MANET Security Research Articles

A Framework for Mitigating Gray Hole Attack On Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

posing a significant challenge to network performance and reliability. In a gray hole attack, a malicious node selectively drops packets while forwarding others, leading to increased packet loss and latency. This paper presents a novel Gray Hole Prevention algorithm designed to detect and mitigate the effects of such attacks, thereby enhancing the security and efficiency of MANETs. The proposed algorithm integrates existing techniques, specifically the Secure Detection Prevention and Elimination Gray Hole (SDPEGH) approach, with proactive measures to improve detection accuracy and minimize the risk of blacklisting legitimate nodes. Extensive simulations were conducted using the NS-2 simulation tool, comparing the performance of the proposed algorithm against traditional methods. The results demonstrate a significant improvement in network performance, with the GRAY-HP algorithm achieving a PDR of 92%, compared to 78% for the SDPEGH algorithm, representing an increase of 18%. Additionally, the throughput improved by 25%, reaching 85 kbps, while the energy consumption was reduced by 15%, indicating a more efficient use of resources. The routing overhead was also minimized by 20%, showcasing the algorithm's effectiveness in maintaining network stability. This research contributes to the field of network security by providing a robust solution to gray hole attacks, thereby enhancing the reliability and performance of MANETs. The findings underscore the importance of proactive security measures in dynamic and decentralized environments, paving the way for future advancements in secure communication protocols for mobile networks.

Advancing security and efficiency in MANET using dynamic algorithm switching

Advancing security and efficiency in MANET using dynamic algorithm switching

Enhancing IoT security in MANETs: A novel adaptive defense reinforcement approach

Enhancing IoT security in MANETs: A novel adaptive defense reinforcement approach

Enhancing security and efficiency in MANETs: a clustering-based approach with CGRUN and AGTO optimization for intrusion detection and path establishment

Enhancing security and efficiency in MANETs: a clustering-based approach with CGRUN and AGTO optimization for intrusion detection and path establishment

Crossover Boosted Grey Wolf Optimizer‐based framework for leader election and resource allocation in Intrusion Detection Systems for MANETs

AbstractMobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) is a self‐organizing networks without having a fixed infrastructure for making them susceptible to security threats. Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) promotes security in MANETs by identifying malicious activities. Leader election is a fundamental aspect of IDS deployment, impacting resource allocation and system efficiency. This article presents a novel approach, the Crossover Boosted Grey Wolf Optimizer (CBGWO), for leader election and resource allocation in MANET‐based IDS. The proposed CBGWO algorithm integrates the Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) with innovative crossover operators that have an ability to enhance the capabilities of exploration and exploitation in the optimization process. The leader election problem is solved through applying multi‐objective optimization by considering energy consumption, reputation, and communication overhead. Objective functions are defined to maximize energy efficiency while maintaining a balanced distribution of leadership roles. Extensive simulations are conducted, varying network densities and the percentage of selfish nodes. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of the CBGWO‐based model in balancing energy consumption, prolonging network lifespan, and enhancing intrusion detection by comparing different state‐of‐the‐art models such as PCA‐FELM, CTAA‐MPSO, FLS‐RE, LEACH, DCAIDS, WOA‐GA, and VOELA. The proposed model achieved an energy consumption of 4.31 J, network lifetime of 560.482 ms, and average intrusion detection latency of 0.12 s, respectively. The proposed model outperforms than existing random and connectivity‐based leader election methods that is evaluated by taking main consideration of energy efficiency and network survivability. This research contributes to the field by introducing a robust algorithm for leader election in MANET‐based IDS, addressing challenges posed by network dynamics and resource constraints. The CBGWO‐based approach showcases its potential to achieve effective leader election and efficient resource allocation, thereby enhancing the security and sustainability of MANETs.

Hybrid RSA–AES-Based Software-Defined Network to Improve the Security of MANET

Abstract Software-defined networking offers a flexible and programmatically efficient network design. Security in today’s ad hoc mobile wireless network is paramount and incredibly challenging. Software-defined network is used to automatically and dynamically manage and control large network devices, network services, traffic paths, network topology, and packet management (quality of service). Recently different attackers are attacking our data when forwarding from one device to another. Therefore, software-defined networking and a Hybrid Rivest, Shamir, and Adelman (RSA)–Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) cryptography algorithm are needed to establish the concept of software-defined networking in mobile ad hoc networks to improve security and routing efficiency. The proposed Hybrid Cryptography Algorithm (HCA)-Based SDN mainly creates strong detection, prevention, and authentication mechanisms for MANET. The proposed secure data channel throughput increased by 0.4%, and the suggested system latency was 3.6% lower than the Normal MANET. It is already proved that the Hybrid cryptography algorithm also generates a key for security faster than RSA (Rivest, Shamir, and Adelman). The performance of the RSA–AES (hybrid) approach for encrypting and decrypting broad data significantly beats the RSA-Blowfish algorithm. In decrypting files, the hybrid approach (RSA–AES) outperforms the RSA-Blowfish method 11.2 times more efficiently when the file size is 32 kB; however, efficiency is increased by 77.1 times when the file size exceeds 4,096 kB. The experimental result shows that as the file size increases the hybrid RSA–AES solution outperforms RSA when the file is only 145 bytes; however, when the file is 6,460 bytes in size, the efficiency is multiplied by 61.3. As file size increases, RSA is less efficient than the hybrid encryption method. This is more preferred to be implemented for different parts of wireless networks like MANET.

Adaptive Marine Predator Optimization Algorithm (AOMA)-Deep Supervised Learning Classification (DSLC) Based IDS Framework for MANET Security

Adaptive Marine Predator Optimization Algorithm (AOMA)-Deep Supervised Learning Classification (DSLC) Based IDS Framework for MANET Security

Security-ANODR for provisioning of neighbour security in MANETs

MANETs are a type of wireless ad hoc network characterized by a wireless medium. The MANET's inherent characteristics, like dynamic change in topology and lack of central administration, reduce the possibility of provisioning security. Most of the studies have concentrated more on providing security than the computational cost of energy utilization. Neighbor security is proposed in this paper in addition to the existing de facto ANODR protocol for provisioning security in ANODR. The design and implementation of FB-NTT-S-ANODR to minimize energy consumption, thereby enhancing the network lifetime, are suggested. A soft computing technique for optimizing the performance of FB-NTT-S-ANODR is attempted. From experimental results, the proposed FB-NTT-S-ANODR minimizes the total energy consumption by 93.07%. Hence, the proposed method is more suitable for provisioning security and enhancing the network lifetime.

Mobile Adhoc Network Risk Profiles - An Overview of Existing Network Traffic Datasets to DetermineIdeal Axiom Criteria

A Mobile Adhoc networks also known as MANET or Wireless Adhoc Network is a network that usually has aroutable networking environment on top of a Link Layer ad hoc network. It consist of a set of mobile nodes connected wirelessly in a self-configured, self-healing network without having a fixed infrastructure. Recent studies and fieldwork have pointed in the direction of making MANETS a publicly viable option in the event of another world event/crisis such as the recent COVID-19 pandemic. As opposed to their traditional military and emergency uses, this has become a focal point due to the evident strain that was observed on mainstream Internet Service Providers as substantial adjustments had to be made to facilitate a new ’working-from-home’ public. A primary aspect that must be considered before public adoption is addressing the issue of MANET risk and Security which leads into identifying and classifying risks associated with MANETS.

Secure Routing Protocols Comparison Analysis Between RNBR, SAA, A-UPK

The advent of wireless communications and the development of mobile devices have made great strides in the development of roaming communications. The MANET mobile network was developed with the ability for mobile devices to quickly self-configure and extend wireless coverage without infrastructure support. Security is one of the most important areas of research and plays a vital role in determining the success of personal and commercial telephone systems.Therefore, this study focuses on systematically examining MANET security and accountability issues and analyzing the performance of solutions proposed by three different design approaches to security systems.First, it provides an approach for identifying trusted nodes employing the proposed RNBR method for secure routing.it provides a Self-Assured Assessment (SAA) method to estimate node stability. Its main goal is to contribute to a self-assessment-based reliability assessment mechanism that provides a reliable and reliable pathway.it provides a new authentication method to prevent forgery attacks. It supports authentication mechanisms to prevent RF attacks and ensure secure routing development.The main Objective of this paper is compare to packet delivery Ratio ,Control Overhead, Packet Drop Ratio in different secure RNBR,SAA,A-UPK Routing Protocols in MANETS.

Block chain based integrated data aggregation and segmentation framework by reputation metrics for mobile adhoc networks

To improve the efficiency and safety of data transmission in MANETs, a blockchain-based integrated data aggregation and segmentation architecture based on reputation metrics are presented. Reputation ratings are given to network nodes based on their historical performance in areas like data aggregation and categorization. Higher-reputation nodes are preferred as data aggregators and segments, whereas nodes with lower reputation scores may be overlooked. Using blockchain technology, we can be confident that node reputation ratings cannot be altered and are thus trustworthy. This allows nodes to authenticate the identity of other nodes before transferring data with them, improving data security in MANETs and helping prevent malevolent nodes from fraudulently claiming a high reputation score. This framework uses blockchain technology and reputation metrics in a decentralized fashion to improve the speed and safety of data transmission in Mobile Ad hoc Networks.

Enhanced security using multiple paths routine scheme in cloud-MANETs

Cloud Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (Cloud-MANETs) is a framework that can access and deliver cloud services to MANET users through their smart devices. MANETs is a pool of self-organized mobile gadgets that can communicate with each other with no support from a central authority or infrastructure. The main advantage of MANETs is its ability to manage mobility while data communication between different users in the system occurs. In MANETs, clustering is an active technique used to manage mobile nodes. The security of MANETs is a key aspect for the fundamental functionality of the network. Addressing the security-related problems ensures that the confidentiality and integrity of the data transmission is secure. MANETs are highly prone to attacks because of their properties.In clustering schemes, the network is broken down to sub-networks called clusters. These clusters can have overlapping nodes or be disjointed. An enhanced node referred to asthe Cluster Head (CH) is chosen from each set to overseetasks related to routing. It decreases the member nodes’ overhead and improvesthe performance of the system. The relationship between the nodes and CH may vary randomly, leading to re-associations and re-clustering in a MANET that is clustered. An efficient and effective routing protocol is required to allow networking and to find the most suitable paths between the nodes. The networking must be spontaneous, infrastructure-less, and provide end-to-end interactions. The aim of routing is the provision of maximum network load distribution and robust networks. This study focused on the creation of a maximal route between a pair of nodes, and to ensure the appropriate and accurate delivery of the packet. The proposed solution ensured that routing can be carried out with the lowest bandwidth consumption. Compared to existing protocols, the proposed solution had a control overhead of 24, packet delivery ratio of 81, the lowest average end-to-end delay of 6, and an improved throughput of 80,000, thereby enhancing the output of the network. Our result shows that multipath routing enables the network to identify alternate paths connecting the destination and source. Routing is required to conserve energy and for optimum bandwidth utilization.

An Enhanced Grey Wolf Optimisation–Deterministic Convolutional Neural Network (GWO–DCNN) Model-Based IDS in MANET

At present, ensuring the security of MANET is a highly challenging chore due to the dynamic topology of the network. Hence, most of the existing Frameworks for Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) seek to predict the attacks by utilising the clustering and classification mechanisms. Still, they face the major problems of reduced convergence speed, high error rate and increased complexity in the algorithm design. Therefore, this paper intends to utilise integrated optimisation and classification methods for accurately predicting the classified label. This framework comprises the working modules of preprocessing, feature extraction, optimisation and classification. Initially, the input datasets are preprocessed by filling the missing values, and normalising the redundant contents. After that, the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) technique is employed for selecting the set of features used for improving the classification performance. Consequently, the Grey Wolf Optimisation (GWO) technique is utilised for selecting the most optimal features based on the best fitness value, which reduces the overall complexity of IDS. Finally, the Deterministic Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN) technique is utilised for predicting whether the classified outcomes are normal or attacks. For validating the results, various performance metrics have been assessed during the analysis, and the obtained results are compared with the recent state-of-the-art models.

Secure Routing Protocol to Mitigate Attacks by using Blockchain Technology in MANET

MANET is a collection of mobile nodes that communicate through wireless networks as they move from one point to another. MANET is an infrastructure-less network with a changeable topology; as a result, it is very susceptible to attacks. MANET attack prevention represents a serious difficulty. Malicious network nodes are the source of network-based attacks. In a MANET, attacks can take various forms, and each one alters the network's operation in its unique way. In general, attacks can be separated into two categories: those that target the data traffic on a network and those that target the control traffic. This article explains the many sorts of assaults, their impact on MANET, and the MANET-based defence measures that are currently in place. The suggested SRA that employs blockchain technology (SRABC) protects MANET from attacks and authenticates nodes. The secure routing algorithm (SRA) proposed by blockchain technology safeguards control and data flow against threats. This is achieved by generating a Hash Function for every transaction. We will begin by discussing the security of the MANET. This article's second section explores the role of blockchain in MANET security. In the third section, the SRA is described in connection with blockchain. In the fourth phase, PDR and Throughput are utilised to conduct an SRA review using Blockchain employing PDR and Throughput. The results suggest that the proposed technique enhances MANET security while concurrently decreasing delay. The performance of the proposed technique is analysed and compared to the routing protocols Q-AODV and DSR.

Trust aware ad hoc routing protocol with key management based mechanism and optimal energy‐efficient cluster head selection in mobile ad hoc networks

SummaryThe implementation of Mobile Ad hoc Networks in numerous domains is necessitated by the fast evolving wireless service requirements as well as deployment demands over the last few decades. The application areas are environmental monitoring, disaster rescue operations, military communications, and other safety‐critical sectors. The underlying routing protocol has a considerable impact on the effectiveness of an ad hoc network deployment in a specific situation. MANETs are vulnerable to major security risks that are difficult to combat with current security measures. As a result, several safe routing protocols have been created to improve MANET security. This work proposes a safe and energy‐efficient routing mechanism using group key management. Initially, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) was adopted for efficient selection of cluster heads and malicious node detection, which aims to establish the trust among connected nodes that can enhance security as every participating node will produce as well as propagate authentic, accurate, and trusted content within the network. Two specialized nodes, dubbed Calculator Key (CK) and Distribution Key (DK), are then responsible for producing, verifying, and distributing secret keys among nodes employing Asymmetric key cryptography. The proposed method is named Optimal Cluster_ Trust Asymmetric Key Management Protocol (OptCH_TAKMP), which is considered an excellent energy‐efficient cluster head election process with a securable routing mechanism. It is compared with three state‐of‐art methods. Simulation results show that proposed OptCH_TAKMP achieves 31.4% of routing overhead, 23% of end‐to‐end delay, 78.6% of energy efficiency, 94.8% of throughput, 28.2% of average latency, 91.4% of malicious detection rate, and 92.4% of packet delivery ratio, 85.2% of network lifetime, 19.2% of communication cost and 28.6% of trust computation error.

Enabling security in MANETs using an efficient cluster based group key management with elliptical curve cryptography in consort with sail fish optimization algorithm

AbstractIn MANET, group key management is a vital part of multicast security. But distribution of keys in an authenticated manner is a difficult task in group key management. The existing methods provide low security with high processing time during group key management resulting does not provide sufficient results. Therefore, enabling security in MANETs using an efficient cluster based group key management with elliptical curve cryptography in consort with sail fish optimization algorithm is proposed in this article for two‐level security with reduced computational overhead. At first, all the nodes in the cluster are structured in hierarchy method. The key server creates public key utilizing private key of the group node. Here, elliptical curve cryptography based meta‐heuristic sail fish optimization algorithm is used to select the optimal private key for better secure communication. After selecting this optimum private key, the key server creates the public key, and a common group key is created using this generated public keys. If the nodes joint or exit from the subgroup, the reset process is executed in group key management process. Finally, this process reduces the computational overhead of rekeying method. The proposed method is simulated by Python programming and network simulator‐3. The proposed elliptical curve cryptography based sail fish optimization algorithm attains 10.9%, 22.21%, and 11.43% low computational overhead, 19.34%, 13.45%, and 42.13% low latency, 43.45%, 22.21%, and 12.22% high packet delivery rate, 11.23%, 13.41%, and 21.11% high network life time than the existing methods.

EXPLORING MANET SECURITY ASPECTS: ANALYSIS OF ATTACKS AND NODE MISBEHAVIOUR ISSUES

Mobile ad hoc networks are susceptible to various security threats due to their open media nature and mobility, making them a top priority for security measures. This paper provides an in-depth examination of MANET security issues. Some of the most critical aspects of mobile ad hoc networks, including their applications, have been discussed. This is followed by a discussion of MANETs' design vulnerability to external and internal security threats caused by inherent network characteristics such as limited battery power, mobility, dynamic topology, open media, and so on. Numerous MANET-related attacks have been classified based on their sources, behaviour, participating nodes, processing capability, and layering. The many different types of misbehaviour a node can exhibit and the various ways a node can behave were investigated. Two major types of MANETs misbehaviour have been evaluated, classified and analysed. Notably, mitigating node misbehaviour in MANET is a critical issue that must be addressed to ensure network node functionality and availability. Strategies for detecting network nodes that misroute packets are also examined. Finally, the paper emphasises the need for effective solutions to secure MANETs.

A Low-Latency and High-Throughput Multipath Technique to Overcome Black Hole Attack in Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MTBD)

Security in MANETs is a highly contentious topic in the field of network management. The availability and functionality of a MANET might be compromised by a variety of attacks. One of the most prevalent active attacks used to degrade network speed and reliability is the black hole attack, which leads the compromised agent to discard all data packets. The purpose of a black hole node is to trick other access points into thinking that they must use their node as their route to a certain destination. The black hole node in a cable network cannot be detected or eliminated in an AODV network. We improved AODV in this study by utilizing a lighter-weight technique based on timing and baiting for detecting and separating single and collaboration black hole attacks. MANETs have a dynamic topology, an open medium, and a lack of a highly centralized monitoring point, all of which offer security problems. Attacks on security are one of the sorts of attacks. In MANETs, it has no central administration, and mobile devices link to other devices wirelessly. Black holes, insider attacks, gray holes, parallel universes, faulty nodes, and packet drops are all threats that can cause considerable disruption in secure communication. Simulation findings demonstrate that the proposed method significantly outperforms previous techniques in terms of end-to-end delay, throughput, packet delivery ratio, and average energy. A multipath methodology is used in our proposed method to mitigate the black hole attack in MANET. The proposed technique is tested in a simulation reality to see how stable it is in the face of an attack. When the proposed method’s results are compared to those of existing state-of-the-art approaches, it is discovered that the acquired results are satisfactory.

Retraction Note to: MANET security routing protocols based on a machine learning technique (Raspberry PIs)

Retraction Note to: MANET security routing protocols based on a machine learning technique (Raspberry PIs)

Security Concerns and Remedial Measures in MANETs Using Intrusion Detection

In this research paper, we discussed the guaranteed reliable communication between nodes by constructing the black hole attack free route in MANET. To achieve this, a Hybrid Intrusion Detection System (HIDS) technique has been proposed to detect and remove the black hole attack nodes in the routing path. In MANETs, a novel cluster leader election process has been proposed. This election process is based on the node with maximum energy level. One of the important functionality is security in MANET. Due to many different attacks in the routing path, MANET becomes unsecure. Understanding the form of attacks is always the main step towards the secured communication between mobile nodes. Routing protocols are significant to guarantee proper functioning of the path from source to destination nodes. This preserves the security of MANET from attacks.