance was verified by software simulation, in vitro analysis, and on-body signal monitoring. Overall, this microfluidic sensing patch opens an exciting avenue for analyzing the perspiring condition of sedentary individuals, making it an attractive option for point-of-care testing applications.

Elevated liver glycogenolysis mediates higher blood glucose during acute exercise in Barth syndrome.

Male TAFAZZIN shRNA transgenic (TG) and wild-type (WT) mice completed exhaustive treadmill running protocols to test exercise tolerance. Mice underwent 2H- and 13C-stable isotope infusions at rest and during a 30-minute treadmill running bout to quantify hepatic glucose production and associated nutrient fluxes under sedentary conditions and during acute exercise. Circulating and tissue (skeletal muscle and liver) samples were obtained during and following exercise to assess static metabolite levels. TG mice reached exhaustion sooner during exhaustive treadmill running protocols and exhibited higher plasma lactate concentrations after exhaustive exercise compared to WT mice. Arterial glucose levels were comparable between genotypes at rest, but higher in TG mice compared to WT mice during exercise. Consistent with the higher blood glucose, TG mice showed increased endogenous glucose production owing to elevated glycogenolysis compared to WT mice during exercise. Total gluconeogenesis, gluconeogenesis from glycerol, gluconeogenesis from phosphoenolpyruvate, pyruvate cycling, total cataplerosis, and anaplerotic fluxes were similar between TG and WT mice at rest and during exercise. However, lactate dehydrogenase flux and TCA cycle fluxes trended higher in TG mice during exercise. Liver glycogen content in TG was higher in TG vs. controls. Our data in the Tafazzin knockdown mouse suggest that elevated anaerobic metabolism during rest and exercise previously reported in humans with BTHS are supported by the finding of higher hepatic glycogenolysis.