Secure Communication Protocol Research Articles

Retraction Note: Improved encryption protocol for secure communication in trusted MANETs against denial of service attacks

Retraction Note: Improved encryption protocol for secure communication in trusted MANETs against denial of service attacks

An Anonymous Authentication and Secure Communication Protocol in Ad-Hoc Networks

Abstract: The one-time pad (OTP) stable transmission is based at the random keys to acquire best secrecy, whilst the unpredictable wi-fi channel is proven to be an awesome random source. There is only a few paintings of the joint layout of OTP and key era from wi-fi channels. This paper presents a complete and quantitative research on stable transmission accomplished with the use of using OTP and wi-fi channel randomness. We recommend OTP stable transmission schemes, i.e., Identical Keyprimarily based totally Physical Layer Secure Transmission (IK-PST) and Un-Same Key-primarily based totally Physical-layer Secure Transmission (UK-PST). We quantitatively examine the overall performance of each schemes and show that UKPST outperforms IK-PST. We enlarge the pairwise techniques to a collection of customers in networks with super mega celebrity and chain topologies. We put in force prototypes of each schemes and examine the proposed schemes thru each simulations and experiments. The consequences confirm that UK-PST has a better powerful mystery transmission charge than that of IK-PST for situations with each pairwise and organization customers

SPECIFICS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ASYMMETRIC ENCRYPTION ALGORITHM ON ELLIPTIC CURVES

The use of information technologies has become an integral part of the modern world, and the internet has played a vital role in facilitating access to various services, from ordering food to obtaining government services. However, with the increased reliance on the internet, the issue of information protection has become more pressing than ever. In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, remote work and online learning have become the norm, which has further emphasized the need for robust information protection mechanisms. One of the primary ways of ensuring information security is through the use of cryptographic algorithms. These algorithms have been in use for several decades and have provided an effective means of protecting sensitive information. However, with the exponential growth of computing power, the demands on these algorithms have increased, and some of them have become outdated and are no longer secure enough. As a result, there is a pressing need for the development of new cryptographic algorithms that use more complex mathematical principles to provide a higher level of security. One such class of algorithms that has gained popularity in recent years is elliptic curve cryptography. These algorithms use the principles of elliptic curves to provide greater security while using relatively fewer system resources. Elliptic curve cryptography has several advantages over other cryptographic algorithms. Firstly, it provides a higher level of security with shorter key lengths, making it ideal for use in devices with limited processing power and memory. Additionally, it offers greater resistance to attacks by quantum computers, which are expected to become more prevalent in the future. Moreover, elliptic curve cryptography has found applications in several areas, including secure communication protocols, digital signatures, and key exchange algorithms. These algorithms are part of the TLS protocol, which is used by the HTTPS protocol to ensure secure transmission of information over the Internet. The continuous development and integration of cryptographic algorithms into various information systems will be crucial for protecting against cyber threats in the future.

Simulation of Elliptical Curve Cryptography in IPSec on Ad-Hoc Networks

Ad-hoc networks have gained significant attention in the realm of communication due to the proliferation of mobile and IoT devices and wireless networks. Ad hoc Networks offer a decentralized approach, where each node can function as a router and a terminal. Ensuring data safety and integrity in Ad hoc Networks remains a challenge, necessitating the use of robust security mechanisms. This research focuses on the simulation of Elliptical Curve Cryptography (ECC) in the IPsec protocol on ad-hoc networks. ECC, known for its strong security and smaller key sizes, provides an effective means of protecting data packets from potential attacks. The Ad hoc On Demand Multipath Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol is employed for secure data transmission in a Ad hoc Networks. The main objective is to maintain packet security in the face of hostile environments and active adversaries. Furthermore, the results obtained from the NS-2 simulator are compared with Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), and Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA). Evaluation metrics such as Quality of Service (QoS), average processing time, and average end-to-end delay are utilized. This study addresses the challenges faced by ad-hoc networks in an increasingly digital world. By exploring the implementation of ECC-based cryptography, it contributes to the development of secure communication protocols in ad-hoc networks. The findings offer insights into the efficacy of ECC in protecting data transmission and its comparative performance with other cryptographic techniques. Ultimately, this research aims to advance secure communication protocols, ensuring reliable data exchange in diverse applications and scenarios.

The Prospects of Quantum Secure Communication for Secret Sharing

Quantum computing and secure communication have gained considerable interest in recent years, as quantum computing has a potent ability to accelerate certain complex problems, such as factoring problems and discrete logarithms, which are important foundations of traditional computer security. With the rapid development of quantum computers, some secure communication protocols based on certain mathematical problems will face a significant danger, and quantum properties can be used to construct quantum secure communication and quantum cryptography that can achieve unconditional security. Among many topics of quantum cryptography, quantum secret sharing (QSS) is an important and challenging issue that provides scenarios to store highly sensitive, important, and confidential information. In this article, we systematically illustrate the development of QSS and how it operates, as well as its challenging issues and future directions.

Analysis of Cryptography in Information Technology

Cryptography is the practice of securing information through the use of codes, ciphers, and other methods of encryption. It is an essential aspect of modern communication, enabling the secure transmission of data over networks and protecting sensitive information from unauthorized access. Cryptography has been used throughout history to protect messages from interception and decipherment. In ancient times, cryptography was used by military leaders and diplomats to communicate confidential information. Over time, cryptographic techniques have become more sophisticated, and modern cryptography now employs complex algorithms and mathematical principles.Today, cryptography is used in various applications, including online banking, e-commerce, secure messaging, and government communication. Cryptography also plays a critical role in securing sensitive information such as medical records, personal data, and intellectual property.As technology continues to evolve, the importance of cryptography will only increase. Cryptography ensures the confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of data, and it is an essential tool for protecting digital assets and maintaining trust in the online world. Literature Review: Cryptography has been a subject of interest in computer science and mathematics for decades. The literature on cryptography is vast and covers a wide range of topics, including encryption algorithms, key management, and protocols for secure communication. One of the earliest and most well-known encryption algorithms is the Caesar cipher, which was used by Julius Caesar to encode his messages. Since then, numerous encryption techniques have been developed, including symmetric-key cryptography and public-key cryptography.Symmetric-key cryptography involves the use of a single key for both encryption and decryption, while public-key cryptography uses two keys, one for encryption and one for decryption.In recent years, research on post-quantum cryptography has gained significant attention due to the potential threat quantum computers pose to current encryption methods. Post- quantum cryptography aims to develop algorithms that are resistant to quantum attacks.

Secure and Lightweight Authentication Protocol for Privacy Preserving Communications in Smart City Applications

A smart city is a concept that leverages technology to improve the quality of life for citizens, enhance sustainability, and streamline urban services. The goal of a smart city is to use data and technology to manage resources and assets efficiently, make informed decisions, and create a more livable and thriving city for its residents. Smart cities rely on a range of technologies including the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), big data analytics, and cloud computing to gather, process, and analyze data from various sources. The aim is to create a city that is more connected, responsive, and sustainable, and that provides its residents with a better quality of life, opportunities, and services. A secure and efficient message communication protocol for sensitive information and real-time communication is critical for the functioning of a smart city environment. The main findings of this paper are to develop a new authentication protocol that meets the specific requirements and constraints of smart city applications. The message communication between smart cities is conducted with the help of a gateway. The challenge in constructing a working, viable infrastructure for a smart city is to provide secure authentication for message communication between the user and gateway node in one network, and the gateway node of one network to the gateway node of the other network. The objective for doing research to develop an authentication protocol that ensures the privacy and security of data transmitted in smart city applications while maintaining a lightweight and efficient design. This paper proposes a secure authentication protocol and key establishment scheme for access to the application in smart cities to make feasible access through the IoT environment. The proposed protocol ensures the mutual authentication between user and gateways, and the security analysis shows that the proposed protocol is effective against energy consumption and have less computational cost. The performance of the proposed method is analyzed and tested using BAN Logic and AVISPA security verification to confirm the authenticity of the security protocol. We do compare with past studies of which our proposed method outperformed.

Blockchain IOTA Sharding-Based Scalable Secure Group Communication in Large VANETs

The advent of group-oriented communication applications has triggered research on secure group communication (SGC) in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). Given this, some researchers worked in this area and proposed various schemes. However, these systems lacking the dynamic nature, and struggling with larger processing loads, enormous storage, increased communications, security, and privacy concerns. Further, with the increase in the size of VANET, it is challenging to manage processing loads and storage requirements of group controller (GC)-centric group key agreement (GKA). To address these drawbacks in existing VANET communications, we propose a blockchain IOTA sharding-based smart contract-centric GKA for SGC in large VANETs. In this scheme, we partition the main network into <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${r}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> sharded subnetworks using blockchain sharding technique, with <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$G_{1}, G_{2}, G_{3},\ldots, G_{r}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> as smart contract (SC) instances generated by GC, G, which functions as Sub-GC (Sub-GC) to their respective shards. Under the Elliptic curve decision Diffie–Hellman (ECDDH) and group-Elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman (GECCDH) assumptions, the proposed protocol is proven to be secure. The suggested protocol outperforms the other protocols for secure communication in large VANETs, according to the performance analysis.

SECURING CENTRALIZED SDN CONTROL WITH DISTRIBUTED BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY

Software Defined Networks (SDN) advocates segregation of network control logic, forwarding functions and management applications into different planes to achieve network programmability, automated and dynamic flow control in next generation networks. It promotes deployment of novel and augmented network management functions to have flexible, robust, scalable and cost-effective network deployments. All these features introduce new research challenges and require secure communication protocols among the segregated network planes. This manuscript focuses on the security issue of southbound interface which operates between the SDN control and data plane. We have highlighted the security threats associated with an unprotected southbound interface and the issues related with the existing TLS based security solution. A lightweight blockchain based decentralized security solution is proposed for southbound interface to secure the resources of logically centralized SDN controllers and distributed forwarding devices from opponents. The proposed mechanism can operate in multi-domain SDN deployment and can be used with wide range of network controllers and data plane devices. In addition to it, the proposed security solution is analyzed in terms of security features, communication and reauthentication overhead.

An Unconditionally Secured Privacy-Preserving Authentication Scheme for Smart Metering Infrastructure in Smart Grid

Industry 4.0 allows faster data accessibility, improved performance, fault identification, and remote control of machines within any smart factory. Due to the massive generation of delay-sensitive data, this system demands a robust security mechanism against security threats. In order to mitigate such potential attacks and provide security-free services, this article proposes an edge-based conditional privacy-preserving authentication scheme based on quantum key distribution protocol for secure authentication and secure communication within smart grid infrastructure. Apart from guaranteeing security against threats such as node impersonation, message tampering, and repudiation, the scheme also defends man-in-the-middle attacks, replay attacks, etc. We validate the proposed protocol through a simulation study. The result indicates that it performs reasonably well and enables unconditional security for the data exchanged between entities of smart grid infrastructure.

$\bm {P}^{\bm {3}}$: Privacy-Preserving Prediction of Real-Time Energy Demands in EV Charging Networks

Real-time and accurate prediction of charging pile energy demands in electric vehicle (EV) charging networks contributes significantly to load shedding and energy conservation. However, existing methods usually suffer from either data privacy leakage problems or heavy communication overheads. In this article, we propose a novel blockchain-based personalized federated deep learning scheme, coined <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$P^{3}$</tex-math></inline-formula> , for privacy-preserving energy demands prediction in EV charging networks. Specifically, we first design an accurate deep learning-based energy demands prediction model for charging piles, by making use of the CNN, BiLSTM, and attention mechanism. Second, we develop a blockchain-based hierarchical and personalized federated learning framework with a consensus committee, allowing charging piles to collectively establish a comprehensive energy demands prediction model in a low-latency and privacy-preserving way. Last, a CKKS cryptosystem based secure communication protocol is crafted to guarantee the confidentiality of model parameters while model training. Extensive experiments on two real-world datasets demonstrate the superiorities of the proposed <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$P^{3}$</tex-math></inline-formula> scheme in accurately predicting real-time energy demands over state-of-the-art schemes. Further, the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$P^{3}$</tex-math></inline-formula> scheme can achieve reasonably low computational costs, compared with other homomorphic-based schemes, such as Paillier and BFV.

Secure Marine Environment Communication: A Multiobject Authentication Protocol Based on Secret Sharing

In the field of marine communication, with the rapid development of the Internet of Things, big data, blockchain, and other new-generation information technology, marine information security is gradually being attached to more and more coastal countries, and marine information technology has ushered in epoch-making development opportunities. However, marine communication networks are open, and marine equipment is vulnerable to attacks on communication systems. On the one hand, a malicious adversary can intercept and analyze information, obtain relevant data with high probability, and even obtain the identity information of the equipment. On the other hand, attackers can also maliciously inject false information. At the same time, it is difficult for the existing marine information security technology to guarantee the confidentiality and authenticity of information simultaneously, which will bring substantial potential hidden dangers to the development of the ocean. We propose a multitarget authentication and key exchange protocol for secure communication. Our protocol assigns complex cryptographic operations to servers, thus balancing the system’s security and efficiency. The secret is divided into multiple subsecrets using the secret sharing feature, and the subsecret information is used to manage the identity credentials of resource-constrained devices. Then, after successful authentication, the server reassigns the subsecret information of the device to achieve the dynamic generation of identity credentials. Meanwhile, a multitarget authentication scheme is proposed based on recovering secrets. In addition, device extension measures are provided to replace or increase devices. Finally, well-established cryptographic assumptions are used to prove the protocol’s security. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the protocol in multiobjective authentication.

Swarm Intelligence Based Routing with Black Hole Attack Detection in MANET

Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) possesses unique characteristics which makes it vulnerable to security threats. In MANET, it is highly challenging to protect the nodes from cyberattacks. Power conservation improves both life time of nodes as well as the network. Computational capabilities and memory constraints are critical issues in the implementation of cryptographic techniques. Energy and security are two important factors that need to be considered for improving the performance of MANET. So, the incorporation of an energy efficient secure routing protocol becomes inevitable to ensure appropriate action upon the network. The nodes present in a network are limited due to energy constraints and secure communication protocols. Hence, the current study proposed an energy-efficient defense scheme using swarm intelligence approach. The functioning of the proposed method was validated under NS2 simulation. The experimental results confirmed that the proposed work outperformed existing methods in terms of packet delivery ratio, average end-to-end delay and throughput.

Cryptography: Advances in Secure Communication and Data Protection

In the innovative work secure communication and data protection are being main field, which are emerged by cryptography as a fundamental pillar. Strong cryptographic methods are now essential given the rising reliance on digital technologies and the threats posed by bad actors. This abstract examines the evolution of secure communication protocols and data protection techniques as it relates to the advancements in cryptography. The development of post-quantum cryptography is the most notable development in cryptography discussed in this study. As quantum computers become more powerful, they pose a serious threat to traditional cryptographic algorithms, such as RSA and ECC. Designing algorithms that are immune to attacks from quantum computers is the goal of post-quantum cryptography. Lattice-based, code-based, and multivariate-based cryptography are only a few of the methods that have been investigated in this context.

Information Security Using DNA Sequences

Information security is a significant cause for concern, mainly because of the explosive growth in internet usage over the last few years. Due to this growth, there have been occurrences of unauthorized access, which have been reduced thanks to “using a range of secure communication protocols, such as encryption and data concealment”. Using DNA's bio-molecular capabilities, the usage of DNA as a carrier for encryption and data concealing has increased in recent years. The realization that DNA may function as a transport medium sparked this movement. In this study, we first examine and briefly outline the evolution of the present DNA coding system. After that, the several ways DNA has been used to enhance encryption techniques are categorized. The benefits and drawbacks of these algorithms and the most recent advancements in DNA-based encryption techniques are discussed. Finally, we provide our thoughts on the potential future of DNA-based encryption algorithms.&#x0D;

Information Hiding Based on DNA Sequences

Information security is a major source of worry, especially in light of the rapid expansion of internet use in recent years. As a result of this expansion, there have been incidences of illegal access, which have been mitigated by the adoption of a variety of secure communication protocols, including encryption and data concealment. DNA's bio-molecular properties have seen an uptick in popularity as a carrier for cryptography and data hiding in recent years. when information needs to be hidden. Therefore, DNA bases are utilized as information carriers in the data concealing strategy to increase safety. DNA-based steganography and cryptography combine a biological property with conventional methods to provide an algorithm with increased security. Because of their ability to maintain their chemical and biological characteristics, DNA sequences also have a high data capacity.

Beyond Binary: The Capabilities of Classical and Quantum Computing for Securing Data Transmission

In the present times, the demand for sophisticated encryption methods has escalated, especially for securing data transmission in vulnerable environments. These methods leverage diverse algorithms to fortify the integrity of communication channels. Quantum mechanics plays a pivotal role in two specific areas: quantum key distribution and property-based cryptography, both of which contribute to establishing secure communication protocols. This study focuses on conducting a comparative evaluation of classical and quantum cryptography, employing various cryptography algorithms. The objective is to ascertain the optimal algorithm within each realm classical and quantum cryptography for ensuring robust security.

A Cross-Layer Defense Method for Blockchain Empowered CBTC Systems Against Data Tampering Attacks

Due to the high integration of wireless communication and networking technologies, the communication-based train control (CBTC) systems are exposed to additional cyber-attack surfaces, allowing sophisticated attackers to combine cyber attack vectors with physical attack means to achieve malicious goals. Notably, the decentralized authentication features are missing in existing communication protocols which make the CBTC be easily compromised by data tampering attacks, and lead to serious operational accidents. With outstanding advantages in decentralized authentication, blockchain provides new effective solutions for decentralized identity authentication in CBTC. Consequently, it is critical to study the complex physical consequences of cyber breaches from a cross-layer defense perspective. In this paper, we propose a novel cross-layer defense method for cyber security in blockchain empowered CBTC against data tampering attacks. In the physical layer, the joint Kalman filter and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\chi ^{2} $ </tex-math></inline-formula> detector is proposed for the train state estimation and detection. In the cyber layer, an asymmetric encryption-based secure communication protocol with identity authentication and the blockchain-based distributed key management system with the adaptive consensus mechanism are designed for data communication security. Considering the unavailable direct observation of the CBTC cyber security states, a partially observable Markov (POMDP) decision model is constructed to derive the optimal adaptive consensus strategies for balancing cyber security and efficiency. Extensive simulation results show that the proposed blockchain empowered CBTC cross-layer defense method can effectively improve the cyber security protection capability and minimize the impact of data tampering attacks on the train operation.

Hash function and DSRC based secure communication protocol for VANET-WAVE architecture

The research and development community has recently become more interested in automotive adhoc networks due to their extensive application possibilities in traffic control and the social networking of automobiles. Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-toinfrastructure (V2I) communication is made possible through vehicular adhoc networks. For safety and other reasons, vehicles connected by vehicular adhoc networks exchange messages. Particularly vulnerable to security and privacy breaches are safety messages. In every vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication exchange, information about the vehicle, the driver, and the authentication of transferred information are crucial considerations. A Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) protocol is incorporated with the Wireless Access Vehicular Environments architecture in the current communication. The DSRC protocol incorporates a secure key exchange method to encrypt and decrypt the basic safety messages sent between the vehicles at the receiving end. The end-to-end delay of the communications is barely changed, however the performance of the DSRC is slightly impacted by the encryption and decryption. Our findings demonstrate that, despite a modest drop in DSRC performance, our protocol is too secure for the BSM (Basic Safety Message) to be cracked.

Ensuring the Security and Performance of IoT Communication by Improving Encryption and Decryption With the Lightweight Cipher uBlock

Internet of Things (IoT) devices expect a secure communication method or protocol with communication performance that matches the network bandwidth in a public network. With the advancement of network bandwidths, such as through wireless technology 5G, encryption and decryption throughput can be the performance bottleneck of IoT communication security, as IoT devices have limited computing power. As a result, it is a challenge for IoT devices to obtain the required level of security and communication performance. In this article, we improve the encryption and decryption performance with a lightweight cipher algorithm called uBlock for IoT devices. By using sequential circuits, the encryption and decryption throughput can reach the 1 Gb/s level with 90 nm technology in our simulation environment. We can expect a more than two fold improvement in the performance with better nanotechnology from hardware vendors. Our proposed solution can achieve the required level of security and communication performance with a little power consumption.