Security Perspective Research Articles

The Conscience Clause of Service Providers from the Perspective of Legal Security

This paper discusses the issue of legal applicability of the conscience clause with respect to service providers. In the Polish legal order, at the statutory level, currently there are no provisions regarding the conscience clause of service providers. When assessing the issue from the perspective of legal security, the implementation of the abovementioned legal provisions into the Polish legal system appears to be a priority, since it would significantly improve the legal security of both service providers and service recipients.

Global Compact on Refugees: Dilemma Between National Security and Human Security

Background: The refugee crisis have been an international concern as it is considered a multidimensional threat to security issues, both national and human security. States increased the level of protection that aims ‘to maintain and to protect’ their borders on behalf of sovereignty. On the other hand, refugees have the right ‘to seek and to enjoy’ asylum from persecution in other countries. In this context, refugee crisis implies the paradigm clash between national security and human security. The Global Compact on Refugees (GCR) is presented as the product of a “States Plus” approach to multilateralism that brought together several states, other stakeholders, and refugees to solve the dilemma above with the principle of burden and responsibility-sharing. Aim: This article analyzes the legal mechanism that impacts the financial resources and fulfilment of the GCR objectives. Method: The researcher combined a qualitative approach with a methodology for conducting a literature review. The majority of the articles and other sources used to compile the study's data were books and academic publications that examined relevant subjects. Findings: Previously, refugee handling in the global refugee regime (1951 Convention and 1967 Protocol) tended to be state-centred. In contrast, GCR tends to be people-centred and comes from the refugee crisis realities (bottom-up). However, from the implementation aspect, there is a significant gap between the targets made in the Global Refugee Forum and its achievements. This discourse was dominated by a traditional state security perspective, while the humanitarian language emerged only in design framework of GCR.

Social identities in conflict: Israeli Palestinians and Israeli Jews

AbstractThe Israeli–Palestinian conflict is generally referred as a territorial conflict, but it is also a conflict over the preservation of identity. This study analyzes the relations of Jews and Palestinians in Israel from an identity security perspective. It sheds light on how the communities perceive actions, discourses, and symbols as a mutual threat to their own identity. Adapting the concept of societal security dilemma (SSD), this study seeks to reveal the patterns of feeling insecure between the groups and to put forth the measures and countermeasures taken to secure identity. This approach contends that the measures and countermeasures taken to reduce the perception of threat do not lead to a feeling of security; on the contrary, it creates a cycle of constant threat perception, making the groups feel more insecure in terms of identity. I argue that this is the case for the Jews and Palestinians in Israel. The analytical dimensions of SSD are applied to the case via process tracing and historical analysis. However, I identify a gap unaddressed by these dimensions of the concept. The present study proposes an additional dimension—confrontation—to fill this gap.

Analysis of the Agricultural Subsidy Policy to Be Conducive to Food Security

China formulated a systematic and comprehensive agricultural subsidy policy at the beginning of the 21st century. Under the guidance of the policy, China's grain production has significantly improved. Nevertheless, with the emergence of factors such as the irrational supply structure of staple crops, the rise in importing cost of agricultural products, the chemicalization of grain production, and the degradation of agricultural resource carrying capacity, China's food security is under potential threat. Previous studies show several main factors, among which agricultural subsidy policy is vital for solving food security issues. Therefore, this study will analyse the current policy situation from the perspective of food security and policy suggestions. In terms of subsidy innovation, it is suggested to adjust the focus on subsidies based on a comprehensive concept of food security and increasing support for sustainable agricultural development and technology. The policy recommendations proposed in this paper are also consistent with agricultural development trends.

Predicting consumers’ intention towards entomophagy using an extended theory of planned behavior: evidence from Myanmar

The concept of entomophagy—consuming insects as food—has become particularly important from the perspective of food security. Myanmar is an entomophagous country, but where chronic malnutrition problems persist. A lack of research into the topic of entomophagy in Myanmar makes it difficult to understand people's behavior regarding edible insects as food, as well as their motives and aversions. As this knowledge gap emphasizes the need for consumer studies of edible insects in Myanmar, this study examines the factors affecting consumers’ intention to eat insects. The model used is based on the theory of planned behavior, extended by the variable environmental concern. Data collection was conducted through telephone interviews, acquiring 872 respondents. Structural equation modelling analysis was performed to predict the influence factors on consumption intention towards edible insects. Results revealed that participants’ consumption intention was low and primarily influenced by attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and environmental concern. Only four out of ten factors had moderating effects on consumption intention, mainly the administrative division, urban or rural location, educational level and ethnic groups. These results are useful for further developing the insect sector in Myanmar, and especially for creating more public awareness of the benefits of eating insects as well as promoting a more positive attitude and possibly leading to an increase in consumption intention. A gradual shift from mere collection to insect farming would improve all year availability of edible insects and reduce the difficulties of consumers accessing edible insects. Consequently, edible insects can assist in achieving the nutrition policy's objective of reducing all types of malnutrition by making it easier for all people, at all times of the year, to acquire nutritious food at an affordable price.

Understanding the Nature and Rationale of Carbon Neutrality

To achieve carbon neutrality, it is necessary to grasp the essence of carbon neutrality. This paper looks into a few fundamental issues of carbon neutrality, and provides an in-depth analysis from the perspectives of environmental sustainability, technological innovation, economic viability, energy security, and international cooperation. It is shown that efforts for carbon neutrality need to focus on the key carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil fuel combustion. Fossil energy is considered to play a role as a short-term “ballast stone”, but its attributes decide that it can hardly lead to a sustainable future, and its phasing-out is inevitable. Disruptive zero-carbon energy production and revolutionary technological innovation in its consumption are accelerating that phasing-out process; the zero-carbon-oriented carbon neutrality goal is growing more resilient to market headwinds and releasing momentum for high-quality development. Carbon capture and carbon sinks are indispensable, but they are unable to provide a satisfactory path to carbon neutrality. Carbon neutrality requires substantial capital investment, which can be provided by zero-carbon products with ever-increasing market competitiveness. Investment in high carbon fossil fuel industry can be risky. High carbon lock-in not only increases the difficulty of carbon neutrality, but also intensifies the risk of energy security, and it is difficult to avoid the risk of market crowding-out, resulting in huge amounts of capital waste. Consequently, decarbonization is the trend of the times, giving an edge on seeking international justice and a louder voice in the international community, and also the focus of market competitiveness. However, the target year for carbon neutrality in China is before 2060, indicating that carbon neutrality is not a short-term goal. Therefore, it is impossible and unnecessary to have it realized overnight. The opportunity of carbon neutrality should be well taken for quality growth of the economy and enhancement of people’s well-being. Carbon neutrality is a long-term process which calls for thorough plans and step-by-step actions. It is also evident that along with energy revolution, carbon neutrality also brings revolutionary transformation of relations of production and development paradigm.

Food Security in Rural Bangladesh: A Comparative Study of Scientific and Grassroots Perceptions

The literature provides a comprehensive understanding of the scientific definition of food security in terms of its conceptual meaning, measurement and analysis. However, this definition contrasts significantly with the non-scientific or local understanding of food security. This article illustrates this disparity by examining the scientific definition and perception of food security in rural Bangladesh. Data was collected through qualitative research using focus group discussions and in-depth case interviews with smallholder farmers. The results reveal a significant difference between the scientific and local definitions of food security, with the latter being defined as having a sufficient supply of rice to last the entire year. Their food security is largely influenced by their socio-economic realities, coping strategies, and social networks, and the disparity in understanding of food security differs across the categories. This study highlights the importance of understanding the local perspective of food security for development practitioners, experts and policymakers, which has serious implications from a policy perspective.

Data Instrumentation From IoT Network Traffic as Support for Security Management

The Internet of Things revolutionizes human life by inaugurating scenarios such as smart homes. However, IoT devices contain much sensitive information about users and devices from a security and privacy perspective. Through traffic-based attacks, adversaries map changes in traffic rates to a particular in-home user’s actions. An efficient IoT data instrumentation may protect users against traffic-based attacks by giving valuable information to adaptive network security solutions. Nonetheless, no work performs data instrumentation or uses feature exploration to reveal relevant features to assist network security management. Thus, this article introduces IoTReGuard, an IoT Method to Reveal and Guard IoT Network Traffic Features. IoTReguard aims to explore network traffic features to reveal the most relevant ones and hide them to protect users’ privacy. By IoT network feature exploration and data instrumentation, IoTReGuard provides valuable information on network traffic features to mask critical features. Results showed that IoTReGuard reduced from 70% to 20% of F1-Score on identifying the IoT devices, improving user privacy.

Trans-border Mobility and Security in the Sahel: Exploring the Dynamics of Forced Migration and Population Displacements in Burkina Faso and Mali.

Burkina Faso and Mali have been grappling with multiple security threats including jihadist challenge, military coup d'état, violent extremism, and poor governance. These complex security problems have escalated into national conflicts, state failure, internal displacements, and forced migration. This paper examined the changing patterns of the drivers and enablers of these security threats and how these forces feed into the protracted challenges of forced migration and population displacements. Using qualitative methods and documentary evidence, the paper found that poor governance, lack of state-building measures, and socio-economic exclusion of local populations contributed to the worsening crises of forced migration and population displacements in Burkina-Faso and Mali. The paper emphasised the human security perspectives hinged on good governance principles through effective leadership in Burkina-Faso and Mali particularly in the areas of industrialization, employment creation, reduction of poverty, and provision of adequate security for the people.

Method of Identification and Assessment of Security Needs of a Region against the Threat of a Large Power Outage

The reliable supply of electricity is a key commodity that affects the functioning of today’s society. The long-term disruption of these supplies has far-reaching effects that will have a significant impact on all spheres of our lives. Infrastructure will stop operating and the provided services will be limited or cease. This article focuses on a comprehensive and systematic approach to strengthening the resilience of territorial units in relation to large-scale electricity supply disruption. The main part focuses on the process model of identification and evaluation of key elements of a region that are necessary to ensure the basic needs of its population. The aim of this model is to provide the security management with an effective tool on how to define the security needs in their region and determine specific infrastructure from the security perspective. The model includes a process of determining the priorities of infrastructure in accordance with their importance in the form of a methodological framework. The result is the establishment of a list of safety-relevant objects in the region, which is a necessary prerequisite for the design of an islanded operation and other measures leading to the reduction of impacts caused by large-scale power outages.

에너지 안보 확립을 위한 에너지 법제에 관한 연구

Due to Russia's invasion of Ukraine, the global economy is experiencing inflation that has not been experienced since the 1970s. Prior to the Russo-Russian War, Europe imported coal, oil, and natural gas from Russia, including about 30% of oil, 43% of natural gas, and 54% of coal. Since the Kyoto Protocol and the Copenhagen Agreement, the EU has focused on realizing “carbon neutrality” to cope with climate change as the main direction of energy policy. Germany has implemented a coal policy in the power generation sector by 2030 to realize nuclear power plants by shutting down all existing nuclear facilities by 2022 and reducing contaminated fossil fuels, and increased the proportion of natural gas with less carbon dioxide than other fossil fuels. Meanwhile, the electricity production rate through renewable energy sources has been increased to about 40%. Until the Russia-Ukraine crisis, Europe, including Germany, implemented these energy policies, but did not recognize relying on Russian energy as a major risk to Europe's energy security. However, in the wake of the Russo-Russian War, the direction of energy policy that has been pursued is rapidly changing, along with raising fundamental and serious questions about the direction of energy policy in Europe. Next, we will look at what “energy security” should not be overlooked in energy legislation, and the recent changes in Europe's energy policy direction based on energy security, and then look at the direction our energy legislation should take from the perspective of energy security. In order to ensure energy supply stability, it is necessary to have a balanced energy mix, secure various suppliers, and utilize stockpiles well. In addition, since it is difficult to recognize the importance of energy supply stability during peacetime, it is important to establish a management system for supply stability and prevent risks. Therefore, in this paper, we tried to think about how our energy legislation should be improved to ensure energy security. First, it is necessary to give the status of the basic law to the Energy Act, which defines the concept of “energy security,” and to regulate energy security in a balanced manner. Currently, the Framework Act on Carbon Neutrality has the status of a basic law among energy-related laws, because it regulates only sustainability and stability among the concepts of “energy security” and does not regulate energy supply stability at all. Second, it is necessary to establish the relationship between the 「Special Act on National Resources Security」 and the 「Energy Act」. It is necessary to establish a relationship because the functions and roles of the Resource Security Committee of the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy and the Energy Committee of the Ministry of Trade, and Energy stipulated in Article 6 of the Special Act on National Resource Security. It may also be possible to consider the direction of integrating roles by establishing a (tentative) Resource and Energy Committee. Third, it is necessary to establish the relationship between the 「Framework Act on Supporting Supply Chain Stabilization for Economic Security」 and the 「Special Act on National Resource Security」. The two bills are laws made to prevent supply chain crises and have similar legal systems and functions. However, the 「Framework Act on Supporting Supply Chain Stabilization for Economic Security」 presents basic principles and systems in supply chain-related laws by governing the country's overall supply chain management system, so it is reasonable to have the Prime Minister as the general manager. We hope that the legislation that guarantees energy security and resource security will be well maintained to overcome the global supply chain crisis.

A Review on Intruder Alarm System

Abstract: This paper presents a comprehensive description, from a security and accessibility perspective, of various security systems and technologies. For everyone who owns or rents a home, home security should be a top concern. Every individual needs a safe and secure residential space. Most of the market’s security systems; however, are either costly or unsafe. Many times there are a number of loopholes present in the security systems and security devices which can be breached easily. The various security automation technologies considered in this review paper include Fiber sensor, Accelerometer, Global Mobile Communication System, Mobile Home Automation Systems, Internet Home Automation Systems. There is a decrease in the price of sensors as we see progress in the technology market, which makes vibration signature identification systems a cheap and effective alternative to the expensive security systems on the market

THE PHENOMENON OF SECURITY IN POLITICAL PHILOSOPHIAS OF ANCIENT AGES

The concept of security has become one of the main elements of the political system discussions today. In this context; It is a question to be wondered how effective the concept of security was in the first age political philosophy period, which is the period when the political system discussions were first put forward. This question cannot find an adequate answer in the literature. Our study will be looking for an answer to this question by examining primary sources such as books and articles on the first age political philosophy by using the literature review method. After briefly mentioning the basic concepts, in the next section, the implications of security in the works of prominent names of Greek and Roman political philosophies, which have an important place in the political philosophy of the first age, will be revealed. Our study is important in terms of considering the First Age political philosophy from a purely security perspective. It is seen that; At that time, security found its place in most of the political thought. It is thought that it will form the basis for the studies to be carried out in the field of security.

Security Research of Webcam in the Era of Intelligent Internet of Things

With the wide application of webcam, from only recording function to real-time call now, the camera not only brings great convenience to our life, but also protects people's property safety. But in the webcam function more and more powerful at the same time, it is also facing more security problems. From the perspective of network security, this paper analyzes the security problems faced by the camera system such as password problems, web security problems, mobile app security and the corresponding countermeasures and protection methods, which is conducive to the security construction of the camera system.

On Current Armed Insurgencies in the Sahel and the Role of Climate Change: Merging Political Ecology and Environmental Security

The Sahel region currently faces various social, political, security, and environmental issues. However, the scientific and media discourse tends to oversimplify the underlying causes of these issues. While some authors attribute them to the heavy impact of climate change-induced scarcity, others focus on political factors such as bad governance. This article aims to merge the perspectives of Environmental Security and Political Ecology into one framework to provide a more holistic explanation of the problems in the Sahel. It shows how local political inequalities, marginalization, economic problems, military coups, corruption, and climate change mutually intersect in a mechanism that creates conflicts and insecurity. This is exacerbated by the geographical character of the Sahel states and their type of governance, which provides an operational space for many armed groups. By understanding the intersection of these conditions, the article contributes to the empirical understanding of the mechanism of conflicts in the Sahel and better conceptualizes the relationship between scarcity, climate change, and conflict.

A Better Method to Calculate Fuel Burnup in Pebble Bed Reactors Using Machine Learning

Burnup measurement is an important step in material control and accountancy at nuclear reactors and may be done by examining gamma spectra of fuel samples. Traditional approaches rely on known correlations to specific photopeaks (e.g., Cs) and operate via a standard linear regression method. However, the quality of these regression methods is limited even in the best case and is significantly poorer at short fuel cooldown times, due to the elevated radiation background by short-lifetime isotopes and self-shielding effect of the fuel. For practical operation of pebble bed reactors (PBRs), quick measurements (in minutes) and short cooling times (in hours) are required from a safety and security perspective. We investigated the efficacy and performance of machine learning (ML) methods to predict the burnup of the pebble fuel from full gamma spectra (rather than specific discrete photopeaks) and found a full-spectrum ML approach to far outperform baseline regression predictions in all measurement and cooling conditions, including in operational-like measurement conditions. We also performed model and data ablation experiments to determine the relative performance impact of our ML methods’ capacity to model data nonlinearities and the inherent additional information in full spectra. Applying our ML methods, we found a number of surprising results, including improved accuracy at shorter fuel cooling times (the opposite of the norm), remarkable robustness to spectrum compression (via rebinning), and competitive burnup predictions even when using a background signal only (i.e., explicitly omitting known isotope photopeaks).

Russia's search for ontological security and the Ukraine invasion

Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 astounded political commentators across the globe. Seemingly nonsensical from a physical security perspective, the announcement of invasion resulted in economic sanctions against Russia, the rapid decline of President Vladimir Putin’s reputation in the international sphere, and dissent amongst Russian citizens. This article contends that while invasion is difficult to justify from a physical security approach, the pursuit of ontological security is a convincing and meaningful explanation for Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. Unpacking how biographical narratives and behavioural patterns sustain a state’s sense of Self demonstrates that Russian state selfhood was reaffirmed through invasion. This argument is developed in reference to masculinist narratives surrounding the Russian Self, including an imperialist role identity, a masculine Self contrasted with a feminine Ukrainian Other, and a drive to defeat supposed fascist forces within Ukraine. In addition, Russia’s invasion of Ukraine sustains ontological security through fitting into a behavioural pattern of consistent conflict. Ontological security is a highly necessary consideration when analysing global conflict, particularly in the case of the 2022 Ukraine invasion.

Ontological (in)Security and the Iran Nuclear Deal—Explaining Instability in US Foreign Policy Interests

Abstract On July 14, 2015, under the leadership of the Obama administration, the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action—referred to as the Iran Nuclear Deal—was signed. After 35 years of diplomatic isolation, the agreement marked a watershed moment in the United States–Iran relations and achieved a key US national security objective regarding nuclear non-proliferation. However, the agreement faced significant domestic opposition grounded in concerns that Iran was untrustworthy. Yet, the prospect of withdrawal generated a sense of insecurity that the United States’s status as a “responsible world leader” would be undermined, despite ongoing anxieties around Iran’s compliance. What explains such a paradox in foreign policy preferences? By incorporating discursive institutionalist approaches with ontological security perspectives, I work to show how President Obama’s entry into the agreement generated ontological insecurities as he struggled to displace existing narratives around Iran as a hostile, untrustworthy actor. Yet, Iran’s compliance with the agreement made it equally difficult for Trump to justify withdrawal; instead, his efforts raised additional concerns that America’s international standing would be undermined. Theoretically, this paper incorporates discursive institutionalist insights with ontological security to disaggregate how different conceptions of the “Self” are contested and activated in policy debates in ways that lead to instability and variation in US foreign policy.

A Study of Mobile and Wireless Network Communication from Security Perspectives

Abstract: It has been well recorded and is widely recognized worldwide that the usage of mobile devices to perform government business has expanded over the previous 15 years. Threat actors are consequently increasingly focusing on mobile devices and the mobile infrastructure environment in order to look for opportunities for malicious exploitation that could hurt or damage the reputation of government agencies and Enterprise as well. The various protocols, standards, techniques, and systems that are available determine the security measures that are taken. An overview of security procedures, standards, and related technologies is provided. The high-capacity wired and wireless broadband network serves as the foundation for the working environment. The main study areas, current projects, and services on offer are discussed. The future information society is the focus of all endeavors. In order to help organizations create an enterprise-wide mobile security strategy and policy, this paper explains the security features of the mobile security management ecosystem like products, tools, technologies and services. We have talked about how mobile phone services are protected from dangers to information security from the standpoint of developers. Mobile Internet usage has grown, and with it, threats against mobile phones and the services they offer. On the other hand, various rapacious software or attackers are attempting to target these services.

XGBoost Classifier for DDOS Attack Detection in Software Defined Network Using sFlow Protocol

From a security perspective, Software Defined Network (SDN) separates security concerns into Control Plane and Data Plane. The Control Plane is responsible for managing the entire network centrally. Centralized SDN generates high vulnerability against the Distributed Denial of Service (DDOS). When the Software Defined Network overwhelms by DDOS, both Control Plane and Data Plane will lack resources. It can cause the SDN to fail to work if not detected early. Using the ability of sFlow Protocol to capture the flow traffic in real time, the data could be used to detect DDOS attacks. This sFlow sampling approach can reduce the workload of the network by lower down the processing in switches. This paper uses Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Random Forest as detection methods. We use ONOS as SDN Controller and build the topology in GNS3. Prometheus retrieves data from the sFlow Collector as a time series database. The classifier then uses the data from Prometheus for DDOS detection. For the dataset, we use four different datasets. Datasets 1 and 2 consist of 6109 data, each divided into two classes and three classes. Datasets 3 and 4 consist of 400488 data divided into 2 and 3 classes, respectively. The evaluation results have proved the effectiveness of the proposed method. XGBoost has the highest accuracy of another algorithm. The best accuracy is 99.84% using Dataset 4 as the training set.