Security In Wireless Sensor Networks Research Articles

A secure three-factor authentication scheme for multi-gateway wireless sensor networks based on elliptic curve cryptography

A secure and efficient mutual authentication and key agreement scheme is critical to the security of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Recently, many authentication schemes for multi-gateway WSNs have been proposed, but most of them are then found to have various security problems. By carefully analyzing Guo et al.’s scheme (2019), we point out its security weaknesses with causes. Besides being vulnerable to known attacks, this scheme is also prone to single point of failure. This paper proposes a novel elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) based three-factor authentication scheme for multi-gateway WSNs. The proposed scheme limits password guessing attempts and realizes ideal features like local password change, smart card revocation, dynamic sensor node addition, etc. The user is allowed to register on two frequently visited gateway nodes with the same smart card to withstand single point of failure and reduce cross-gateway communication requirements, which improves the authentication efficiency. BAN-logic and ProVerif tool are used to prove the correctness and security of the mutual authentication and key agreement process. Heuristic analysis shows the proposed scheme can resist various known attacks. Compared with other related schemes for multi-gateway WSNs, the proposed scheme can provide higher level of security efficiently.

Research on the application of data fusion technology in the security of wireless sensor networks

The problems and influencing factors of data security in wireless sensor networks are analysed. In order to improve the security of network data, the data fusion technology is reasonably applied to wireless sensor networks. Shortcomings of the current data fusion technology are studied, and based on characteristics of the homomorphic encryption data fusion technology, we improve defects of the homomorphic encryption data fusion technology. On the base of the elliptic curve cryptography homomorphic encryption, the sub-domain data security protection fusion algorithm is put forward. A new model of networks is constructed, and perceived nodes of wireless sensor networks in different regions are processed. Through experimental simulation and comparison, the new fusion algorithm of data security can effectively heighten the robustness of the network, and reduce energy loss and communication loads of networks. The new fusion algorithm improves performances of wireless sensor networks.

Design and Implementation of Enhanced Security Model for Wireless Sensor Network on ARM Processor

Due to the radio range of the network, suspicious transmission, unattended nature, and easier access, Wireless Sensor Networks are vulnerable to malicious users and physical attacks. Hence security is a must in these cases. A workable solution to these problems might be to create a WSN for a secure temperature sensing system. Sensors gather temperature measurements, which are then communicated to an advanced RISC microprocessor (ARM) using Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) technology, which has been proven to transfer data accurately and reliably. The data is then stored in memory, controlled by the microprocessor. An ARM 9-based Samsung S3C2440 Controller running on the Linux operating system is used to achieve the functionality. The security system is incorporated using the host MCUs, and the temperature values are converted to digital form using the ARM processor’s ADC (S3C2440). The processor is connected to the console terminal through UART, which regularly sends data to the system. Security data is monitored and transferred to other Wi-Fi-equipped devices through a USB-based Wi-Fi module. The temperature readings are continuously monitored via this wireless sensor network. We perform the validation of our study through MATLAB simulations. We measure the sensor nodes’ total energy dissipated, throughput, and lifetime through MATLAB simulations. Over all in this research, we develop improved security in WSN system with application in ARM controller-based secured temperature monitoring system. This paper paves a direction toward further research in physical security in Wireless Sensor Networks.

Implementing lightweight key exchange solutions for WSN with LoRa connectivity

The emerging applications of wireless sensor networks and internet of things (IoT) require providing IP connectivity to any node in the network, which makes security a crucial issue to take into consideration. Due to the limited resources of connected nodes, new challenges taking into account these constraints have to be overcome. In this work, we investigate authenticated key agreement as a part of providing end-to-end security solutions for wireless sensor networks using LoRa connectivity. We present, along the way, a primer that describes general aspects of security in wireless sensor networks and IoT at different levels. We then discuss the investigated methods for authenticated key agreement. Particularly, we study and implement lightweight key agreement methods based on the standardised internet key exchange protocol. The evaluation is performed through experimentation to present a more realistic assessment that demonstrates communication costs in terms of power consumption and memory usage.

Research on the application of data fusion technology in the security of wireless sensor networks

Research on the application of data fusion technology in the security of wireless sensor networks

A Data Aggregation Technique for WSNs Using Lightweight Cryptographic Algorithm

: Many SNs are dispersed throughout Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) to collect data from other nodes. Various secure data aggregation techniques are employed in WSN; however, the authentication procedure is not addressed. Implementing authentication while preserving WNS’s energy usage is difficult. The current approaches focus on various restrictions like key length and key sharing to improve authentication. However, it exposes the data aggregation network to criminal activity. This paper introduces a unique technique called a secure, Lightweight cryptographic data-aggregation algorithm to address security and energy challenges in WSN (SLC-DAA). The proposed SLC-DAA uses XOR operations and hash functions as cryptographic primitives. Using a stronger security and energy consumption paradigm, this technique offers potential options for cluster-based data aggregation. The suggested paradigm is less complex than current methods and offers superior computing efficiency and privacy protection.

Trust Aware Aquila Optimizer based Secure Data Transmission for Information Management in Wireless Sensor Networks

The province of wireless sensor network (WSN) is increasing continuously because of wide-ranging applications, namely, monitoring environmental conditions, military, and many other fields. But trust management in the WSN is the main objective as trust was utilized once cooperation among nodes becomes crucial to attaining reliable transmission. Thus, a new trust-based routing protocol is introduced to initiate secure routing. This study focuses on the design of Trust Aware Aquila Optimizer based Secure Data Transmission for Information Management (TAAO-SDTIM) in WSN. The presented TAAO-SDTIM model mainly intends to achieve maximum security and information management in WSN. The presented TAAO-SDTIM model determines optimum set of routes to base station (BS) utilizing a fitness function involving three parameters like residual energy (RE), distance to BS (DBS), and trust level (TL). The incorporation of the trust level of the nodes in the route selection process aids in appropriately selecting highly secure nodes in the data transmission procedure. For ensuring the enhanced performance of the TAAO-SDTIM model, a wide range of experiments are executed and the results pointed out the improved outcomes of the TAAO-SDTIM model over the other recent approaches.

ESSD: Energy Saving and Securing Data Algorithm for WSNs Security

The Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are characterized by their widespread deployment due to low cost, but the WSNs are vulnerable to various types of attacks. To defend against the attacks, an effective security solution is required. However, the limits of these networks’ battery-based energy to the sensor are the most critical impediments to selecting cryptographic techniques. Consequently, finding a suitable algorithm that achieves the least energy consumption in data encryption and decryption and providing a highly protected system for data remains the fundamental problem. In this research, the main objective is to obtain data security during transmission by proposing a robust and low-power encryption algorithm, in addition, to examining security algorithms such as ECC and MD5 based on previous studies. In this research, the Energy Saving and Securing Data algorithm (ESSD) algorithm is introduced, which provides the Message Digest 5 (MD5) computation simplicity by modifying the Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) under the primary condition of power consumption. These three algorithms, ECC, MD5, and ESSD, are applied to Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) and Threshold-sensitive Energy Efficient Sensor Network Protocol (TEEN) hierarchical routing algorithms which are considered the most widely used in WSNs. The results of security methods under the LEACH protocol show that all nodes are dead at 456, 496, and 496, respectively, to ECC, MD5, and ESSD. The results of security methods under the TEEN protocol show that the test ends at 3743, 4815, and 4889, respectively, to ECC, MD5, and ESSD. Based on these results, the ESSD outperforms better in terms of increased security and less power consumption. In addition, it is advantageous when applied to TEEN protocol.

A hierarchical key management and authentication method for wireless sensor networks

SummaryIn wireless sensor networks, sensor nodes are typically distributed in harsh environments for continuous monitoring and data collection. All sensor nodes send the collected data directly or through other sensor nodes to the base station. Due to the nature and range of applications of these networks, maintaining security has always been one of the most critical challenges in wireless sensor networks. Key management is one of the methods used to maintain security in wireless sensor networks. In this paper, a hierarchical key management method for wireless sensor networks is presented. In the proposed method, first, the network is zoned, then the connection between the network nodes is established through two keys within the zone and between zones. The zone key is the shared key between the zone members and the zone manager. For intra‐zone communication, a lightweight authentication operation is performed between zone members and the zone manager. If the authentication operation is successful, the key generation process is performed within the zone. The inter‐zone key is shared between both of the manager nodes and is used for inter‐zone communication. The performance of the proposed method is compared with the Zhang et al. (2016); the EDAK (Athmani et al., 2019), DKMS (Yousefpoor & Barati, 2020), SSEKMS (Kumar et al., 2021), and ADPK (Ahlawat & Dave, 2021) methods show the proposed method's better performance.

Secure wireless sensor network using cryptographic technique based hybrid genetic firefly algorithm

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are formed of self-contained nodes of sensors that are connected to one base station or more. WSNs have several primary aims one of them is to transport network node's trustworthy information to another one. As WSNs expand, they become more vulnerable to attacks, necessitating the implementation of strong security systems. The identification of effective cryptography for WSNs is a significant problem because of the limited energy of the sensor nodes, compute capability, and storage resources. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is an encryption technique implemented in this paper with three meta-heuristic algorithms which are called Hybrid Genetic Firefly algorithm, Firefly algorithm, and Genetic algorithm to ensure that the data in the WSNs is kept confidential by providing enough degrees of security. We have used hybrid Genetic firefly as a searching operator whose goal is to improve the searchability of the baseline genetic algorithm. The suggested framework's performance that based on the algorithm of hybrid genetic firefly is rated by using Convergence Graphs of the Benchmark Functions. From the graphs we have conclude that hybrid genetic firefly with AES is best from other algorithms.

One approach to the design of individual mathematical models of security in wireless sensor networks

The current level of development of engineering and technology is characterized by a constant expansion of the variety and complexity of mechanical and controlled objects, the operation of which occurs in a continuous-discrete time mode. One of these objects is the process of spreading malicious software in wireless sensor networks, the constant growth of trends towards which is due to their use as a single type of self-organized data transmission network with the least labor intensity and low cost.
 The concept of building sensor networks has not been formed at all. Therefore, the study of certain properties of such networks is very important for both domestic and world science. Moreover, for the strategically important sectors of the country, in particular defense, the protection of wireless sensor networks is a very important component.
 A new model of malware distribution is proposed, which is described by some boundary value problem for an impulsive dynamical system on a time scale.

Withdrawal Notice: An Investigative Analysis of Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN) Security

The article has been withdrawn at the request of the author of the journal International Journal of Sensors, Wireless Communications and Control. Bentham Science apologizes to the readers of the journal for any inconvenience this may have caused. The Bentham Editorial Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://benthamscience.com/editorial-policies-main.php Bentham Science Disclaimer: It is a condition of publication that manuscripts submitted to this journal have not been published and will not be simultaneously submitted or published elsewhere. Furthermore, any data, illustration, structure or table that has been published elsewhere must be reported, and copyright permission for reproduction must be obtained. Plagiarism is strictly forbidden, and by submitting the article for publication the authors agree that the publishers have the legal right to take appropriate action against the authors, if plagiarism or fabricated information is discovered. By submitting a manuscript, the authors agree that the copyright of their article is transferred to the publishers if and when the article is accepted for publication.

Robust and Accurate Trust Establishment Scheme for Wireless Sensor Network

The success of the mission assigned to a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) depends heavily on the cooperation between the nodes of this network. Indeed, given the vulnerability of wireless sensor networks to attack, some entities may engage in malicious behavior aimed at undermining the proper functioning of the network. As a result, the selection of reliable nodes for task execution becomes a necessity for the network. To improve the cooperation and security of wireless sensor networks, the use of Trust Management Systems (TMS) is increasingly recommended due to their low resource consumption. The various existing trust management systems differ in their methods of estimating trust value. The existing ones are very rigid and not very accurate. In this paper, we propose a robust and accurate method (RATES) to compute direct and indirect trust between the network nodes. In RATES model, to compute the direct trust, we improve the Bayesian formula by applying the chaining of trust values, a local reward, a local penalty and a flexible global penalty based on the variation of successful interactions, failures and misbehaviors frequency. RATES thus manages to obtain a direct trust value that is accurate and representative of the node behavior in the network. In addition, we introduce the establishment of a simple confidence interval to filter out biased recommendations sent by malicious nodes to disrupt the estimation of a node's indirect trust. Mathematical theoretical analysis and evaluation of the simulation results show the best performance of our approach for detecting on-off attacks, bad-mouthing attacks and persistent attacks compared to the other existing approaches.

Analysis of Epidemic Model for Performance Evaluation of Rechargeable Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a decentralized network system which consists of sensor nodes, and these nodes are connected through wireless link. Due to decentralized network system and resource constraint WSN faces security threat. Malware (malicious signals, worm, Trajan horse, virus etc.) attacks on the sensor node of WSN and make them paralyze and steal information from the network. Malware attack also increases the energy consumption of Sensor nodes of WSN. It just begins to spread from an infected node, and spread across the entire WSN with the help of neighboring nodes. Therefore, security of WSN against attack of malware is an inescapable need. On the basis of earlier works and consideration of charging mechanism of sensor nodes, and considering the effect of coverage and connectivity, proposed a SILRD (Susceptible - Infectious – Low Energy – Recovered –Dead) model with vital dynamics. The propose model investigates the dynamics of malware propagation in WSN and also explain sensor node’s energy consumption. The system’s stability has analyzed in terms of local and global of malware-free and endemic equilibrium. For the investigation of system dynamics, the expression of basic reproduction number has computed, which is also utilized to analyze state of malware in WSN. The effect of charging, coverage and connectivity is explained in this paper.

A Statistical Study into Network Security Issues of IT Companies in Accra

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a rising technology that offers a great assurance towards a variety of revolutionary applications such as military and public. As wireless sensor networks continue to develop, there is a high importance in security mechanisms. As sensor networks works with responsive data and operate in antagonistic environments, it is crucial to address the security issues. The sensing technology united with wireless communication and processing power makes it rewarding. Due to these computing and inherent constraints in resource, sensor network security has special challenges. The low cost and collaborative nature of the wireless networks (WNs) offers significant advantages upon the conventional communication techniques. The wireless communication technology has several kinds of security threats. The spotlight of this paper is towards addressing the security issues and challenges of WSNs. Here the idea is to identify the threats and security mechanism of wireless sensor networks among WSNs companies in Accra. This paper will contribute to the literature of Wireless sensor networks security issues and challenges in society especially in Ghana. It is concluded that wireless sensor networks have security impact and challenges on information security in IT companies in Accra.

A key management scheme using (p, q)-lucas polynomials in wireless sensor network

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has witnessed an unpredictable growth for the last few decades. It has many applications in various critical sectors such as real-time monitoring of nuclear power plant, disaster management, environment, military area etc. However, due to the distributed and remote deployment of sensor nodes in such networks, they are highly vulnerable to different security threats. The sensor network always needs a proficient key management scheme to secure data because of resource-constrained nodes. Existing polynomial based key management schemes are simple, but the computational complexity is a big issue. Lucas polynomials, Fibonacci polynomials, Chebychev polynomials are used in Engineering, Physics, Combinatory and Numerical analysis etc. In this paper, we propose a key management scheme using (p, q)-Lucas polynomial to improve the security of WSN. In (p, q)-Lucas polynomial, p represents a random base number while q represents a substitute value of × in the polynomial. The value of p is unique, and q is different according to communication between nodes. Analysis of the proposed method on several parameters such as computational overhead, efficiency and storage cost have been performed and compared with existing related schemes. The analysis demonstrates that the proposed (p, q)-Lucas polynomial based key management scheme outperforms over other polynomials in terms of the number of keys used and efficiency.

Intrusion Detection System Attack Classification with Optimization Model for WSN Security

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) subjected various challenges during data transmission between nodes deployed in a network. To withstand those security challenges Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is designed. IDS is involved in attack detection and classification but is subjected to a lack of effective classification techniques for attack prevention. To overcome those challenges associated with security this research presented an effective clustering technique known as Centred-Order Node Clustering (CONC). Also, Cluster Head (CH) is elected based on the Improved Flower Pollination Algorithm (IFPA) with multi-objective characteristics. By this proposed method lifetime of the network is improved. Additionally, a supervised classification technique called AdaBoost Regression Classifier (ABRC) is developed with the Intrusion Detection System (IDS). The developed ABRC is constructed for malicious node detection with the prediction of several attacks using IDS. Through improved security mechanisms sensor nodes are involved in effective data transmission between sensor nodes. The simulation analysis stated that the proposed mechanism provides better results rather than the existing technique.

An efficient secure key establishment method in cluster-based sensor network

The main issue for the security of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is how to allow sensor nodes (SNs) to establish and share cryptographic keys in an energy-efficient, storage-efficient, and authentic manner for their secure data transmission. Furthermost recent studies carried out in this direction is concerned with homogeneous networks in which all sensor has identical characteristics and fundamental administration mechanisms. However, Cluster-based sensor networks have demonstrated better achievements and performance than homogeneous networks because of the several benefits of clustering. This inspired us to propose a secure key-establishment method for cluster-based sensor networks based on symmetric-key cryptography. Since symmetric key cryptography has small energy consumption, they are a great choice to prefer for securing the networks. Even though symmetric key cryptography has high storage needs, this deficiency can be reduced by using suitable methods—evaluating the proposed work that the storage needs are reduced along with reduced energy consumption. The work offers a favorable level of security against various intruders and possible security threats and is additionally scalable than the state-of-the-art techniques.

A Survey on Layer-Wise Security Attacks in IoT: Attacks, Countermeasures, and Open-Issues

Security is a mandatory issue in any network, where sensitive data are transferred safely in the required direction. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are the networks formed in hostile areas for different applications. Whatever the application, the WSNs must gather a large amount of sensitive data and send them to an authorized body, generally a sink. WSN has integrated with Internet-of-Things (IoT) via internet access in sensor nodes along with internet-connected devices. The data gathered with IoT are enormous, which are eventually collected by WSN over the Internet. Due to several resource constraints, it is challenging to design a secure sensor network, and for a secure IoT it is essential to have a secure WSN. Most of the traditional security techniques do not work well for WSN. The merger of IoT and WSN has opened new challenges in designing a secure network. In this paper, we have discussed the challenges of creating a secure WSN. This research reviews the layer-wise security protocols for WSN and IoT in the literature. There are several issues and challenges for a secure WSN and IoT, which we have addressed in this research. This research pinpoints the new research opportunities in the security issues of both WSN and IoT. This survey climaxes in abstruse psychoanalysis of the network layer attacks. Finally, various attacks on the network using Cooja, a simulator of ContikiOS, are simulated.

A survey of Sybil attack countermeasures in IoT-based wireless sensor networks.

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) have been among the most prevalent wireless innovations over the years exciting new Internet of Things (IoT) applications. IoT based WSN integrated with Internet Protocol IP allows any physical objects with sensors to be connected ubiquitously and send real-time data to the server connected to the Internet gate. Security in WSN remains an ongoing research trend that falls under the IoT paradigm. A WSN node deployed in a hostile environment is likely to open security attacks such as Sybil attack due to its distributed architecture and network contention implemented in the routing protocol. In a Sybil attack, an adversary illegally advertises several false identities or a single identity that may occur at several locations called Sybil nodes. Therefore, in this paper, we give a survey of the most up-to-date assured methods to defend from the Sybil attack. The Sybil attack countermeasures includes encryption, trust, received signal indicator (RSSI), encryption and artificial intelligence. Specifically, we survey different methods, along with their advantages and disadvantages, to mitigate the Sybil attack. We discussed the lesson learned and the future avenues of study and open issues in WSN security analysis.