Security Cooperation Research Articles

The role of the UN in ensuring the rule of law

The methods of effective support of international peace and security directly depend on the features of the global and regional security environment. The nature of current challenges and threats determines the format and directions of international security cooperation. Faced with the modern challenges and threats of the globalized world, no state is able to ensure its own security solely by its own efforts, without relying on the help of the international community and collective security structures. Each country independently determines the degree of its participation in certain international events in the field of international security. In this vein, various forms of international cooperation and cooperation in the field of security are formed in accordance with countries’ perceptions of common threats and their own national interests. In the conditions of the current level of globalization, international cooperation covers almost all spheres of social activity and requires the establishment of generally accepted and understandable “rules of the game” and certain regulation at the supranational level. These functions are assigned to international institutions and the system of international treaties. The transition to the information society, the processes of globalization, the development of the latest technologies and the new challenges of modernity have led to the emergence of new ways of waging war and have radically changed the international security system. The principles, resources and means of warfare have changed significantly. Modern challenges and threats to the global security system have led to a rethinking of the conceptual and practical foundations of international security cooperation. In order to maintain security and stability in the modern world, uniform rules, principles and standards of responsibility must be adopted. The UN acts as a universal and unique platform for consolidating positive trends in the development of the international security system.

Sino-U.S. Strategic Competition in the Asia-Pacific: Omnidirectional Hedging of Traditional Middle Powers

The strategic landscape of the Asia-Pacific is now shaped by the competition between China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and the United States’ Free and Open Indo-Pacific strategy. The Sino-U.S. strategic competition has greatly impacted the strategic outlook and foreign policies of middle powers in the region. This paper argues that the Asia-Pacific middle powers are functioning along the lines of omnidirectional hedging which is relatively a new concept in the IR discourse. Omnidirectional hedging entails maximisation of strategic space and avoiding entrapment in the great power rivalry through diplomatic, economic and security diversification. Through qualitative analysis, this research observes that the traditional middle powers ─ Japan, India, and Australia ─ are now largely focusing on multilateralism, minilateral alliances, free trade agreements, infrastructure investments, maritime security cooperation and new defence agreements. Such a foreign policy behaviour is paving way for a closely knitted middle-power network in the region to prevent great powers from engaging in direct confrontation which would threaten regional peace and stability.

Analysing Opportunities and Obstacles in Ethio-Djibouti Relations: Post-Cold War Era Historical Analysis

This study explores the post-Cold War relationship between Ethiopia and Djibouti, with a focus on events after war era 1990. It investigates their historical connection, Djibouti’s separation from Ethiopia, and the impact of geopolitical dynamics and other factors on their relationship. Historical methods and qualitative research are used to gather and analyze data. The origins of their relationship date back to ancient times when Djibouti was part of Ethiopia before being occupied by the French. After French occupation and post-liberation period, several treaties were signed between the rulers of both countries, but changes in transportation and other challenges altered their relationship. After the Cold War, their relationship reached its peak due to Ethiopia’s dependence on Djibouti as a gateway to the sea, especially after the Ethio-Eritrean war. Military and security cooperation between the two countries was facilitated by global competition for military bases in Djibouti, border conflicts with Eritrea, and joint anti-terrorism initiatives. However, peace agreements between Ethiopia and Eritrea, as well as growing relations with Somaliland, could create additional port options for Ethiopia which could potentially affect Djibouti’s income in the future. Differences in opinion on Somalia’s reunification and irredentism among Somalis may pose challenges for both countries. Additionally, global warming and desertification in Africa could affect water and electricity exports from Ethiopia to Djibouti. Despite these challenges, both countries have benefited from their relationship. In conclusion, this study provides insight into the historical development of Ethiopia and Djibouti’s relationship since the Cold War, highlighting the various factors that have influenced their dynamics. It is a valuable resource for understanding the complexities and potential future developments in their relationship.

Research on Maritime Security Cooperation Between China-ASEAN Countries under the Background of the Maritime Community with a Shared Future Initiative

Since China put forward the "Maritime community with a shared future" initiative, it gradually strengths national strategic planning and layout in the field of maritime security. The large area of maritime contiguity shared by China and the ASEAN countries calls for the close partnership in each others maritime security cooperation. This thesis mainly aims to study how maritime security cooperation between China and ASEAN countries can be carried out under the "Maritime community with a shared future" initiative, what obstacles exist, and how to optimize cooperation plans in the future. On the basis of existing case studies of maritime security cooperation between China and ASEAN countries, the research firstly summarized the trends of maritime security cooperation between the two sides, and then confirmed that the establishment of "Maritime community with a shared future" initiative has led maritime security cooperation between China and ASEAN into a new age, especially in the in-depth cooperation in the field of traditional maritime security and the expansion of cooperation in the field of non-traditional maritime security. The results are of great practical significance: they are conducive to deepening the maritime security interaction between China and ASEAN countries, as well as stabilizing the security environment in Southeast Asian seas.

Redefining NATO’s Indo-Pacific partnerships: cooperative security meets collective defence and deterrence

ABSTRACT When the 2010 Strategic Concept first established NATO’s partnerships as essential in the core task of cooperative security, global partnerships were primarily intended to support non-Article 5 contingencies. However, given the structural changes in the international system, NATO’s partnerships outside the Euro-Atlantic area are adapting to respond to the new security challenges. This article examines the evolution of NATO’s partnerships in the Indo-Pacific and offers insights into future developments. There is a clear alignment between the Alliance and the Indo-Pacific Four (IP4) in the way they diagnose the interconnectedness of security developments of their respective regions. Both sides increasingly see these partnerships as significant for their own defence and deterrence, rather than as instruments in pooling resources in the provision of security for third parties.

The Security Cooperation Toolkit and the Future of Great Power Competition

Great powers conduct defense and security cooperation to achieve national interests, usually with an expectation to garner influence with partners. Sometimes the result is contrary to a great power’s intent. Essential factors that contribute to defense and security cooperation effectiveness include: communication, commitment, interests, and coordinated plans. The US approach to security cooperation is grounded in noble intent, but in some cases falls short when compared to its competitors. Russia and China are more transactional in their approaches and have achieved marginal success in their own ways. This article examines great power defense and security cooperation with partners in Africa to assess relative advantages and disadvantages.

ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM AS A COOPERATIVE SECURITY MECHANISM

The article explores the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) as a pivotal cooperative security framework in Asia-Pacific. Cooperative security, characterized by multilateralism, inclusiveness, transparency, and consensus-building, underpins the ARF’s functioning. The study delves into the ARF’s establishment during the post-Cold War era, highlighting ASEAN’s political and diplomatic gains, which fostered trust among major powers and regional actors. The authors analyse the ARF’s development, noting its primary focus on confidence-building measures, reflecting the principles of non-interference and consensus inherent in ASEAN’s norms. Key findings indicate that while the ARF has made strides in enhancing regional security dialogue, it remains constrained by its slow-moving approach to preventive diplomacy and the lack of coercive mechanisms. The Forum's ability to address traditional security challenges, such as the North Korean nuclear threat and the South China Sea dispute, is limited. Therefore, the ARF focuses on addressing non-traditional security issues, including counterterrorism and disaster mitigation. The findings show that ARF's role encompasses extending ASEAN’s cooperative security norms to the broader Asia-Pacific region, promoting transparency and fostering a collaborative security environment by means of confidence-building measures. The article posits that while ASEAN’s leadership in the ARF is more an outcome of regional circumstances than deliberate strategy, the ASEAN Regional Forum remains an important mechanism for security cooperation in Asia-Pacific.

THE INFLUENCE OF US POLICY ON THE FORMATION OF A COMMON APPROACH BETWEEN IRAN AND RUSSIA TO RESOLVE THE SYRIAN CRISIS

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the US has always played the most important and influential role in the Iran-Russia relations. From the second half of the 1990s, one of the US foreign policy priorities has constantly been on the separation and divergence in the Iran-Russia relations, for which the US spared no efforts. Since the synergy of powers between the two countries and their anti-unipolar policies have always been a serious threat to the US hegemony at a global level, by the beginning of the Syria crisis in late 2010, following the Arab Spring, the US interests and goals were directly at odds with Iran’s and Russia’s political and security interests. The goals of Washington in the Syria crisis included: the decline of the Syrian government, the overthrow of Bashar al-Assad, and an effort to establish a pro-Western government to eliminate the sole ally of Russia after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, and also to prevent Iran’s regional penetration, particularly its proxy groups like Hezbollah. For achieving these goals, Washington has profited from its allied countries in the region, such as Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and Turkey, as a front line. The US strategy in Syria not only exacerbated the crisis but also provided a situation in which Iran and Russia achieved their highest level of military and security cooperation in the past three decades. And it was precisely the same incident that the US considered a serious threat to its national interests and policies. Although Iran and Russia have pursued specific and sometimes contradictory interests, in the end, focusing on common goals and threats – arising from the Syrian crisis – they were able to cooperate effectively and take a new step in building a strategic unity.

THE FACTOR OF AFGHANISTAN IN THE FOREIGN POLICY OF UZBEKISTAN

This article examines the significance of Afghanistan in shaping the foreign policy of Uzbekistan. The geopolitical proximity of Uzbekistan to Afghanistan has had a profound impact on its foreign policy decisions, particularly in the realms of security, trade, and regional cooperation. Since the emergence of an independent Uzbekistan in 1991, the country has recognized the strategic importance of fostering stable and cooperative relations with its southern neighbor, Afghanistan. This article delves into the historical context of Uzbekistan-Afghanistan relations and analyzes the evolving dynamics in the wake of changing geopolitical landscapes, such as the withdrawal of international forces from Afghanistan and the subsequent power shift in Kabul. Furthermore, it explores the implications of Afghanistan's internal developments on Uzbekistan's security concerns, economic interests, and regional integration efforts. The study also sheds light on Uzbekistan's role in facilitating peace and stability in Afghanistan, as well as its engagement in regional initiatives aimed at fostering economic connectivity and security cooperation. By analyzing the multifaceted interplay between Uzbekistan and Afghanistan, this article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how Afghanistan factors into the foreign policy calculus of Uzbekistan and the implications for regional dynamics in Central Asia. ‎

Сотрудничество стран ЦА в области обеспечения региональной безопасности

Central Asia, a region marked by its historical significance and strategic importance, has undergone a remarkable transformation in recent years regarding regional security cooperation. This comprehensive article explores the multifaceted landscape of security cooperation among the five Central Asian nations: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. It delves into the fundamental concepts of security systems, the role of regional organizations, and the challenges and future prospects of security in the region.Understanding these challenges and exploring future prospects is essential for charting a path toward enhanced stability, cooperation, and prosperity in the region.The article provides a holistic view of the region's security dynamics, beginning with a historical context highlighting Central Asia's role as a crossroads of cultures and interests. It underscores the significance of regional security cooperation in the face of shared challenges and geopolitical complexities.In-depth analyses are conducted on various aspects, including security organizations, diplomatic efforts, regional security challenges, and future prospects. The article explores the complexities and challenges faced by Central Asian nations while navigating a dynamic geopolitical landscape. In conclusion, this article underscores the pivotal importance of cooperation among Central Asian countries and their engagement with regional organizations in maintaining stability and peace.

UKRAINIAN-BRITISH RELATIONS AFTER BREXIT: BILATERAL COOPERATION AND EUROPEAN INTEGRATION OF UKRAINE

The article examines the development of relations between Ukraine and the United Kingdom after the latter's withdrawal from the European Union. Expert assessments of the consequences of Brexit on Ukrainian-British relations, as well as the analysis of joint documents signed between Ukraine and the United Kingdom in the post-Brexit period, are taken into account. It turns out that, despite the decision to leave the integration association and its influence on political processes within the European community (loss of contributions to the common budget, lack of state representatives in key European institutions, strengthening of Eurosceptic tendencies in the rest of the EU member states), the United Kingdom remained an important international partner of Ukraine in bilateral relations and did not change its favorable attitude to Ukraine's European integration, guided primarily by foreign policy and security interests, but has lost access within the EU to levers of influence on positive decisions regarding Ukraine in this direction. The strategic level of partnership is laid down in the Trade and Cooperation Agreement of 2020, and later strengthened – already during the hot phase of the Russian-Ukrainian war – by additions to this agreement in terms of trade liberalization with Ukraine, as well as by the later agreement on security cooperation in 2024, which became the first such precedent in a number of bilateral security agreements between Ukraine and other partner countries. Since 2022, the United Kingdom has been actively providing the armed support necessary to repel the Russian invaders, which consists in the transfer of various types of weapons and the training of the Ukrainian military. In the end, the Ukrainian issue became a point of contact in European-British relations, guided by the common interest of protecting the region from escalation by Russia and preventing it from undermining the fundamental principles of the international order.

Development of a Privacy-Preserved and Secure Cooperative Spectrum Sensing System in Cognitive Radio Networks Using ATSNRNN-Enabled FPPDES With Machine Learning

Development of a Privacy-Preserved and Secure Cooperative Spectrum Sensing System in Cognitive Radio Networks Using ATSNRNN-Enabled FPPDES With Machine Learning

The Vietnam and the United States non-traditional security cooperation in the maritime capability buidling for Vietnam (2009-2021)

The bilateral relations between Vietnam and the United States since the end of the Vietnam War in 1975 have undergone many drastic changes and development. Looking back at the development of relations between the two countries, one of the areas contributing to the increased strategic nature of the relations is the non-traditional security cooperation. By delving into the realms of the non-traditional security, both countries enhance their diplomatic, political, and strategic proximity in general. This article examines the reasons why Vietnam and the United States have promoted the non-traditional security cooperation, specifically in maritime, over the past 10 years. To explain this, the article considers two factors. First, from the perspective of the realist theory of “covert balancing”, it is how big countries approach small countries and in parallel, small countries increase their capacity. At the same time, it is a strategic calculation when Vietnam and the United States promote the non-traditional security cooperation. Enhancing cooperation in this area keeps the bilateral relations at a low-key level but still promotes the strategic aspect of cooperation. From this perspective, the second factor is that Vietnam strategically leverages this collaboration to bolster maritime capabilities, particularly in the areas contributing to the defense capacity growth during the period spanning 2009 to 2021.

Secure Cooperative Guidance Strategy for Multi-Missile System With Collision Avoidance

Secure Cooperative Guidance Strategy for Multi-Missile System With Collision Avoidance

Russia/USSR – Türkiye/Turkey: Legacy of “Friendly Neutrality”.Goals of Soviet Policy towards Turkey

The article is dedicated to the analysis of the Soviet leadership’s approaches to the implementation of the goals of the Soviet foreign policy towards Turkey, legacy of which remains until nowadays. The Soviet-Turkish relations in the 1920-s were built up on the basis of common political interests shared between two neighboring states existing in a similar geopolitical environment. The common goal for the Republic of Turkey and the USSR was to overcome international isolation and ensure national security. The Soviet government’s approach to determining the role and place of Turkey in the security system near the borders of the USSR was outlined by People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs G.V. Chicherin, who saw the Soviet-Turkish cooperation as one of the tools for ensuring the security of the Soviet borders in the south and southwest. One of the key issues in the Soviet-Turkish relations was the issue of the Black Sea straits. Considering the straits a "gateway" for an attack on the southern borders of the USSR, the Soviet government tried to revise the regime of the straits in a more favorable way for the country. the resolution of which in 1936 at the conference in Montreux did not suit the Soviet government completely. It was assumed that strong economic ties with the USSR and mutually beneficial security cooperation would become an effective instrument for deterring the Turkish leaders. During the Great Patriotic War, the goals of the USSR’s policy towards Turkey were to prevent it from being drawn into the war on the side of the antagonistic alliance, as well as to further revise the Montreux Convention in a more favorable direction for the Soviet leaders. The 1939–1946 attempts to put pressure on Turkey on the straits issue caused Turkey to withdraw from the orbit of the Soviet influence and led to almost two decades of hostile and tense relations between the two countries. After the death of I.V. Stalin, particularly in Khruschev’s era, the Soviet approach was characterized by a search for ways to improve Soviet-Turkish relations. The main instrument of this was expansion of the Soviet-Turkish trade and economic cooperation, due to which the foundations of today's highly developed bilateral Russian-Turkish relations were laid.

Organizational and legal contexts of cooperative security: from global trends to local forecasts

Organizational and legal contexts of cooperative security: from global trends to local forecasts

The Indo-US Strategic Partnership: An Analysis of the Trump Era

The United States, as a superpower, after the collapse of the former Soviet Union, plays a significant role in shaping international politics. Its actions and decisions have a major impact on global and regional events. It establishes strategic partnerships with regional allies and powers to maintain its hegemony across the world. The United States has recently established partnerships with India to keep its influence in the region and counter emerging forces like China and Pakistan. This study examines the impact of the Indo-US strategic partnership since the Trump era and its impact on Pakistan. The analysis focuses on the political, economic, and security aspects of the relationship and how they have affected Pakistan. The study finds that the partnership poses a major security threat to Pakistan, particularly in terms of economic relations and security cooperation. Through an examination of primary and secondary sources, the study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the strategic partnerships established between India and the US during this period and their impact on the region.

일본의 통합사령부 신설과 한미일 안보협력

일본의 통합사령부 신설과 한미일 안보협력

NATO’s Southern Flank: The Evolution of Türkiye’s Strategic Role and Its Implications for Regional Security

This article delves into the progressive development of Türkiye's strategic function within NATO, and what it signifies for regional security along the Alliance's Southern Flank. Türkiye, as a crucial NATO member since 1952, has steadfastly assumed a considerable part in the organization's collective defense, thereby bolstering the stability of the region. The article offers a historical review of Türkiye's involvement in NATO, tracking its journey from joining the Alliance during the initial Cold War years to navigating the more intricate security milieu of the post-Cold War era. The focus then shifts to the geopolitical challenges faced by NATO on its Southern Flank, particularly in the Middle East, the Eastern Mediterranean, and the Black Sea region. Within this context, the article analyzes Türkiye's evolving strategic role, including its military capabilities and growing defense industry, diplomacy, and soft power initiatives, as well as its efforts to balance relations with NATO, Russia, and other regional actors. The article also explores Türkiye's strategic decision to acquire the Russian S-400 missile defense system, a move that underscores Türkiye's commitment to diversifying its defense capabilities and enhancing its national security, while also navigating the complex dynamics of international alliances and NATO's evolving security landscape. Subsequently, it discusses the possible advantages and hurdles that could arise from Türkiye's dynamic strategic role in regional security and on NATO's Southern Flank. Key topics addressed include the reinforcement of NATO's defense capabilities, the enhancement of regional security cooperation, and potential strains within the Alliance. The piece wraps up with an evaluation of future prospects for Türkiye's strategic function in NATO and the implications for regional security. This underlines the significance of maintaining a united and adaptable NATO that can adeptly respond to the evolving security challenges in the region.

A Study of Security Cooperation Dilemmas and Pathways in Sino-Japanese Relations from A Constructivist Perspective

Regional integration in East Asia has become one of the focal points of international politics since the end of the Cold War. Discussions on East Asian regional integration has predominantly centered around rationalist perspectives, emphasizing the maximization of national interests, which may not be conducive to achieving integration in the region. Given the complex historical issues such as national sentiments intertwined in East Asia, emphasizing the construction of shared ideas and identity through constructivist theories aligns more with the practical requirements of regional integration. Therefore, this paper takes cooperation in the security domain between China and Japan as an example to discuss and analyze the reasons for the dilemmas facing East Asian regional integration. These dilemmas primarily include Japan's uncertainty regarding collective identity, inevitable competition between China and Japan, and the disruptive influence of external great power intervention on collective identity. The paper proposes a three-phase approach for the future: strengthening Japan's East Asian identity, actively constructing cooperation between China and Japan, and resisting external interference. This approach aims to progressively build collective identity in the East Asian region and promote the smooth advancement of East Asian regional integration.