Security Of Digital Images Research Articles

Secure and imperceptible digital image steganographic algorithm based on diamond encoding in DWT domain

This paper presents a new efficient embedding algorithm in the wavelet domain of digital images based on the diamond encoding (DE) scheme. Current discrete wavelet transform (DWT) steganography adds an unacceptable distortion to the images and is considered as an ineffective in terms of security. Applying the DE scheme to the current DWT steganographic methods solves the problems of these methods, and reduces the distortion added to the images, and thus improves the embedding efficiency. The proposed algorithm first converts the secret image into a sequence of base-5 digits. After that, the cover image is transformed into the DWT domain and segmented into 2 × 1 coefficient pairs. The DE scheme is used then to change at most one coefficient of each coefficient pair to embed the base-5 digits. Experimental results depict that the proposed algorithm is more efficient in embedding compared to other methods in terms of embedding payload and image quality. Moreover, the proposed algorithm is attacked by well-known steganalysis software. Results are showing that the proposed algorithm is secure against the powerful universal steganalyzer “ensemble classifier” and the histogram attack. The results also reveal that the proposed algorithm is robust against different image processing attacks such as compression, added noise, and cropping attacks.

Numbering with spiral pattern to prove authenticity and integrity in medical images

With the rapid development of technology in digital multimedia, manipulation and misconduct of digital data are soaring. The watermarking procedure is seen as helpful to protect the security of digital images which are highly confidential such as medical images. In this study, an efficient watermarking method for greyscale images is proposed. The scheme is designed to achieve good numbering pattern, exact detection and image recovery. The proposed scheme uses a unique spiral pattern numbering before implementing the block-based mechanism for embedding. The experiment tests the difference between using normal pattern and unique spiral pattern in numbering, and the results show that the proposed method produces a great quality value of embedded image with great tamper localization and recovery ability. This function can help in proving authenticity and integrity of medical images in the system.

A New Composite Biomarker for Cervical Cancer Diagnosis

In 2004, at the FASEB meeting, we introduced our new proprietary, biomarker‐based MarkPap® technology for detection of abnormal cells on cervical specimens.At subsequent meetings, we followed with reports for further developments of this platform technology, e.g., semi automated processing, diagnosis at distance with digital (TelePap) and mobile (Mobile Pap) transmission of microscopic images from POC to medical centers. Empowering the methodology with IT technology (telecytopathology) it became infrastructure‐independent and a possibility for self‐specimen collection (MarkPap Self) opened a prospective for global cervical cancer screening.On the most recent FASEB meetings we presented our results from building IT Telehealth Center for Telecytopathology with proprietary communication network to a global networking system enabling automatic exchange of secure digital image (high resolution, still, metadata) files between POCs and medical centers for the purpose of global cervical cancer screening.This time, we are presenting a composite, meaningful biomarker MEDYKO, an acronym, composed of ME ‐ pre‐malignant changes (cervical acid phosphatase); DY‐dysplasia, dyskaryosis (malignancy); KO – koilocytes, HPV disease (poor prognosis). This composition of biomarkers provides instant visual information of the metabolic status of cell undergoing transformation, morphological status of the nucleus indicating DNA malignant alteration, and koilocytes indicating poor prognosis because of the chronic HPV disease. All three parameters were present in high percent of cases of advanced cervical cancer and hierarchically less expressed in HSIL, LSIL and ASCUS.These results warrant further work on multiple biomarkers related to malignant disorders, which instant recognition on Pap smears could improve the clinical value of such new Pap test and return it to prior status of the “best anticancer screening test available”.Support or Funding InformationBioSciCon, Inc.

A secure image encryption method based on dynamic harmony search (DHS) combined with chaotic map

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the security of digital images. This study focuses on the gray scale image encryption using dynamic harmony search (DHS). In this research, first, a chaotic map is used to create cipher images, and then the maximum entropy and minimum correlation coefficient is obtained by applying a harmony search algorithm on them. This process is divided into two steps. In the first step, the diffusion of a plain image using DHS to maximize the entropy as a fitness function will be performed. However, in the second step, a horizontal and vertical permutation will be applied on the best cipher image, which is obtained in the previous step. Additionally, DHS has been used to minimize the correlation coefficient as a fitness function in the second step. The simulation results have shown that by using the proposed method, the maximum entropy and the minimum correlation coefficient, which are approximately 7.9998 and 0.0001, respectively, have been obtained.

Adaptive Lossless Medical Image Watermarking Algorithm Based on DCT & DWT

This paper, presents a robust, secure and lossless digital image watermarking based on DWT and DCT. The combined DWT-DCT algorithm embedded watermarks in original medical image. It embeds watermark like patient's name, disease's name, hospital's name, and doctor's signature into original medical image. This watermarking algorithm provides privacy of patient. Many performance factors are considered to evaluate the performance parameters of the proposed scheme. The performance evolution factors include PSNR, and measuring their correlation with degradation of the whole image.

Aggregation of Discrete Cosine Transform Digital Image Watermarking with Advanced Encryption Standard Technique

Signal is a function of one or more independent variables which contain some information. Signals are of different category depending upon their characteristics. They are classified as noise signal, deterministic signal, random signal, periodic signal, non-periodic signal, physically realizable and non-realizable, energy and power signals, analog and digital signals, etc. The Information carry by these signals are in different formats like text, image, audio, video, etc. Due to advance internet technology, it is very easy to transfer data from source to destination within second. Thus, issue of security and copyright protection of data increases. There are different methods and techniques used for providing security and copyright protection used for data. In this research, aggregation of two techniques i.e. 2D-DCT based digital watermarking for copyright protection and AES technique using 256 bits key for security of digital image against different attacks like as jpeg compression, salt pepper noise, gaussian noise, median filter, cropping, etc.

A Novel Dynamic Secret key Generation for an Efficient Image Encryption Algorithm

<p>Today, the security of digital images is considered more and more essential and a strong secret key plays a major role in the image encryption. In this paper, a novel method for generating dynamic non-linear secret keys for a symmetric block cipher using XOR-operation is proposed. The dynamic non-linear secret keys generation is based on a combination of logistic and piecewise chaotic map methods with a new automatic creation of initial seed values. The automatic initial seed values creation depends on the development of a novel strategy for seeds creation based on sunflower spiral points. The experimental results indicate that the proposed key generator algorithm has the advantage of large key space with a safety protection of brute force attack. Therefore, the performance analysis of image encryption reveals a correlation coefficient of about (-0.0001) and entropy greater than (7.9978). Furthermore, the results show high security for encryption based on strong dynamic secret key properties.</p>

A hybrid digital image watermarking algorithm based on DCT‐DWT and auto‐thresholding

AbstractMultimedia evolution in the current era has given digital images security and privacy a great concern. Digital image watermarking is used to produce highly protected images in order to promote secure and protected exchange over the network and between individuals. In this paper, a robust algorithm for digital image watermarking is proposed based on a hybrid watermarking and auto‐thresholding. This algorithm is designed to embed the watermarks in the transform domain using both discrete cosine transform and discrete wavelet transform (DCT‐DWT). Image is transformed to DCT then to DWT and the algorithm trains itself to choose the best embedding threshold. This threshold must satisfy a performance trade‐off and at the same time attains high imperceptibility and robustness. The algorithm performance is evaluated under various attacks and showed high‐performance level. Imperceptibility evaluation showed peak signal‐to‐noise ratio above 42.96 dB and similarity percentage above 99.27%. The algorithm proved high resistance to noising, scaling, cropping, rotation, and compression attacks. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A study on fast SIFT image mosaic algorithm based on compressed sensing and wavelet transform

Considering the disadvantages of massive calculation and slow speed of traditional Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) algorithm, we propose an improved image mosaic method which combines Wavelet Transform (WT) and Compressed Sensing (CS) algorithm. The method works as follows. Firstly, images are transformed with wavelet and compressed using compressed sensing technology. Then, image feature points are extracted in combination with SIFT algorithm. Finally, Sequential Similarity Detection Algorithm (SSDA) with adaptive threshold is used to fast search of image matching to find out an optimal stitching line, and a panoramic image is obtained. Experimental results demonstrate that the method realizes fast image matching, efficiently overcomes the shortcomings of heavy computation and low efficiency in the process of extracting image features, and guarantees matching accuracy and stitching efficiency, which meets the real-time requestments in machine vision system. This algorithm can be applied to image matching and stitching in the field of digital image security.

Image Encryption using Combination of Chaotic System and Rivers Shamir Adleman (RSA)

Security and confidentiality of data or information at the present time has become an important concern. Advanced methods for secure transmission, storage, and retrieval of digital images are increasingly needed for a number of military, medical, homeland security, and other applications. Various kinds of techniques for increase security data or information already is developed, one common way is by cryptographic techniques. Cryptography is science to maintain the security of the message by changing data or information into a different form, so the message cannot be recognized. To compensate for increasing computing speeds increases, it takes more than one encryption algorithm to improve security of digital images. One way is by using algorithms to double cryptography do encryption and decryption. Cryptographic algorithm often used today and the proven strength specially the digital image is Algorithm with Chaos system. To improve security at the image then we use Additional algorithms namely Rivers algorithm Shamir Adleman (RSA) which known as the standard of cryptography algorithms. This research aims to optimize security bitmap image format by combining the two algorithms namely Chaos-based algorithms and RSA algorithm into one application. Experiments conducted show that the proposed algorithm possesses robust security features such as fairly uniform distribution, high sensitivity to both keys and plain images, almost ideal entropy, and the ability to highly de-correlate adjacent pixels in the cipher images. Furthermore, it has a large key space, and transform image to pure text file which greatly increases its security for image encryption applications. General Terms Security

Review of digital image security in Dermatology

The inherently visual nature of dermatology naturally lends itself to photography. As technology has evolved, smartphone cameras have become ubiquitous and have the potential to improve education and patient care in dermatology. Although patients and physicians may agree that photography can improve patient care, there are certain risks involved with smartphone photography in the medical field. Perhaps most concerning is the number of dermatologists using smartphones to take unsecured images in their daily practice. A recent study revealed that 22% of surveyed dermatologists used smartphone cameras multiple times per day in their practice. Dermatologists may also overestimate patient comfort with smartphone use in clinical photography. We present a review of the use of smartphones in dermatology and address the potential lack of security and accompanying ethical dilemmas.

Partial Encryption in Digital Image Based On Plasma Encoding Techniques

Many digital services require reliable security in storage and transmission of digital images. Due to the rapid growth of theinternet in the digital world today, the security of digital images has become more important and attracted much attention. The prevalenceof multimedia technology in our society has promoted digital images to play a more significant role than the traditional texts, whichdemand serious protection of users' privacy for all applications. Encryption techniques of digital images are very important and should beused to frustrate unauthorized access from opponents. In this paper a new approach is proposed for partial encryption in digital imagebased on dragging the longest wavelength color in digital image then input the extract color to the plasma encoding algorithm to havepartial ciphered image that can be deciphered at the recipient side using the proposed retrieve algorithm. It is possible to apply multilevelfor the proposed approach to increase the security level with less time for encryption/decryption. The new approach test appeared that theencryption/decryption processes was very flexible and efficient.

Improving the Security of Image Encryption by using Two Chaotic Maps

ABSTRACT During the recent years several chaotic image encryption algorithms based on one dimensional (1- D ) have been proposed, but the drawbacks of small key space, low speed, and low security in 1- D chaotic cryptosystems are obvious. This paper proposes a new image encryption technique based on 1- D and 2- D chaotic maps which provide more security and big key space. The 1- D chaotic system is induced from a mathematical combination between the logistic map and the cubic chaotic map. It has the advantage of bigger key space and high security analysis such as key space analysis, statistical analysis and sensitivity analysis were carried out. The proposed system uses 1- D and 2- D chaotic maps for simultaneous encryption of the components R, G, B of the colored image; these three components affect each other. So, the security and confidentiality of image data become more important. The security of digital images and performance speed has become more important since the communications of digital information over network occur more frequently. An image encryption has applications in various fields for example; the internet communication, the multimedia systems, the medical imaging, Tele-medicine and the military communication. The image encryption's aim is to convert the original image to another image that is hard to understand. However, image encryption differs from text encryption due to some intrinsic features of images which include bulk data capacities, high redundancy, strong correlations among pixels, etc. These features make conventional cipher systems such as DES, AES and RSA unsuitable for practical image encryption [1]. The chaos theory is used in cryptography due to its intrinsic features. These properties of chaos includes: sensitivity to initial condition and control parameters, random like behavior and mixing property, etc [2]. Several chaos based image encryption approaches have been described. The first is the confusion approach where the position of pixels scrambled without changing the values of pixels, the application of this approach does not guarantee a good level of security [3]. The second approach is the diffusion which aims to change the value of each pixel in the whole image [4]. Other approach shuffles the positions of plain-image in spatial domain by cat map [5-7]. To enhance the security, the majority of methods propose to mix between more than one approach simultaneously. Some conditions should be fulfilled such as a large key space, randomness of the cipher-image and a high sensitivity on the initial conditions. In [8], an image encryption scheme based on improved 3-

Medical image protection using genetic algorithm operations

The security of digital medical images has attracted much attention recently, especially when these images are sent through the communication networks. An image encryption technique tries to convert an image to another image that is hard to understand. In this communication, we propose an encryption method for gray scale medical images based on the features of genetic algorithms. Performance analysis show that the proposed scheme has good statistical character, key sensitivity and can resist brute-force attack, differential attack, plaintext attack and entropy attack efficiently.

Efficiency and Flexibility of Fingerprint Scheme Using Partial Encryption and Discrete Wavelet Transform to Verify User in Cloud Computing.

Now, the security of digital images is considered more and more essential and fingerprint plays the main role in the world of image. Furthermore, fingerprint recognition is a scheme of biometric verification that applies pattern recognition techniques depending on image of fingerprint individually. In the cloud environment, an adversary has the ability to intercept information and must be secured from eavesdroppers. Unluckily, encryption and decryption functions are slow and they are often hard. Fingerprint techniques required extra hardware and software; it is masqueraded by artificial gummy fingers (spoof attacks). Additionally, when a large number of users are being verified at the same time, the mechanism will become slow. In this paper, we employed each of the partial encryptions of user's fingerprint and discrete wavelet transform to obtain a new scheme of fingerprint verification. Moreover, our proposed scheme can overcome those problems; it does not require cost, reduces the computational supplies for huge volumes of fingerprint images, and resists well-known attacks. In addition, experimental results illustrate that our proposed scheme has a good performance of user's fingerprint verification.

RGB color image encryption based on Choquet fuzzy integral

In recent years, one can see an increasing interest in the security of digital images. This research presents a new RGB color image encryption using keystream generator based on Choquet fuzzy integral (CFI). The properties of the dynamical keystream generator with mathematical analysis are presented in this work. In the proposed method, the CFI is first used to generate pseudo-random keystreams. Then, each of the color pixels is decomposed into three gray-level components. The output of the CFI is used to randomly shift the bits of three gray-level components. Finally, three components of RGB color pixels and the generated keystream are coupled to encrypt the permuted components. Performance aspects of the proposed algorithm such as the entropy analysis, differential analysis, statistical analysis, cipher random analysis, and cipher sensitivity analysis are introduced to evaluate the security of the new scheme. The experimental results reveal the fact that the proposed algorithm is suitable for practical use in protecting the security of digital image information distributed via the Internet.

A new robust and secure digital image watermarking scheme based on the integer wavelet transform and singular value decomposition

In this paper, a new robust and secure digital image watermarking scheme that can be used for copyright protection is proposed. The scheme uses the integer wavelet transform (IWT) and singular value decomposition (SVD). The grey image watermark pixels values are embedded directly into the singular values of the 1-level IWT decomposed sub-bands. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme in terms of robustness, imperceptibility and capacity due to the IWT and SVD properties. A challenge due to the false positive problem which may be faced by most of SVD-based watermarking schemes has been solved in this work by adopting a digital signature into the watermarked image. The proposed digital signature mechanism is applied to generate and embed a digital signature after embedding the watermarks; the ownership is then authenticated before extracting watermarks. Thus, the proposed scheme achieved the security issue where the false positive problem is solved, in addition to that, the scheme is considered as a blind scheme. A computer simulation is used to verify the feasibility of the proposed scheme and its robustness against various types of attacks and to compare it with some previous schemes. Furthermore, the statistical Wilcoxon signed rank test is employed to certify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

A Novel Framework for Information Hiding and Image Encryption using Least Significant Bit Techniques

Security of Digital Images is utmost important. Nowadays not only data but also digital images are increasing in a huge number. Good encryption techniques are always in need. In this paper we have proposed a Novel Framework, which is a combination of Information Hiding and Image Scrambling. The proposed framework is one of its kind and doesn’t resemble to any existing frameworks in literature. For Image scrambling R-Prime Shuffle technique has been used.

DESIGN ISSUES AND CHALLENGES OF RELIABLE AND SECURE TRANSMISSION OF MEDICAL IMAGES

The transmission of digital image data now a day’s become a routine and necessity of our society .The amount of digital medical data is increasing rapidly on internet. Now it is become necessity of the secure and reliable digital image data transfer for the fast and efficient diagnosis in the medical world. A lot of data is to be transferred between hospital where the major portion of the data is the medical images, patient history, and pervious diagnosis record. Digital Imaging and communication in medicine (DICOM) standard are used to solve this problem where the patient records are attached. To make the transmission robust the patient record are embedded in the medical image using digital water marking technique for the reliable and secure transmission. The various type of noise may corrupt the medical image data during transmission and even storage media may also be affected. Using Error Control Coding Techniques to Encode the medical images may one of the possible solutions for this problem.

English

Telemedicine is well known application where enormous amount of medical data need to be transferred securely over network and manipulate effectively. Security of digital data, especially medical images, becomes important for many reasons such as confidentiality, authentication and integrity. Digital watermarking has emerged as a advanced technology to enhance the security of digital images. The insertion of watermark in medical images can authenticate it and guarantee its integrity. The watermark must be generally hidden does not affect the quality of the medical image. In this paper, we propose blind watermarking based on Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and Singular Value Decomposition (SVD), we compare the performance of this technique with watermarking based DWT and SVD. The proposed method DWT, DCT and SVD comparatively better than DWT and SVD method.