Security In Nigeria Research Articles

Agricultural Financing and Food Security in Nigeria: An Empirical Assessment 1996-2019

This paper seeks to examine the effect of agric financing on agric productivity in Nigeria for the period 1996 to 2019 and its implications for national food security. Multiple linear regression model was developed in order to unearth the nature of relationship between the model parameters in the period under review. Agric GDP was used as a proxy for agricultural productivity while agric credit guarantee, government expenditure on agriculture and Commercial banks’ credit to agricultural sector served as proxies for agricultural financing. Results show overwhelming evidence that all the regressors have a positive and highly significant effect on agricultural productivity. Consequent upon on the findings of this study, it was recommended that the government should come up with policies aimed at incentivizing private investors and deposit money banks to advance the much-needed credit for the agric sector since government cannot do it all. All these and more if well implemented, will make our dear country Nigeria to achieve the much need food security. The study is also of the opinion that diligent and painstaking approach should be adopted in the process of implementing such policies so that funds meant for agric sector does not end up in the hands of middlemen who camouflage as the real farmer.

Clinical Signs and Pathogenesis of Trypanosomal Infection in Human and Animals

Trypanosomiasis is a chronic disease which affects both human and animals with high morbidity rate within months after exposure, particularly when poor nutrition or other factors contribute to debilitation. The disease has been a major threat to Human and public health concern and also has contributed negatively to food security in Nigeria. Trypanosomes are haemoflagellated parasites that suppress the host immune system through antigenic variation causing serious illness in man and direct losses in meat production and milk yield in animals leading to severe pathogenesis that result to death . The clinical signs of trypanosomisis have been reported as unnoticed, chronic and acute which can easily lead to death, while the pathogenesis are severe and diverse. A vast majority of human and ruminant animal such as cattle, sheep and goats can be infected without clinical signs. In this paper, we documented some of the major pathogenesis of trypanosomiasis that are leading cause of death and they includes Aneamia, Immunodepression, Immunosuppression, Myocarditis, oedema, loss of conditions, coma as well as infection of various organs and tissues. The paper recommend that further work on pathogenic mechanisms of trypanosomiasis need to be carried out so as to notice the exact clinical sign of the disease which will help towards controlling the disease. 

The Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons and the Challenges of National Security in Nigeria: A Case Study of Adamawa State

The proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALWs) is a major national security challenge in Nigeria. The insecurity resulting from insurgency, banditry, militancy, kidnapping, armed robbery, ethno-religious and communal conflicts have become worrisome in Nigeria. All this, are perpetrated with small arms and light weapons, which are easily concealed and used to unleash violence in the society. There is hardly any week that passes by, without a report of one attack or the other somewhere in Nigeria. Adamawa state is not different as security challenges perpetrated with SALWs have destroyed lives and properties, and displaced a lot of people many of whom are farmers thereby, threatening food security. Again, Boko-Haram insurgency has over the years increased the availability of SALWs in the state. Porosity of Nigerian borders in Adamawa state axis has equally made it much easier for criminals to smuggle in SALWs into the state from neighboring Cameroon. The security agencies that are saddled with the responsibility to check this are complicit, as the bad ones facilitate the smuggling or are themselves sources of SALWs. Today, there is mutual distrust and deep seated grievances among the various ethnic groups co-habiting the state due to injustice. The deep seated grievances have made groups to acquire SALWs for self-help and retaliation. Furthermore, suspicion is commonplace and many people have lost trust and faith in the security architecture of the state government. Thus, people have resorted to the acquisition of SALWs for self-defense. Above all, politicians procure arms for the youths during elections. These arms are never returned as they are used to make ends meet due to poverty and unemployment ravaging the country. It is within the context of this broad narrative that the proliferation of SALWs is situated in Adamawa state nay Nigeria. Therefore, to check this menace, there is need to rejig the security architecture of Adamawa state and indeed Nigeria. Border security must be strengthened through cross-border security arrangement with Nigeria neighbors. The culture of violence in politics must be de-emphasized and the premium attached to political office should be reduced. Poverty and unemployment should be reduced and Justice should be served to all who deserve it. Finally, mutual trust should be encouraged by the government to foster inter-ethnic and religious co-existence and harmony among the diverse people in the state.

The Effect of Covid-19 on Youth Unemployment, Cybercrime and National Security in Nigeria: Evidence from Nairaland

The Effect of Covid-19 on Youth Unemployment, Cybercrime and National Security in Nigeria: Evidence from Nairaland

Farmers-Herders Conflicts and Development in Nigeria

The conflict between farmers and herders have constituted serious concerns and impediments to development in Nigeria. Development entails food security, of which dairy needs are integral. The global campaign for good agricultural practices (GAP) essentially focuses on the preservation of humans, animals and the general ecosystem, as the world continues to confront the depletion of the ozone layers. In Nigeria, the development concerns of farmers-herders’ conflicts are not only pertinent but also daunting as the protracted conflicts increase the burden of food insecurity, human insecurity, ethic/tribal tensions and underdevelopment outcomes. While the challenges posed by the farmers-herders’ conflicts are serious, existentially threatening and hydra-headed, their impacts on development of the country are massive and require urgent attention research and policy terms. This is because development can only be sustainable in an atmosphere of peace and tranquillity. But in situations where conflicts and insecurity are near intractable, development may be mere desideratum. It is against this background that Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs was used to examine the context, burden and tractability of farmers-herders’ conflicts in Nigeria with a view to unpacking the interface of (in)security and development relative to food security in Nigeria.

Terrorism, Human Capital Development and Economic growth in Nigeria

Terrorism in Nigeria is on the increase despite government counter-terrorism efforts and expenditure. This paper examines the impact of terrorism on economic growth and human capital development in Nigeria from 1981 – 2019. The Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimator was employed in analyzing the data. A negative and insignificant impact of terrorism on economic growth and human capital development was found. Internal and external conflict also had a negative and insignificant impact on economic growth and human capital development. Government expenditure as well had a negative and insignificant impact on economic growth and human capital development. Domestic investment had a positive and significant impact on economic growth, while its impact on human capital development was positive but insignificant. We, therefore, recommend establishing a bank of security to directly fund security in Nigeria. This can contribute to remedying the terrorism situation. Also, establishing a bank of security can serve as a channel where armed forces and other security personnel who died in service to the nation can be compensated. This will encourage the armed forces in the battle against terrorism.

Investing in Human Resources as a Platform for National Security in Nigeria: The Role of Social Studies Education

Nigeria’s political elites have toyed with the pathway to Nigeria’s national security, and therefore, placed Nigeria and her people on a perpetual developmental backwardness. Sadly, Nigeria, the supposed giant of Africa has been weighed down by the challenge of corruption, as well as insecurity. The deficiency in human capital development in Nigeria today is exerting untold pressure on her national development plans, policies and programmes. The development of human resource s isindispensable for the developmental strive of any continent or nation. Hence, the inability of the Nigerian state to fully actualize her human capital development drive calls for concern. The aim of this article, therefore, is to investigate into the indispensability of investing human capital development in fostering national security in Nigeria. Social studies education is an instrument for renewal of some societal practices that constitute obstacles to national security and development. Consequently, this paper will examine the place of social studies education in the context of Nigeria for national security. The roles social studies education could play in producing good citizens, who could assist in no small measure in tackling this complex problem of national insecurity in Nigeria were discussed. In conclusion, the paper has logically established the fact that, there is significant correlation between social studies education and human capital development. Finally, workable recommendations are given, among them is that government should lay more emphasis on the teaching of social studies at all levels of its educational system - to foster moral development in youths
 Keywords: National Security, Human Resources, Social Studies Education, Investment.

Achieving National Security in Nigeria through Education

This paper discusses how Nigeria as a nation can achieve national security through, not just education, but qualitative education. National security has been described in this paper, as freedom from or resilience against potential harm caused by others. For easy comprehension and assimilation, the paper was strategically broken down into six, (6) distinct sections, to wit; conceptualization of key words, causes of insecurity in Nigeria, effects of insecurity in Nigeria, role of education in checkmating insecurity, previous efforts by governments to address insecurity issues and; conclusion and recommendations. The paper was able to establish the fact that quality education can reduce incidences of insecurity, even if not totally eradicated. Education, this paper revealed is a major weapon of progressive social change. The paper concludes that sound education anchored on good educational policies and implementation can reduce, to a manageable extent, insecurity in Nigeria. Therefore some recommendations, such as declaring a state of emergency in the educational sector to reduce illiteracy, were proffered. This, the paper suggested, among others will provide a panacea for the problem of insecurity in Nigeria.

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The air transport industry plays a significant role in the global economy. Secure air transport service enhances connectivity in trade, tourism, political and cultural links between States. The research aims to evaluate airport security at Nigerian airports. And the specific objectives are; to assess passengers’ perception of security service in Nigerian airports, determine the effect of airport security on the utility for air travel, and describe the new technologies maximizing airport security as well as proffer possible ways of promoting airport security in Nigeria. The research employed a descriptive survey design relying on a review of literature and questionnaires distributed to respondents to justify the objectives of the research. It was found that security in the Nigerian airport leaves much to be desired, though on the growth path. The research calls for increased security consciousness in the Nigerian Airport given the security challenges, especially the Boko Haram insurgence bedeviling the country, and required that the government embrace new and innovational trends in aviation security to maximize airport security in the country.

Restructuring, National Security and Nigeria’s Relationship with the External World

Nigeria as a nation has been experiencing security challenges at alarming level in the last few years. This has taken various forms such as kidnapping from ransom, herders and farmers clashes, organized crimes, and cybercrimes, implosive movement of small and light arms. Trans border crimes, human trafficking, and slavery among others. This has affected Nigeria’s external relations with the outside world negatively in various ways, such as constriction of bilateral trade volume, cold diplomatic relations, low tourism attraction, low educational exchang e, reduction of military trainings abroad, refusal of arms purchase, low foreign investments among others. The diversity nature of the Nigerian state stands a gap in finding solutions to the myriads of problems as Nigeria’s image abroad has been dented badly. Restructuring the Nigerian state in various spheres has been the agitation of many Nigerians in the recent time. This paper therefore examines restructuring the Nigerian state, National security and its implications on her relationship with the external world. It is a qualitative paper that focused on secondary sources of information, and adopted structural functional theory as its framework of analysis. The paper argued that restructuring the political structures in Nigeria will advance quality security in Nigeria. It is the opinion of the paper that improves security in the country will enhance robust Nigerian’s relationship with the external world. The paper recommended among others, the restructuring of political economic and social structures through the instrument and legitimacy of national conference. This has to be backed by legislations from the national and state assembly.
 Keywords: Restructuring, External Relationships, National Security, Political Structure, National Conference

Critical Analysis of Nigeria’s Terrorism Prevention Acts of 2011 and 2013 (Amendment) and Implications on Human Rights

Terrorism is defined as acts of violence or threatened use of violence against a target population in an attempt to achieve political, religious or socio-economic objectives. Nigeria is presently experiencing what is considered its worst security situation since the 1967–1970 civil war due to the surge in terrorists’ activities. As a result, the Nigerian government has strategically developed measures including the Terrorism Prevention Act of 2011 and its Amendment Act of 2013 to end the scourge of terrorism. This study examines the legal frameworks for the prevention of terrorism in Nigeria vis-a-vis the principles of fundamental human rights outlined in the Nigerian Constitution and the International Human Rights Laws. It significantly highlighted the lack of balance between the provisions of security and protection of human rights as evidenced in the Acts. Some irreconcilable approaches border on charges punishable by death sentences, life imprisonment, search and arrest without court warrants, detention of terrorism suspects, deprivation of citizenship, interception of communications, proscription of organizations, and excessive powers accorded to government agencies. Some provisions of the Acts are found to be incompatible with Nigeria's constitutional provisions on human rights and international human rights obligations. Among others, this study recommends the need to address excessive punishments, undue powers of government agencies, and the lack of clarity in the definition of terrorism in both the Principal and the Amendment Acts and strive to balance the protection of human rights and the provision of security in Nigeria. Keywords: Terrorism, Human Rights, Terrorism Prevention Acts, Nigeria Constitution, International Human Rights Law DOI: 10.7176/JLPG/109-04 Publication date: May 31 st 2021

Analysis of Technical Efficiency of USAID-MARKETS II Project Participant and Non-Participant Rice Farming Households in Ebonyi State, Nigeria

Low level production efficiency of the Nigerian farmers have continued to be a major problem towards food security in Nigeria. The study examined the technical efficiency of USAID-MARKETS II project participant and non-participant rice farming households in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling procedure was employed to select 491 rice farming households which comprise 239 participants, and 252 non- participants. Primary source of data were collected with the use of a structured interview questionnaire and field participation. Data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, and percentage, Z statistic, and stochastic frontier Model. The result from the study, reveals that the USAID-MARKETS II project participants were 92% technical efficient while USAID-MARKETS II project non-participants were 91% technical efficient. The result further reveals that a significant difference exist between the participants’ technical efficiency and that of non-participants of USAID-MARKETS II project. Household size and education were the vital factors that improved technical efficiency of the rice farmers. Therefore, Ebonyi rice farmers should be adequately trained on modern rice production techniques by the government agency, Agricultural Development Programme (ADP) and non-governmental agencies. Also, adequate extension services should be provided to the farmers by the ADP for proper information dissemination.

Contribution of small-scale farming and local food supply to sustainable production and food security in Nigeria – A review

Prior to the year 1970, agriculture was the main source of livelihood and backbone of the Nigerian economy until the discovery of oil drastically decelerated its potential to sustainably maintain food security and generate significant export earnings. Despite its sudden fall in productivity, agriculture still remains the main sector providing the highest employment (70% of the population) for the populace. To tackle these problems, many policies were formulated (from 1960 to 2015) to resuscitate the sector but to no availdue to failure in tailoring suitable policies to engage small-scale farmers and address other socio-economic problems. This paper constitutes an in-depth review of agricultural production and food security in Nigeria with relative importance attributed to local food supply and small-scale farmers. The article analyzes several documents of the Nigerian Government and international organizations, such as the Food and Agricultural Organization, the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), Department of Agriculture and Rural Development and a number of peer-reviewed journals across various disciplines to provide a balanced interdisciplinary review. The paper concludes that food insecurity is at its peak in Nigeria and urgent attention is required in the agricultural sector to compensate for the unstable food balance in the country. There is a need for the Government to take strong measures against the food deficit situation and to support the development of the primary agriculture sector. The paper proposes viable policies that could involve smallholders, aid transformation and positively restructure the agricultural sector.

EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF COMMUNAL CRISES AND THE ACHIEVEMENT OF FOOD SECURITY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF THE TIV-JUKUN CRISES IN TARABA STATE

Nigeria’s quest for achieving food security is under threat by incessant communal crises. Among several violent crises, the frequent Tiv-Jukuncrises in a widely acclaimed foremost agricultural producing area constitute a threat to the integrated Agricultural Transformation Action Plan, (IATAP) for achieving food, and cash crops security in Nigeria. Descriptive and exploratory designs were used, relying on both quantitative and qualitative evidences for examining; these crises, strategies for managing it, and its implications on food security. This study is critical for national orientation, the achievement of national integration and cohesion among the people, and for peaceful agriculture. Reviews and analytical techniques revealed that the crises centered on socio-economic and political factors. Governments’ strategies for handling communal crises were devoid of both preventive, and effective management, as approximately 10% annual slack in food supplies due to the crises could significantly be accountable for Nigeria’s inability to achieve food security. The constitution, national integration and food programmes reviews are imperative.

Youth Farmers, Shocks and Food Security in Nigeria

Shocks are insufficiently handled in many developing countries, including Nigeria. At least 60percent of the farmers in Nigeria lack adequate safety net coverage to mitigate the effect of shocks. Thus, this study examines how shocks affect youth farmers and its possible effect on food security in Nigeria. This study makes use of Wave 4 (2018/2019) of the Living Standard Measurement Study-Integrated Survey on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) data, applying the Propensity Score Matching (PMS) model and the two-sample t-test. Findings from the PSM showed that households affected by shocks are less food secure. This is validated from the two-sample t-test; which tests for the potential impact of shocks on household food security. The results showed that though a higher percentage of the households (94.42percent) are not affected by shocks, compared to those affected by shocks (2.58percent), but are worse-off by 0.007percent in terms food security. This means that households who are not affected by shocks are more food secured by 0.007percent. Therefore, based on the findings, it is recommended that appropriate measures be adopted by the Nigerian government, such as providing social protection, safety nets, credit facilities amongst others, to help increase agricultural productivity in order to sustain food security.

Globalization and Security in Nigeria

Globalization is the ability by man to crisscross the world irrespective of geographical boundaries. Unhindered movement is an evidence of human development from simple manual efforts at achieving things in ancient times to sophisticated technological means in contemporary times. The free access to other nations is double edged, that is positive as well as negative however. The effect of globalization on the security of Nigeria shall be the focus of the paper. The type of weapons at the disposal of citizens before and after colonialism shall be examined. The sources of such weapons as well as their sophistication shall also be examined.

Rice and Climate Change: It’s Significance towards Achieving Food Security in Nigeria: A Review

Climate change is already impacting on every aspect of man life on earth especially in the agricultural sectors of developing nations. In Nigeria, and indeed the world over, seasons are shifting, temperatures are rising, landscapes are changing and sea levels are rising. Extreme weather events like drought and flood are becoming more frequent and pronounced.[3] stressed on the fact that Agriculture will suffer from major damage caused by changes in climate especially in the African continent. Nigeria is one of the African country that is highly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change, as Nigeria is still practicing rain fed agriculture [16]. The impact of climate change is experienced in form of extreme climatic events like flooding, severe heats, and droughts which has led to the degradation of soil and consequently low yield in crops. This will have consequences for rice cultivation in Nigeria, where the dominating climatic factor relied on by farmers in the choice of when to prepare the land for planting, the actual planting,the types of crop variety to plant and harvesting of crop is rainfall [23, 24].The implication of this will be interference with food security as rice is an essential food crop in Nigeria that is consumed by a large number of the population. [26] has warned that hunger in Africa will be worsen by adverse effects of climate change, as it threatens the capacity of vulnerable countries like Nigeria to guarantee food security, eradicate poverty and actualize sustainable development in agriculture. The increasing rate of inadequacy in food supply in the world leading to different form of malnutrition is worrisome and more needs to be done in the areas of agriculture so as to guarantee food security to some extent and improve on nourishment, if a world without hunger is to be achieved by 2030.

MILLENIAL OUTLOOK ON POVERTY AND ITS CONSEQUENCE ON HUMAN SECURITY IN NIGERIA

This research is addressesmillennial outlook on poverty in contemporary Nigeria and its impact on human security. The objectives of this study were to examine the causes of poverty, effect of poverty on human security and how poverty can be curbed in Nigeriafrom year 2000 - 2018. The data required for this study were acquired using secondary data sources. Two propositions were drawn from this study and content analysis was used to prove them. The result showedpoverty had an effect on human security in Nigeria as well as being the root of many human security problems. Nigerian state must therefore deal with the issue of poverty in its soil concomitantly bettering human security.

Does growth enhancement support scheme (GESS) contribute to youth development in informal farm entrepreneurship? Evidence from rural communities in Nigeria

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to critically examine the impact of a growth enhancement support scheme (GESS) on youth development in informal farm entrepreneurship in Nigeria. Its special focus is to investigate the impact of the GESS on rural youths’ adoption of new technologies needed to sustainably increase food security in Nigeria.Design/methodology/approachThis paper adopts a survey research technique, aimed at gathering information from a representative sample of the population, as it is essentially cross-sectional, describing and interpreting the current situation. A total of 800 rural youths were sampled across the six geopolitical zones of Nigeria.FindingsThe result from the use of a bivariate probit model indicates that the GESS has a significant impact on rural youths’ innovations in farming.Practical implicationsThis suggests that information and communication technology could provide new opportunities for making farming more interesting and enterprising for rural young people.Social implicationsIt implies that while old male and female farmers are less likely to adopt the new farming technologies needed to achieve Nigeria’s agricultural transformation agenda (ATA), a younger generation can help introduce new technologies, while also learning from traditional methods.Originality/valueThis research adds to the literature on informal farm entrepreneurship and rural communities’ debate in developing countries. It concludes that engaging youths in GESS should form the foundation of the ATA in Nigeria, which, in turn, would offer adequate combination of new and traditional solution to address the challenges of food insecurity in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Seasonal abattoir foetal wastage food security and the National economy

The study was conducted to evaluate seasonal abattoir foetal wastage and assess its impact on the national economy and food security in Nigeria. A total of 10,176, 19,078 and 16,226 fetuses were recovered from cattle, goats and sheep at three abattoirs located in three towns namely: Michika, Uba and Mubi over a period of four years (2005-2008) to assess the extent at which fetuses wasted affect farmers and the national GDP. Estimated market value of the fetuses from the three abattoirs assuming they were given the opportunity to survive and attain maturity before sales were N712,320,000, N228,936,000 and N 243,390,000. This amount of money would have been added to the national domestic revenue. On the average, 2,544 calves, 4,769.75 kids and 4,111.5 lambs valued at N] 78,070,000, N57,237,000 and N61.672,500 are lost every year. On monthly bases, Nigeria is losing the sum of N59,360,000, N14,078,500 and N2,028,200 through foetal wastage from two local governments areas alone. Season has high significant effect (P<0.01) on the number of fetuses wasted especially during the dry seasons. Means of foetal recovery were highest in the year 2006, and lowest from cattle and sheep in the year, 2008. Higher number of foetal recovery was recorded in Mubi abattoir followed by Uba and then Michika. This practice of killing pregnant animals has enormous consequences on the farmers, other stake holders in the livestock industry and the national GDP.