Security Package Research Articles

Pre-Extension Demonstration of Fertilizer Rate in Taro (Boloso-1) Varietyin Boloso Sore Woreda, Wolaita Zone Southern Nation Nationalities and Peoples Regional State, Ethiopia

Seasonal food shortage is amongst the principal problems of farmers in mid-altitude areas of Southern Ethiopia. Taro and sweet potato are important part of food security packages in some of the world’s poorest nations. Taro is grown over a wide range of environments from 1,300-2,300m.a.s.l.; mostly by the resource poor farmers and the drought area. Its compatibility with various types of limited in put farming systems (versatility) and reliability under conditions such as drought, high rain fall, disease resistance and low soil fertility have made it attractive crop to farmers. There is no recommended fertilizer rate of taros so far demonstrated and popularized to farmers, and hence this pre extension demonstration of fertilizer rate in Boloso-1 was carried out to develop high yielding taro for the area. The research was carried out in Boloso sore woreda of Wolaita zone and two kebeles were selected which are Dubo and GaraGodo respectively in 2018. There were significant difference exists among the urea applied and non applied Boloso-1 and Boloso-1 with urea application is recommended in the Boloso sore and in similar agro ecology. From the results of the treatment it was observed that farmers show great interest towards the Boloso-1 with urea application on top of the Boloso-1 applied without urea.

Impact of urbanization on Food in Security in Amhara Regional State Metropolitan cities

The process of urbanization in developing nations is attended without fast industrialization processes. As a result of this, the urbanization and urban process are accompanied by diverse problems. Hence this paper is aimed at identifying the effect of urbanization on citizens’ food insecurity by monitoring agricultural foodstuff production as a mediating variable. A quantitative research methodology or approach has been used to depict out urban problems associated with unmanaged urbanization in the Ethiopian, particularly in Amhara regional state. Structural Equation Modeling was employed to run a mediation analysis by decomposing the direct and indirect effects of one variable on the other. Correlation and regression analyses were executed to measure the direction and magnitude of the effect of the independent variable on the dependent. Regression analysis results indicated the existence of a significant direct effect of urbanization on food insecurity of citizens. The mediation analysis result shows agricultural foodstuff production doesn’t play a mediating role between urbanization and food insecurity. The paper, having traced out the effect of the urbanization on food insecurity, provides possible recommendations. The regional government should be very considerate about the pace of unmanaged, unindustrialized and unemployment induced urbanization. The regional government should address all pushing factors that are dragging farmers into the urban areas. So, it is important to find ways to make farmers beneficial from their farm activities. In this regard, the problem raised by farmers is the inability to settle the debt from fertilizers and improved seeds or at least what they get from selling what they have produced is used to settle their farm debt. Some policy measures such as subsidizing the farmer or extending the repayment period of their debt are then essential to help farmers lead a stable life and lead their families. The government/concerned body need to make a cost-benefit analysis by weighing the pressure from the migration of the farmers and the cost of subsidizing the farmers: compare prevention with curative. Moreover, as a short-term solution, the regional government should identify food unsecured urban households and embrace them in food security packages like urban safety-net programs. And enhancing the limited income generation capacity of food insecured households. 
 Key words: Urbanization, Food in Security, Agricultural Foodstuff Production, Amhara Region

Secure or usable computers? Revealing employees’ perceptions and trade-offs by means of a discrete choice experiment

It is often suggested in the literature that employees regard technical security measures (TSMs) as user-unfriendly, indicating a trade-off between security and usability. However, there is little empirical evidence of such a trade-off, nor about the strength of the associated negative correlation and the importance employees attach to both properties. This paper intends to fill these knowledge gaps by studying employees’ trade-offs concerning the usability and security of TSMs within a discrete choice experiment (DCE) framework. In our DCE, employees are asked to indicate the most preferred security packages that describe combinations of TSMs. In addition, security and usability perceptions of the security packages are explicitly measured and modelled. The models estimated from these observed responses indicate how each TSM affects perceived security, perceived usability and preference. The paper further illustrates how the modelling results can be applied to design highly secure packages that are still preferred by employees. The paper also makes a methodological contribution to the literature by introducing discrete choice experiments to the field of information security.

How Might Earnings Patterns and Interactions Among Certain Provisions in Oasdi Solvency Packages Affect Financing and Distributional Goals?

Analysts often compile packages of Social Security changes based on publicly available projections of the effects of individual provisions. Such analyses may neglect issues of whether and how the provisions might interact to alter intended outcomes, thwarting the proposal’s financing and distributional goals. To inform policymakers about the importance of such interactions in examining the cost and distributional implications, we catalog a range of possible interactions, including some that are subtle and not well understood. Using data on U.S. workers from the Survey of Income and Program Participation matched to administrative records, we document important patterns in work and benefit histories to show how several commonly discussed Social Security proposals would affect different population groups. We then use DYNASIM, the Urban Institute’s dynamic micro-simulation model, to measure how accounting for interactions among a few of these provisions changes projections of distributional effects. The study found that: -Interactions between Social Security parameters and between Social Security and personal income taxes can be significant. -Modelers may thus wish to display incremental analyses of combinations of provisions and the both gross and net Social Security benefits in their distributional analyses. The policy implications of the findings are: -Social Security packages are best evaluated holistically. The whole does not always equal the sum of its parts, either in terms of costs or distributional effects.

Влияние DDoS-атак на финансово-экономические результаты деятельности компаний

The article is devoted to topical issues of information security in the business environment. The essence of the concept of «information risks» has been presented as well as the main characteristics of the individual components of the economic cost of cyber-attacks have been considered. Particular attention has been focused on the analysis of DDoS-attacks as one of the most powerful information attacks, involving large losses for companies. Presented analytical findings have helped to identify the main tools and channels of influence used by attackers (risk factors), and also give an economic assessment of the vulnerabilities of the information infrastructure of the organizations (risk consequences). In conclusion, the priority directions of ensuring information security of the companies due to threats of DDoS-attacks have been noted. The main emphasis is on the need to intensify preventive measures, and, above all, the installation of specialized security packages and the implementation of the effective policy in relation to the confidential information.

Photochromic paper from wood pulp modification via layer-by-layer assembly of pulp fiber/chitosan/spiropyran

Cellulosic fiber introducing with photochromic properties can be used in many fields such as security packaging, printing paper, and rewritable paper. To introduce photochromic property to individual fiber, a polyelectrolyte composite layer composed of cationic chitosan (CS) and anionic carboxyl–containing spiropyran (SPCOOH) on pulp fibers was designed using layer-by-layer assembly technique. Scanning electron microscope observation showed that the SPCOOH was successfully absorbed onto the surface of fiber. The photochromic characteristic of LbL–treated fiber could be triggered by UV–vis absorption spectrum and the LbL–treated fibers had a good compatibility with pulp fibers. This study gives a highly effective method to impart the photochromic characteristic to paper.

Guarantees and Collaterals Value in NPLs

The burst of the subprime mortgage crisis affected on a large scale the Italian real estate industry. The Italian real estate market underwent and is still undergoing a severe stagnancy due to the credit crunch worsened by the banking system and the resulting lack of liquidity. In financing real estate property investments, security packages play an extremely important role and guarantees have become a major tool for risk management and financial innovation in order to facilitate credit enhancement and hedging of risks. In this context the evaluation of guarantees and collaterals becomes extremely important. A robust measure of the value of collaterals is more than a key issue in times of financial crisis, when the value of the guarantees is questioned. Aim of this paper is to investigate, on a sample of 89 foreclosures, whether the collaterals were overestimated and the mortgage lending value represents a robust measure of the mortgage underlying guarantee.

The Internal Security Package and Its Potential Impact on the EU–Turkey Relations within the Scope of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms

Abstract Being one of the core values of the European Union, human rights have been centrally located in the European Union-Turkey relations especially since the country gained the candidate status in 1999. In human rights practices, the actor who comes to the forefront most on behalf of the state against the citizens whose rights must be protected is the police force. Therefore, the security practices enforced by the police form a huge part of human rights practices in the state and thus play a decisive role in Turkey’s relations with the Union. This article presents an evaluation of the so-called ‘internal security package’, which has just passed into law, and its potential impact on European Union-Turkey relations. The package includes specific amendments regarding the police duties and authorities, which unarguably affect human rights practices in the country. As the Union lacks a uniform norm relating to the security practices the package in question contains, the answer to the question will be sought by screening two sources: EU progress reports on Turkey and relevant ECtHR decisions, which provide definite judgements regarding the threats and risks posed by the package under discussion.

English

Reducing poverty and improving household food security remains an important policy objective for rural development in the semi-arid areas of many countries in Africa. Many development programs have been introduced in efforts to bring the cycle of poverty and food insecurity to an end. This paper investigates the impact of a food security package (FSP) program in improving rural household’s food consumption in Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia. An empirical analysis based on a propensity score matching (PSM) method, which is a popular approach to estimate causal treatment effects, is employed. Using kernel-matching estimation technique, program beneficiaries were matched with non-beneficiaries. The results show that the program has had a significant effect on improving household food calorie intake. The findings indicated that the program raised the food calorie intake of beneficiary households by 41.8% above that of individuals not involved in the program. Sensitivity analysis also indicated that the observed estimate of impact is not vulnerable to hidden bias or selection on unobservables. Key words: Propensity score, matching, selectivity bias, average treatment effect, impact, evaluation.

Exploring the Drivers of Purchase Intent and Consumer Satisfaction of Chicken Eggs Using Principal Component Analysis and the Kano Model

AbstractTwenty egg product attributes considered important by consumers (n = 400) were identified and their contribution to the satisfaction of quality requirements and purchase intent was examined using principal component analysis and the Kano model. Consumers considered freshness, absence of cracks, sale price and label stating “packing/best‐before‐date” as key attributes affecting purchase intent. Five principal components (PC1–PC5) were extracted, altogether explaining 57.43% of the total variance. Based on the PC loadings, the following groups emerged: PC1 (intrinsic quality), PC2 (aesthetic value), PC3 (extrinsic quality), PC4 (expediency) and PC5 (wholesomeness and safety). From the Kano analysis, eight variables (freshness, shell cleanness, absence of cracks, USDA (United States Department of Agriculture)‐certified farm eggs, label stating “packing/best‐before‐date”, egg grade, secure packaging and availability) corresponding mostly to PC3, PC4 and PC5 were categorized as “must‐be attributes,” with dissatisfaction coefficients ranging from 0.87 (freshness) to 0.38 (egg grade). Sale price and egg size were classified as one‐dimensional and attractive attributes, respectively.Practical ApplicationsThe Kano model is an efficient tool to prioritize product development efforts to prevent consumer dissatisfaction while increasing satisfaction. In this study, principal component analysis and the Kano model were utilized to understand the relationships between egg quality variables driving purchase intent and their impact on consumer satisfaction. Findings from this investigation present egg processors and retailers with valuable insights for successful differentiation from the competition and to increase profits, by identifying the essential product attributes with the most potential to delight consumers.

Marketing the Gurkha security package: Colonial histories and neoliberal economies of private security

This article contributes to the existing critical theory and gender scholarship on private military security companies by examining how the gendered subjectivities of third-country nationals (TCNs) are constituted through the intersections of colonial histories and neoliberal economic practices. Focusing on Gurkha contractors, I ask how it is that both the remuneration and the working conditions of TCNs are inferior to those of their white Western peers within the industry. The article shows that Gurkhas’ working conditions flow from their location on the periphery of global employment markets, a disadvantage that is further inflected by their status as racially underdeveloped subjects. Thus, their material and cultural status within the industry – regardless of the abilities of the individuals in question – is argued to be the outcome of tenacious colonial histories that continue to shape the labour-market opportunities of men from the global South within larger global security governance practices that increasingly feature outsourcing of military labour in operations.

Development of high yielding Taro (Colocacia esculenta L.) Variety for mid altitude growing areas of Southern Ethiopia

Seasonal food shortage is amongst the principal problems of farmers in mid-altitude areas of Southern Ethiopia. In some of the world’s poorest nations, taro and sweet potato are important part of food security packages. Globally, taro is grown over a wide range of environments from 1,300-2,300m.a.s.l.; mostly by the resource poor farmers. Its compatibility with various types of limited in put farming systems (versatility) and reliability under conditions such as drought, high rain fall, and low soil fertility have made it attractive crop to farmers. There is no improved variety of taros so far released to farmers, and hence this trial was carried out to develop high yielding taro for the region and for possible official release. The experiment was carried out using RCB design at three distinctive locations namely Areka, Donga Tunto and Yirga-chefe using 11 taro accessions plus one local check from the respective locations during 2000-2002. There were significant difference exists among the materials tested and the top yielder variety (ARC/064/96) was promoted for further verification trial on farmer’s field. From the results of verification trial it was observed that farmers show great interest towards the candidate variety on top of the local ones. Finally after repeated evaluation made by National Variety Releasing Committee (NVRC), this variety has officially been released for mid altitude agro-ecology and similar growing areas of SNNPR with wet heavy fertile soil. The new variety is named as Boloso-one.

Share Charges, Registrability and Section 197 of the Nigerian Companies and Allied Matters Act 2004

Deeds of share charges are security documents by which a chargor creates a security interest over shares held by it in a company in favour of a chargee. Share charges are usually part of the security package found in financing transactions. The chargor might be the borrower who is providing the share charge to the lender as part of the financing security or it could be a third party providing the lender with the security in support of the loan the lender is advancing to the borrower who might be connected in some way with the borrower.From the point of view of transaction costs, one of the advantages of the share charge is that it is nominally stamped at the revenue office and as a matter of practice filed at the Corporate Affairs Commission (the “CAC”) as a miscellaneous document which does not require registration as a company charge under Section 197 of the Companies and Allied Matters Act. Such filing under the miscellaneous category at the CAC attracts just a nominal fee.Recently, the CAC has sought to include share charges as a registrable document and have expectedly met with resistance from practitioners. It is believed that this position of the CAC was informed strongly (besides the proclivity of regulators in Nigeria to unreasonably seek to extend the ambit of their powers) by the custom of practitioners over the years to file share charge instruments at the CAC as a miscellaneous document. It is this writer’s conviction that the position of the CAC on share charges is unfounded in law.A resolution of this controversy one way or another is important as the outcome will definitely have an impact in real terms. If resolved in favour of the CAC, registration of share charges would ensure a potential increase in revenue generation for it through registration fees while a resolution in favour of the parties to the share charge would ensure that the very limited transaction cost involved in this security documentation remain intact.In the final analysis, the resolution of this controversy is one that turns on statutory interpretation. Thus, this article is designed to explore the corridors of Section 197 of CAMA, case laws and legal texts for signposts in aid of such resolution.

The EU and the Rights of the Roma: How Could the EU have Changed the French Repatriation Program of 2010?

In August of 2010, the French government began a program of deporting those Roma who lived within the country. Under European Union (EU) law, mass expulsions based on ethnicity are forbidden, as are mass examinations of peoples as opposed to individual assessments in the case of a crime. However, in the spirit of egalitarianism, France does not acknowledge the idea of racial or ethnic minorities. Instead, they have reframed the nonFrench Roma as a group engaged in criminal activity following Italy’s “security package” of 2008, which described ‘nomads’ as a national security threat and created legislation leading to expulsions of non-Italian Roma. By framing the Roma as a criminal group as opposed to an ethnic minority (that may be engaging in criminal activity), France is able to justify its actions in targeting the Roma people writ large instead of looking at each criminal case on a case-by-case basis. My resulting research question is: if we assume that the Roma are an ethnic minority in France, what obligations does the EU have in enforcing their rights in a member state that does not acknowledge the concept of “ethnic minority”? This paper will look at the French repatriation program and use Critical Race Theory as a framework to critique the situation and examine how EU-level policy could change the position of the Roma in France.

Gender as catalyst for violence against Roma in contemporary Italy

ABSTRACT Silvio Berlusconi's use of ethnicity and immigration as national security issues in his successful campaign for election to the Italian presidency in 2008 was by no means unique in contemporary Europe. What was surprising was the speed of his right-wing government's legislative restriction of migrants in the form of the so-called ‘security package’, first introduced just five weeks after the election. Woodcock explores the striking fact that this ‘security package’, and the intense wave of racist violence by Italians against Roma that it legitimized and encouraged, was proposed and justified in response to media reports of Italian babies being stolen by ‘Zingari’ from the ‘nomad camps’ and of Italian women being raped and beaten by Romanian men of ‘Zingari’ ethnicity. Gender and ethnicity are the twin constitutive discourses of modern European society, and racialized subjects are necessarily gendered. The stereotype of ‘dangerous black men sexually threatening white women’ has been mobilized in a vast range of European and colonial nationalist projects in order to justify the policing of both racialized masculine subjects and women as objects of the patriarchy. Similarly, the depiction of women as hysterical, sexually vulnerable objects in need of (white) masculine protection is an old story that the Italian media recognize as a fairy tale even as they reproduce the discourse. Woodcock explores what has not been mentioned thus far, namely, that gender stereotypes are vital to the mobilization of violent racism against the Roma in contemporary Italy, and how conservative gender binaries are strengthened and policed in a time of social crisis through the stereotyping of Roma as racial threat.

Rural Poverty Dynamics and Impact of Intervention Programs upon Chronic and Transitory Poverty in Northern Ethiopia*

Abstract: Using a three‐year panel data set of rural households in the Tigray region of northern Ethiopia, we examine the dynamics of poverty and the impact of two intervention measures—the food for work (FFW) and the food security package (FSP) programs—upon poverty by disaggregating total poverty into its transient and chronic components. Poverty in the region is predominantly chronic. Results of matching estimators indicate that the FSP program has a significant negative effect on total and chronic poverty, but not on transient poverty. Households involved in the program have on average lower levels of total and chronic poverty than households not involved in the program. The FFW on the other hand does not significantly influence any of the three forms of poverty. Tertile regressions, however, reveal that the FFW benefits households in the richest and the middle tertiles.

Bioethical issues: The new desaparecidos – a comment

The author makes a comment about the recently approved Italian law known as 'security package' (DDL 733-B), that introduces the crime of clandestinity. An illegal alien, who would by chance give birth to a baby in this country, could not recognise her child legally nor register the baby's birth and have it recognised in her family status. The Italian State is going to ignore these children. They are going to be invisible, with a serious risk for their human dignity and healthcare. This law, in absolute contradiction with the Constitution of the Italian Republic, contains a dangerous crack that could foster a return to the slavery, to the division between humans and non-humans; among the non-humans are first of all children, women and those who are not in line with the rules of the moment.

Constructing secure mobile agent systems using the agent operating system

Designing a secure and reliable mobile agent system is a difficult task. The agent operating system (AOS) is a building block that simplifies this task. AOS provides common primitives required by most mobile agent middleware systems, such as primitives for secure communication, secure and tamper-evident agent packaging and agent migration. Different middleware processes can use AOS at the same time; effective security mechanisms protect AOS resources owned by different middleware processes. Designed as a portable and language-neutral middleware layer residing between the mobile agent system and the operating system, AOS facilitates interoperability between agent platforms and between different implementations of AOS itself. AOS has been implemented in both C++ and Java. This paper motivates the design of AOS, describes how AOS is used in a mobile agent system, and presents performance measures for an agent transfer protocol layered upon AOS.

Windshield Washers, Gutter Punks, Roma, Robbery, and Graffiti: What Is Insecurity in Italy Today?

A foreigner robbed, beat up, raped, and dumped an Italian woman, Francesca Reggiani, to die in a ditch as she was returning home along a poorly lit, scruffy road in Tor di Quinto, a peripheral area of Rome and the site of a gypsy camp. This incident in 2007 was the final straw that resulted in an explosive debate on safety and security in Italy, coinciding with the presentation by the government of its Security Package on 30 October.

The Present and future role of ILO standards in realizing the right to social security

The right to social security is accepted in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Nonetheless, international human rights instruments and supervisory mechanisms have remained mostly silent about its definition. Within the UN family, it has been left to the ILO to give substance to this right through international labour Convention No. 102. Despite international recognition of the Convention's positive influence as a mechanism to help steer the progressive development of social security, it falls short of obliging minimum requirements for a basic social floor. In examining whether existing ILO standards can help States realize the universal right to at least a basic social security package, the article suggests the need for the ILO to develop new complementary mechanisms, which would also contribute to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and global poverty reduction.