Security Personnel Research Articles

Predicting smoke temperature distribution beneath ceiling for a large subway station fire

Fire accident seriously threatens the stable operation and personnel security in the subway station, and clarifying the smoke temperature distribution is conducive to arranging reasonably fire alarm. In this study, model experiments and numerical simulations are conducted to investigate the ceiling temperature profiles, mainly altering the heat release rate (HRR) and fire locations in a large subway station. The repeatability of the experimental data is confirmed, and the numerical model is validated by the measurement data. During a fire happening in a large-wide space, the smoke movement beneath the ceiling can be divided into radial and one-dimensional flow, whose prediction models are proposed under fire source located at the center. On this basis, it can be found that the radial temperature profile is independent of fire source location. While, the one-dimensional temperature distribution model is modified by introducing the effects of transvers and longitudinal fire locations respectively. This work could provide data support and theoretical reference for clarifying the smoke movement for large subway station fire.

The Analysis Of The Relationship Of Total Quality Management (TQM) And Knowledge Management (KM) On The Organisational PerformanCE Of PT. Birawidha Garda Santosa

The challenge of managing security services (Satpam) requires guaranteed service quality in order to increase business sustainability and competitiveness. This study aims to determine the influence of Total Quality Management (TQM) to Knowledge Management (KM) and the influence of TQM to Organizational Performance (KO) and the influence of KM as mediation role between TQM and KO, besides to determine the relationship between sub-dimension TQM and KM in the construct of research relationship model. The desain of this research uses field survey approach (questionnaires). The research sites are in operating areas of PT BGS in Indonesia which spread across 11 provinces of Indonesia with population 1014 security personnels. The sampling number in this study is 144 respondents uses proportional random sampling. Analytical methods used in this study are Structural Equation Model test with the help of SMAT Partial Least Square (SmarPLS) app with the stages measurement model evaluation (validity and reliability), structural model evaluation (to determine strength of the R2 relationship between laten exogen variable), measurement model testing and hypothesis testing. The research results show that TQM has a significant positive effect on KM and KO as shown by p-values of 0.000 and 0.010 respectively. KM also has a significant positive effect on KO as indicated by a p-value of 0.000. KM as a mediating variable has an influence as an enabling factor in achieving organizational performance.

A Human–Security Robot Interaction Literature Review

As advances in robotics continue, security robots are increasingly integrated into public and private security, enhancing protection in locations such as streets, parks, and shopping malls. To be effective, security robots must interact with civilians and security personnel, underscoring the need to enhance our knowledge of their interactions with humans. To investigate this issue, the authors systematically reviewed 47 studies on human interaction with security robots, covering 2003 to 2023. Papers in this domain have significantly increased over the last seven years. The paper provides three contributions. First, it comprehensively summarizes existing literature on human interaction with security robots. Second, it employs the Human–Robot Integrative Framework (HRIF) to categorize this literature into three main thrusts: human, robot, and context. The framework is leveraged to derive insights into the methodologies, tasks, predictors, and outcomes studied. Last, the paper synthesizes and discusses the findings from the reviewed literature, identifying avenues for future research in this domain.

Leveraging Artificial Intelligence to Automate and Enhance Security Operations: Balancing Efficiency and Human Oversight

It is now clear that as new cyberthreats emerge, old security measures are less successful in thwarting increasingly sophisticated cyberattacks. One of the most significant and influential technologies of the last few years, artificial intelligence (AI) is a game-changer for security operations because it can automate critical processes, maintain real-time threat recognition, and respond with equal speed and efficiency. Based on the automation of threats, vulnerabilities, and events, this abstract analyzes the use of AI in security. It looks at specific AI use cases, such as automated patch management, UEBA, and machine learning-based anomalous activity detection, and explains how the technologies greatly increase the speed and accuracy of thwarting cyberthreats. As a tool, AI offers massive advantages: it helps minimize human effort, act faster, and scale easily but is not without risks inherent to operating on the internet. Namely, some responsibilities involve inputting relevant context, making ethical decisions, and interpreting what AI systems have to offer to human operators will always be needed.This abstract also explores the further discussion of the integration of AI security processing capabilities and experienced security personnel so that both facets are achieved efficiently and rightfully ethically. Finally, the abstract concludes that the key to the future advancement of cybersecurity is the ability to find the best conditions for the collaboration of artificial intelligence and human thought, to strengthen the security of organizations and reduce the consequences of plan implementation.

Obstruction the legal activities of security personnel: features of normative regulation

The article examines the specifics of obstruction of security personnel legal activities. The fact of insufficiency of scientific investigations regarding the legal nature of obstruction of security personnel legal activities has been established. The aim of investigation is to analyze the content of obstruction of security personnel legal activities and to determine the relevant types of criminal offenses against security activities. To achieve the aim of the article, a complex of scientific methods was used there, such as: the formal-dogmatic (legal-technical) was used when defining the terms «obstacle», «intervention» and «influence»; comparative legal was used within the limits of comparing the norms of the Criminal Code (CC) of Ukraine and the CCU draft. The application of the methods of analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction made it possible to build a logical structure of the scientific article and draw reasonable conclusions about the content of obstructing the legal activities of security personnel and determining the types of criminal offenses against security activities. The investigation analyzed the concepts of «obstruction», «interference» and «influence». It is expressed and substantiated the hypothesis that the terms «obstruction», «influence» and «interference» are used as signs of the objective side of a criminal offense should be considered identical. The concept of «obstructing the legal activity of security personnel» is defined as the creation of any obstacles or the establishment of restrictions in professional activity, with the aim of preventing the performance of official duties at the proper level or achieving its non-performance. It is substantiated that the following signs of obstruction of security personnel legal activity are: 1) action or inaction, which consists in preventing or complicating the performance of professional duties by security personnel; 2) the purpose of the action is directed against the legal activities of security personnel. It is concluded that the damage inflicted on security personnel consists of physical, material or moral and psychological consequences: physical consequences are manifested in harming the life and health of security personnel; material consequences are manifested in damages caused to the property of security personnel, subjects of security activity or natural and legal entities as customers of security services; moral and psychological consequences are manifested in damage to the mental health of security personnel.

Evaluating the Role of Electronic Security Surveillance in Enhancing Safety in Secondary Schools: A Case Study of Trans Nzoia County, Kenya

Secondary school safety is critical to sustaining comparable academic performance outcomes. However, there are so many threats that affect the safety of schools that make up this necessity throughout the world. Security challenges in secondary schools in Kenya includes fires, theft and radicalization have been witnessed in school. Nevertheless, the application of electronic security surveillance systems still remains rather low. They work under very high risks and many schools in Trans Nzoia County are especially vulnerable leaving the school community at risk. This research aimed at evaluating the extent to which these systems enhance safety. Based on Situational Crime Prevention Theory and Contingency Theory, the study adopted descriptive survey research design and targeted 14 second schools with previous security threats and deployed with surveillance systems. Participants were 14 principals, 14 boarding teachers, 14 security personnel, 70 students- 10 students from each of the 7 schools, County Director of Education, and the Chief Fire Officer. The sample size for the study was 128 respondents. Data was collected using questionnaires, interview schedules and Focus Group Discussions. The data was analysed through using Social Package for Social Sciences version 25. Regarding electronic surveillance system improvement of school security, 80.8 percent of respondents supported its effectiveness. When national ICT and school safety policies had been included, it was found that the improvement of these systems for the safety of schools has proved 40.9% different (R² = 0.409, F (2, 75) = 26.003, p = 0.000). Of all the forms of surveillance, the study noted that CCTV cameras were the most widely used in secondary schools. That being said, the efficiency of their use in achieving safety objectives was somewhat hampered by operational obstacles. The study therefore suggests that while emphasizing on the use of additional technologies like fire alarms, burglar alarms, Metal detectors and Biometric systems, the school management boards in collaboration with Ministry of education and ICT should devise way of extending the use of such gadgets. Secondly, to guarantee full coverage of the school premises, it is necessary to step up investment in electronic security systems, and improve the support of personnel pertaining to the detection of threats.

The Nexus between Electoral Management System and Post-Election Violence in Kenya Since 1963

The study investigates the relationship between Kenya's electoral management system and post-election violence, which has persisted despite numerous reforms since the country's independence in 1963. The primary aim was to identify structural issues within the electoral administration that contribute to violence following elections. The research analyzed key components of the electoral management system and the causes of post-election violence. Utilizing consociationalism theory, voting theory, and rational choice theory, the study employed a historical design with both qualitative and quantitative methods. The research was conducted from July to December 2022. The target population included eligible voters (260), politicians (50), IEBC officials (40), political analysts (60), humanitarian-aid organizations representatives (10), local election observers (5), international election observers (5), security personnel (10), and county administrative staff (10). A stratified random sampling method was employed to collect data using both questionnaires and interviews. The targeted population established the strata of 641,396, and a random sample was taken from each stratum, arriving at a sample size of 450 respondents. The findings revealed that Kenya's electoral system is primarily based on the First Past the Post (FPTP) model, which is a plurality/majority system. The study identified several key factors contributing to post-election violence, including the "winner-takes-all" nature of elections, disputes over election results due to perceived bias in the electoral management body, and voter incitement by politicians. A statistically significant correlation was established between the electoral management system and post-election violence (β=.685, t = 16.225, Sig. =.000). The findings indicated that the self-interest and impunity of political leaders, along with ethnic divisions and mistrust, hinder the IEBC's ability to conduct fair and credible elections. A significant association was also found between the causes and consequences of post-election violence (β=.757, t = 19.088, Sig. =.000). The study recommends exploring alternative electoral systems, such as proportional representation and mixed-member models, to promote inclusivity and fair representation. By establishing a connection between the electoral management system and post-election violence, this research contributes to peace and conflict studies, addressing a relatively understudied area in Kenya and the broader region.

Enhancing Proficiency: Evaluating Criminology Students' Competency in Security Services NC II for Certification

Security services are crucial in protecting individuals, properties, and communities. The field has evolved significantly, with an increase in private security personnel and opportunities for criminology professionals. This study aims to evaluate the confidence and proficiency of criminology students in achieving the Security Services NC II certification. The study employs a quantitative-descriptive design; a self-made questionnaire was used to gather data from 128 respondents. The survey includes self-perceived confidence, knowledge, and skills proficiency regarding security services competencies. Findings revealed that most respondents are confident and rate their proficiency as excellent or good in all competency areas. However, there are indications of needing more proficiency, particularly in marksmanship, report writing, and communication skills. In conclusion, while overall confidence and proficiency are positive, gaps have been identified to address and enhance proficiency in security services.

К вопросу об определении сущности понятия «кадровая безопасность» на региональном уровне

The article provides a theoretical analysis of the approaches identified by the authors to the definition of the concept of “regional personnel security”: as the state of human capital, as the state of the labor market, an element of the economic security system at various levels, as a process of preventing various negative impacts on economic security at the national, regional and corporate levels. The importance of human potential as an object of attention in ensuring personnel security at the regional level is noted. The role of investments in human potential from the point of view of various spheres of public life as a factor in the economic growth of territories is outlined. Based on an analysis of modern research in the area under study, two positions have been identified to determine the place of personnel security in economic and national security systems. The author’s concept of personnel security is proposed. The place of personnel security in the region’s economic security system has been determined.

The Influence of Work Placement, Work Stress and Teamwork on the Performance of Aviation Security Personnel of PT Angkasa Pura I Yogyakarta International Airport (YIA) Branch

This research aims to determine the effect of work placement, work stress and teamwork on the performance of Aviation Security personnel at PT Angkasa Pura I Yogyakarta International Airport (YIA) Branch. The population in this study were all employees of PT Angkasa Pura I Yogyakarta International Airport (YIA) Branch who worked at the terminal with a total of 240 people. In calculating the Slovin formula, a sample of 36 people was obtained. The data analysis used is descriptive statistics, multiple linear regression, coefficient of determination (R²) and partial hypothesis testing (t test). The results of this research show that good work placement and teamwork have a positive and significant influence on employee performance, while work stress has no effect on employee performance. In conclusion, to improve the performance of security personnel, management needs to pay attention to appropriate work placement, reduce work stress through employee support programs and strengthen teamwork.

Preventive Mechanisms via Environmental Structures (PMTES) in Military Cantonment Areas

**Preventive Mechanisms via Environmental Structures (PMTES)** in **Military Cantonment Areas** presents a detailed and structured analysis of how PMTES can be applied to prevent crime in these unique environments.It addresses a common issue in developing new residential societies, particularly within **military cantonment areas**. While these communities often have advanced safety systems like CCTVs, security personnel, and well-planned lighting, their peripheral areas are frequently neglected. Streets outside these zones are often poorly lit, cluttered with construction debris, or located near informal settlements, making them prone to criminal activity. This lack of attention compromises the safety of the surrounding areas, even though the central residential zones remain silent.

The Neglected Frontline: Impact of Policy Lacunas on Security Personnel's Health in Pakistan's Energy Sector

The Neglected Frontline: Impact of Policy Lacunas on Security Personnel's Health in Pakistan's Energy Sector

Intelligent Video Analytics for Abnormal Event Detection

Surveillance cameras have become a primary tool for monitoring human movement and preventing unwanted or unintended activities. In today's world, security management professionals increasingly rely on video surveillance to combat crime and mitigate incidents that could adversely affect society. The number of surveillance camera installations has dramatically increased in both the private and public sectors, serving to monitor public activities effectively. Video surveillance is considered one of the most efficient methods for ensuring security. Installing a surveillance camera allows the captured footage to be transmitted to security personnel; however, merely having video footage is insufficient for identifying abnormal activities. To effectively analyze this footage, it is essential to integrate an intelligent system.This paper aims to design and implement an Intelligent Video Analytics Model (IVAM), also known as the Human Object Detection (HOD) method, for analyzing and detecting video-based anomalies and abnormal human activities. IVAM can be deployed alongside surveillance cameras in various public locations such as Institutions, airports, hospitals, shopping malls, and railway stations, allowing for the automatic identification of unusual events. The IVAM was experimented with using MATLAB software, and the results were thoroughly verified. The performance of IVAM was assessed by comparing the obtained results with those from existing approaches, demonstrating that IVAM outperforms contemporary methods concerning accurate anomaly detection, lower error rates, and higher classification accuracy.

Social Intelligence Management in the Context of Promoting Professional Self-Education: Gender Aspects

The importance of lifelong learning and professional self-education in the modern world is beyond doubt. The search for external and internal incentives to increase people's interest in self-development is an important task for management sciences. External motivation includes the efforts of managers and HR managers to encourage employees to learn. In childhood and adolescence, parents, teachers and professors perform this function. However, it is important to understand what internal factors affect the desire for new knowledge and experience. According to numerous studies, social intelligence plays this role, as it affects the formation of positive qualities of a person from a social point of view. The purpose of this research was to verify the correlation between the level of social intelligence of an individual and his/her desire for self-development and additional training. The survey was conducted on a sample of students from a private online school that provides soft skills, financial and digital literacy training. The research results have complemented the previous survey among senior university students to form a comprehensive picture. High statistical reliability (p≤0.001***) was found for a significant relationship between social intelligence and its components and the desire to study further. The research results indicate the importance of developing a person’s social intelligence in order to stimulate professional self-education. Increasing the level of employees’ competence has a positive influence on their loyalty to the corporate culture, enhancing the personnel security of enterprises.

Advancing SDGs and performance management strategies for security personnel in higher education

Orientation: Performance management aligns individual and organisational goals, enhancing employee motivation, sustaining organisational success.Research purpose: The study aimed to investigate challenges experienced by security managers with performance management systems in a tertiary institution in Durban, South Africa.Motivation for the study: Understanding challenges delivers insights to advance organisational effectiveness, support sustainable development, and enhance human resources (HR) practices in the higher education security sector.Research approach/design and method: A qualitative approach was used. Twelve security managers were purposively selected for semi-structured interviews. Data were analysed using thematic analysis and NVivo software.Main findings: The study identified three challenges, namely inadequate training, education, development and communication, technological barriers and low computer literacy, limited resource allocation, inconsistent rewards, and a lack of transparency. These challenges were found to hinder performance management system application, reducing employee engagement and productivity.Practical/managerial implications: The study recommends the institution increase adult basic education and training in technological skills and literacy. Enhancing feedback mechanisms, conducting performance needs assessments, and implementing fair reward strategies may improve sustainable development of performance management practices.Contribution/value-add: The study advocates for practical strategies in response to the challenges faced by security managers to enhance performance aligned with sustainable development goals 4 (quality education), 8 (decent work and economic growth), 10 (reduced inequalities) and 16 (peace, justice and strong institutions), contributing to sustainable HR, embracing contextualised performance management application in developing countries.

Effect of Security Personnel in Provision of Quality Education in Public Secondary Schools in Embu County, Kenya

Provision of quality education requires a multidimensional approach incorporating other players in the subsector including security personnel. Quality education needs a safe and secure environment. This study assessed the effect of security personnel in providing quality education in 165 public secondary schools of Embu County, Kenya. The main objective of the study was to investigate the effect of security personnel in provision of quality education in public secondary schools in Embu County, Kenya. Institution theory by Meyer and Rowan was adopted. This study involved descriptive survey design and utilized qualitative research method. Stratified, purposive techniques were used to select the sample size. Data was collected by observation, use of open-ended questionnaires, and in-depth interview. Pretesting of instruments was done to determine validity and reliability. A sample size of 20% was used for population above 50, 30% for any category above 10 but not exceeding 50. Census was used for cases below 10, All principals, one student per school and all security personnel in public secondary schools were targeted. Results were presented using tables, pie charts and graphs. Relevant authorities were sought permission to collect data for the study. Findings indicated that security personnel were very important in providing conducive environment for learning, more than half of them were not trained, terms of service were not clear. The research recommends that: security personnel should be trained and involved in school administration, policy should be reviewed to spell clear terms of employment and further studies in other education institutions like special education and polytechnics.

3D indoor area recognition for personnel security using integrated UWB and barometer approach

Real-time location tracking is essential for personal security in industrial scenes, e.g. monitoring worker safety in power substations. Ultra wideband (UWB) technology is suitable for indoor positioning thanks to its high penetration capability, high ranging accuracy and low power consumption. However, UWB based trilateration positioning requires high workload for field deployment of base stations. Indoor complex topology results in multipath and non-line of sight (NLOS) conditions of UWB signals, and degrades the positioning performance in terms of accuracy and reliability. This paper proposes a three-dimensional (3D) area recognition solution by integrating UWB time of flight (TOF) ranging and barometer measurements. The proposed solution utilizes a multi-tier distributed joint probabilistic inference model, which accomplishes the indoor 3D area recognition exploiting multiple clustering and prediction algorithms of machine learning. The field experiments showed that the proposed method can achieve an accuracy of 3D area recognition of more than 99.2%. The proposed method improves the computing efficiency by 93%. The errors of improved differential barometric height estimation method are less than 1 m, which means a success rate of 100% for floor identification, given a floor separation of 3–4 m. The proposed solution is suitable for personnel security applications of industrial scenes, which requires reliable real-time area information rather than just coordinates.

Communication Type In Trial: Ethnography Communication In Indonesian Criminal Courtroom Process

The purpose of this study is to explore and describe the levels of communication that occur during criminal trials, specifically focusing on the indictment, examination, prosecution, and verdict hearings. Employing a qualitative approach, this research utilizes Dell Hymes' ethnography of communication framework to analyze courtroom interactions. Data were collected through interviews with nine informants and observations of trials at the Central Jakarta District Court. The findings reveal that courtroom communication is a complex process involving multiple participants, including law enforcement officials, defendants, witnesses, victims, security personnel, family members, media, and the public. These interactions occur across all trial stages and are classified into four distinct levels of communication: (1) core communication among law enforcement, (2) triangular communication between legal professionals, (3) examination communication involving defendants and witnesses, and (4) broader courtroom communication encompassing all trial participants. The study concludes that these levels of communication are critical in shaping the outcomes of legal proceedings. The findings underscore the importance of effective communication in ensuring fairness and efficiency in trials. The study also highlights areas where improvements in judicial communication practices could enhance the overall integrity of the legal process. The study's implications suggest that enhancing communication strategies among courtroom participants could lead to more equitable and transparent legal proceedings.

Peculiarities of normative regulation training of specialists in security activities

The article deals with the peculiarities of professional training normative regulation of security personnel. It was found that there is no scientific research on the normative regulation of the qualification requirements that are put forward to the security personnel. The aim of the research is to prepare proposals for improving the regulatory regulation of security specialists’ training. To achieve the goals of the article, a complex of scientific methods was used: formal and dogmatic one - during the analysis of the provisions of normative legal acts in the sphere of security activities; comparative legal method - within the limits of comparing the norms of legislative and by-laws. The application of the methods of analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction made it possible to build a logical structure of the scientific article and draw reasonable conclusions regarding the optimization of normative regulation of the educational training of security specialists. The present research analyzed the history of legal regulation of security specialists’ training in Ukraine, identified shortcomings and gaps in the regulatory framework of this sphere of activity. It was established that the existing standards of higher education do not take into account the needs of subjects of security activities in the training of security personnel. It has been proven that the normative and legal framework in the sphere of security activities does not require specialists in organization of security measures to have a specialized higher education. It is justified that the bachelor’s degree holders (specialty «Personal and Property Security») and master’s degree holders (specialty «Security Activities and Safety») should not have different specializations. It was concluded that the differences can only be in the focus of the training specialties of bachelor’s and master’s degrees holders: for subjects of security activity - specialty 076 «Entrepreneurship, Trade and Exchange Activity», and for subjects of state security bodies - specialty 251 «State Security». On the basis of the conducted research, suggestions were made regarding the improvement of the Law of Ukraine «On Security Activities» dated March 22, 2012 and the Licensing Conditions for the Conduct of Security Activities, which were approved by the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine dated November 18, 2015 No. 960.

한국 정치인 테러양상과 요인경호대책

Politics is a process through which stakeholders negotiate and states determine policies to enhance citizen welfare and establish optimal public policies for societal stability and prosperity. At its core, this process involves politicians striving to attain power to realize their beliefs, and it must be democratic. Consequently, terrorism against politicians, being both undemocratic and violent, must be rigorously condemned. An examination of the terrorism patterns targeting South Korean politicians reveals a persistent inclination to suppress opposition through violence—a vestige of regressive tendencies not yet fully eradicated since the post-liberation period. This study finds that security of key personnel for major politicians opposing current power structures are significantly inadequate. Therefore, we propose the urgent establishment of a “Security of Key Personnel Law” to strengthen national security for key political figures. Additionally, given the frequency of terrorist attacks on domestic politicians, it is crucial to expand the number of security personnel and enhance their training. Moreover, adopting socially inclusive policies towards political opposition and reinforcing the roles of media and popular culture are essential for fostering a more advanced political culture.