Level Of Security Research Articles

Italian Evaluation and Excellence in REMS (ITAL-EE-REMS): appropriate placement of forensic patients in REMS forensic facilities

BackgroundWe set out to assess the appropriateness of current placement of mentally disordered offenders allocated by the courts in Italy to REMS or to forensic community residences. We hypothesised that as in other countries, the match between a standardised assessment and the decision of the court would be imperfect.MethodsThe DUNDRUM Toolkit was translated into Italian. The translation had good psychometric properties. In order to compare the current level of therapeutic security with a calculated safest current placement, we compared the DUNDRUM-1 triage security assessment of need for therapeutic security prior to treatment, with evidence for progress made in treatment (DUNDRUM-3) and forensic recovery (DUNDRUM-4). The more conservative of these two would be taken as the safe current level of need for therapeutic security.ResultsThe Italian translation of the DUNDRUM Toolkit had good internal consistency and mean scores had a Reliable Change Index less than one unit. 3.7% of those in REMS (medium security) were assessed as needing high security and 38% were ready to move to a less secure place. In low secure places, 56% were assessed as needing a higher level of therapeutic security and 6% could have moved to open non-secure places.ConclusionsThe Italian translation of the DUNDRUM Toolkit allows an assessment of the current working of the model of care for forensic psychiatry following the reforms of 2015. Most patients are safely placed. A small but important proportion needed high secure places that are not currently available. (3.7% of 604 nationally, 95% Confidence Interval 1.2% to 8.4%, 7 to 50). A greater use of such measures would enable better health gains and safer outcomes.Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT06018298 Unique Protocol ID: ITAL-EE-REMS.

Does escaping the multidimensional poverty line improve family food security? Evidence from rural Vietnam

BackgroundReducing poverty and ensuring food security are critical sustainable development goals for countries like Vietnam. However, research investigating the relationship between these goals remains limited. This study seeks to explore the correlation between poverty alleviation and food security in Vietnam's rural areas, offering insights for policymakers to address both objectives simultaneously.MethodsWe applied Vietnam's multidimensional poverty standard to determine if households classified as poor in 2016 had managed to escape poverty by 2018. We utilized the Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) and per capita food expenditure to examine the consumption patterns and food security levels within these households. Panel data encompassing 407 low-income households, gathered from the 2016 and 2018 Vietnam Access to Resources Household Survey (VARHS), constituted the dataset for this study.ResultsAmong the 407 impoverished households in 2016, 244 achieved poverty alleviation by 2018. Their average monthly per capita income increased by 416.9 thousand Vietnamese Dong (17.8 USD) during this period, with wage income contributing significantly, rising by approximately 315.9 thousand Vietnamese Dong (13.4 USD) per person. Regression analysis reveals that as households escaped the multidimensional poverty line, they diversified food consumption and increased per capita food expenditure. However, the household dietary diversity score only increased by 0.166. Meanwhile, monthly per capita food expenditure surged by 85,600 Vietnamese Dong (3.63 USD) per person.Conclusions and policy recommendationsImplementing poverty eradication policies could achieve both poverty reduction and improved food security. Policymakers should focus on creating stable wage employment for poor households, as this income source significantly aids in poverty alleviation.

The psychology of pandemic policy support: unraveling the complex interplay of personal values and value congruence across 20 European countries

ObjectivesWe explored the roles of personal values and value congruence—the alignment between individual and national values—in predicting public support for pandemic restrictions across 20 European countries. Study designCross-sectional study. MethodsWe analyzed multinational European survey data (N = 34,356) using Schwartz's values theory and person-environment fit theory. Multilevel polynomial regression was employed to assess the linear and curvilinear effects of personal values on policy support. Multilevel Euclidean similarity analysis and response surface analysis were conducted to evaluate the impact of value congruence and delineate nuanced congruence patterns. ResultsFindings revealed that extreme levels of security, conformity, stimulation, hedonism, and achievement values were associated with decreased policy support. Value congruence with security, conformity, and benevolence increased support, while congruence with stimulation, hedonism, and achievement reduced it. High congruence between personal and national social focus values significantly boosted policy support. Extreme mismatches in self-direction values amplified support. Societal power exceeding personal power also increased support. Matched levels of hedonism motivated greater support, while stimulation and achievement value (in)congruence showed little impact. ConclusionsWe highlight the differential effects of personal values and value congruence on public attitudes toward pandemic restrictions. The findings underscore the importance of considering the interplay between individual and societal values when designing and implementing effective pandemic response strategies.

SCIENTIFIC AND METHODOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONCEPT OF ENSURING SOCIO-ECONOMIC SECURITY OF ENTERPRISES IN THE CONDITIONS OF INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT

The article is aimed at defining and disclosing the scientific and methodological foundations for implementing the concept of ensuring socio-economic security of enterprises in the context of innovative development. The subject of the research in the article is the scientific and methodological principles of ensuring socio-economic security of enterprises in the context of innovative development. To achieve this goal, the following theoretical methods were used: analysis of the source base, comparison, systematisation and generalisation. The category of innovative enterprise development and socio-economic security has been identified. A number of indicators may be employed to evaluate the extent of social and economic security enjoyed by an enterprise. These may be classified according to their financial, social, innovative, operational or environmental impact. This paper considers the distinctive characteristics and principal consequences of the impact of innovative development on the social and economic security of enterprises. It has been established that the scientific and methodological principles of social and economic security comprise a set of theoretical and practical tools, methods and approaches that facilitate the identification, assessment and management of risks associated with innovative activities. In the context of outlining the scientific and methodological foundations, a number of principles for developing a system of socio-economic security for the enterprise were identified and expanded upon, and a list of scientific approaches for studying and providing socio-economic security for the enterprise was provided. The importance of a systemic approach in ensuring the socio-economic security of the enterprise in the context of its innovative development is demonstrated. It is determined that the methodological principles include the development and implementation of a system of indicators for assessing the level of socio-economic security, analysis of risks associated with innovation activities. The components of methodological support for the system of socio-economic security are proposed: monitoring, evaluation, risk management. The conclusions of the study are that the innovative development of enterprises determines the competitiveness and long-term sustainability of business. The socio-economic security of an enterprise can be defined as a dynamic state of stable functioning and development in the presence of external and internal threats. This encompasses the protection of the enterprise's economic interests, the assurance of financial stability, risk management, the optimisation of resource utilisation and the enhancement of production efficiency. The concept of the relevant scientific and methodological principles can be developed on the basis of the principal approaches to the study of the socio-economic security of the enterprise, as well as the principal principles of its development, which are presented in the article.

FOOD RESILIENCE IN UKRAINE DURING MARTIAL LAW

The assessment of a country's food security level is a crucial task due to the need to ensure a stable supply of food during periods of economic and social upheaval, particularly during military conflicts or other emergencies. For Ukraine, amid ongoing hostilities, issues of food security and mitigating the negative effects of disruptions in agricultural production are of particular importance. As of today, there is no universally accepted scientific approach to assessing the level of food resilience that takes into account the specifics of each region and the country as a whole, allowing for analytical comparisons and providing scientifically grounded data for the formation of effective policies in this area. The aim of this study is to justify methodological recommendations for determining the level of food resilience using Ukraine as a case study. Accordingly, the proposed methodological recommendations include a set of indicators based on the selection of those that most comprehensively characterize the country’s food security in structural and cyclical aspects. It has been determined that the level of a country's food resilience is the degree of stability, adaptation, and recovery from external and internal shocks that affect the food system's ability to provide the population with sufficient, safe, and nutritious food. The results of the assessment of Ukraine's food resilience level using the Integrated Food Resilience Index in 2022 indicate an adequate level. The country has favourable conditions for food supply, although there are some issues in certain cyclical and structural aspects. The food system is developed despite the war, but there are opportunities for improvement.

Optimizing Security and Cost Efficiency in N-Level Cascaded Chaotic-Based Secure Communication System

In recent years, chaos-based secure communication systems have garnered significant attention for their unique attributes, including sensitivity to initial conditions and periodic orbit density. However, existing systems face challenges in balancing encryption strength with practical implementation, especially for multiple levels. This paper addresses this gap by introducing a novel N-level cascaded chaotic-based secure communication system for voice encryption, leveraging the four-dimensional unified hyperchaotic system. Performance evaluation is conducted using various security metrics, including Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), Percent Residual Deviation (PRD), and correlation coefficient, as well as Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) resource metrics. A new Value-Based Performance Metrics (VBPM) framework is also introduced, focusing on both security and efficiency. Simulation results reveal that the system achieves optimal performance at N = 4 levels, demonstrating significant improvements in both security and FPGA resource utilization compared to existing approaches. This research offers a scalable and cost-efficient solution for secure communication systems, with broader implications for real-time encryption in practical applications.

Hardware Implementation of a 2D Chaotic Map-Based Audio Encryption System Using S-Box

This paper presents a hardware-based audio encryption system using a 2D chaotic map and dynamic S-box design implemented on an Artix-7 FPGA platform. Three distinct chaotic maps—logistic–fraction (2D-LF), logistic–sine (2D-LS), and fraction–sine (2D-FS)—were investigated and implemented on an FPGA. The 2D-LF map was employed in the encryption system for its throughput and power efficiency performance. The proposed encryption system benefits from the randomness of chaotic sequences for block permutation and S-box substitution to enhance the diffusion and confusion properties of the encrypted speech signal. The system’s encryption strength is validated through performance evaluations, using the mean squared error (MSE), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), correlation coefficients, and NIST randomness tests, which confirm the unpredictability of the encrypted speech signal. The hardware implementation results show a throughput of 2880 Mbps and power consumption of 0.13 W.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ ФАКТОРОВ (ДЕТЕРМИНАНТ) НА СУБЪЕКТИВНЫЕ ОЦЕНКИ УРОВНЯ ФИЗИЧЕСКОЙ АКТИВНОСТИ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ ТРУДОСПОСОБНОГО ВОЗРАСТА

Despite the importance of physical activity indicators and their decisive influence on public health indicators, no studies have been conducted on the impact of health determinants, including economic ones, on physical activity indicators. The purpose of the study is to analyze the fact and degree of influence of economic factors as a component of lifestyle on physical activity indicators. Materials and methods of research. The individual economic characteristics of patients were considered as the object of the study. Since the normality of the distribution for quantitative features, as a rule, was not observed, a nonparametric criterion was used to assess the differences 2 and the nonparametric analogue of the correlation coefficient is the association coefficient. Approaches to the identification and measurement of the economic determinant of public health were described in detail earlier [24, 25]. The size of the real random sample was 1400 respondents. The average age of respondents of working age in the general sample was 39.7 years. As criteria of physical activity, subjective characteristics of physical activity given by the respondents themselves, the fact of performing physical exercises, and attitude to active recreation were used. Results. The use of complex (composite) features characterizing a person's financial situation and economic well-being makes it possible to identify differences in behavioral patterns regarding subjective perceptions of the level of physical activity among the working-age population. The influence of economic factors (determinants) is manifested in a decrease in the level of physical activity and a greater proportion of those who have low and very low levels of physical activity according to their own ideas, a more frequent negative attitude towards physical exercise among respondents with a low level of material security. However, the subjective attitude towards active recreation was positive for the majority of respondents, regardless of their level of material well-being.

AI and blockchain technology for secure and transparent financial transactions

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and blockchain technology presents a transformative approach to enhancing the security and transparency of financial transactions. Blockchain’s decentralized and immutable ledger system ensures that transaction records are tamper-proof and transparent, significantly reducing the risk of fraud and errors. AI, with its advanced data analytics and machine learning capabilities, further augments this ecosystem by providing real-time monitoring, predictive analytics, and automated decision-making processes. Together, these technologies enable more efficient and secure financial operations, from cross-border payments to trade finance and asset management. This paper explores the synergistic potential of AI and blockchain in revolutionizing the financial sector, highlighting key applications, benefits, and challenges. By leveraging the strengths of both technologies, financial institutions can achieve unprecedented levels of security, efficiency, and trust in their operations.

Post-Mortem Computed Tomography (PMCT) Service Structures in Non-Suspicious Death Investigations

ABSTRACT Post-mortem computed tomography (PMCT) is increasingly used in adult post-mortem investigations as a non-invasive alternative to traditional autopsies. Using PMCT supports death investigations in the face of severe pathologist workforce shortages and the less invasive nature maintains respect for cultural sensitivities. This article reviews the diverse service structures of PMCT, highlighting the importance of customising these structures to meet the specific needs of various coronial jurisdictions. These jurisdictions often face challenges such as limited access to imaging facilities and logistical issues with geographically dispersed mortuaries. We outline options for leading and operating PMCT services, including models led by pathologists, radiologist or a hybrid of the two; use of static, relocatable, or mobile CT scanning units; as well as making the most of existing resources such as NHS or private scanning facility scanners already in place. We also explore different PMCT reporting structures through in-house NHS radiologists, combined in-house and teleradiology, or fully outsourced teleradiology services. Each of these offerings provide different levels of efficiency, cost-effectiveness, data security and challenges to set-up. Where applicable, we present and describe real-world examples as case studies for readers interested in replicating existing models.

Digitalization of cotton farming in the municipality of Banikoara in Northwestern Benin

The widespread use of mobile telephony and the internet constitutes an asset for digitalization in the agricultural sectors in Africa. Cotton being the leading export crop in Benin, this study aims to understand the determinants of the adoption of digitalization (use of digital machines, membership of a social network for information exchange, use of a mobile money account) by cotton producers in the municipality of Banikoara. In this context, a socio-economic survey was carried out with a sample of 314 producers, obtained by purposive sampling. The binary logistic regression method made it possible to identify the factors affecting the adoption of digitalization. Thus, the level of banking, the use of labor, the area of cotton sown and knowledge of agricultural information and exchange platforms had a significant impact on the use of digital machines in agriculture. Membership of a social network for information exchange between producers was influenced by the level of banking, the type of cotton grown, the strengthening of relationships with others, the risk linked to the use of digitalization and the assessment of the level of security of digitization by the producers. Finally, the level of banking, the exercise of a secondary activity and the use of labor were the significant variables in the adoption of mobile money by cotton farmers in Banikoara. However, the use of more advanced technologies such as drones and sensors was not yet a reality for these producers. This information is very useful for any project to popularize and promote these new technologies in the modernization of agriculture.

Developing a trustworthy national health data space: public needs and policy implications

Abstract Background The ongoing development of a national health data space in Switzerland presents an opportunity to transform health delivery and care by enabling large-scale secondary health research. Central to this development is the Health2030 strategy, which calls for the establishment of public trust in the reliability and security of data collection, storage, and exchange. Methods We conducted four focus groups across the German, French and Italian-speaking regions of Switzerland to inform the development of the Swiss health data space that fosters public trust. To inform Swiss policy, we held a panel discussion with patient experts and healthcare professionals to translate the focus group findings into governance and public communication requirements. We synthesized our findings using a thematic analysis approach and proposed a guiding health policy strategy. Results Citizens perceive the health data space as trustworthy conditional on the delivery of its promised higher levels of transparency, security, and lower risk compared to other data sharing initiatives. To ensure its trustworthiness, citizens call for the provision of value-based consent to control data access based on the actors involved and research purposes, alongside implementing accountability measures for data misuse. Governance framework requirements entail establishing an advisory group for the health data space with sufficient representation of the Swiss population, including members of the public, patient advisory groups, and researchers. Public communication requirements call for ongoing monitoring of public opinion on health data space, alongside establishing public engagement initiatives, such as public fora, to inform ongoing progress. Conclusions Policy efforts should prioritize the meaningful involvement of relevant stakeholders throughout all stages of the health data space development to foster trust. Central to these efforts is balancing public expectations with their practical implementation. Key messages • For the health data space to be trustworthy, citizens require transparency on their data use and the security measures taken, value-based consent for data access, and accountability measures. • Diverse representation in governance and continuous public involvement are key policy measures to build public trust in the development of national health data spaces.

Negligible impact of supermarkets on food security (so far) in low-income neighborhoods of Accra, Ghana

In recent years, African policymakers have embraced supermarket development as a form of food system modernization, but the impacts of the proximity of supermarkets on low-income households in a developing African city are largely unexplored. Using a sample of 680 households in seven of Accra’s poorer neighborhoods, we examine the dimensions and level of food security, household-level determinants, and what impact, if any, the arrival of supermarkets has had on local food security. Using two internationally accepted food-security metrics, (Food Consumption Score and Household Food Insecurity Access Scale), two economic measures (income equivalence and asset ownership), and satellite imagery of supermarket locations, we find that physical proximity to supermarkets is not significantly associated with household food security in low-income areas of Accra. The majority of poor households in Accra are currently food secure, but asset ownership is a much stronger predictor of food security than income. The relatively high degree of food security in Accra is likely related to credit-based relationships that households have with local food vendors. Further, given that supermarkets can compete with these so-called “informal” vendors for access to public space, these credit-based relationships will suffer with new supermarket development. Our study highlights the need for nuanced understanding regarding the role of consumer-retailer and retailer-retailer relationship in ensuring food access for low-income households in urban Africa.

Remote sensing and machine learning algorithms to predict soil salinity in southern Kazakhstan

Salinization and land degradation are significant challenges in the southern regions of Kazakhstan. These issues arise due to climate change, unequal water resource distribution, and human impact. The primary concern revolves around water resources, which are influenced by the area’s trans boundary flow of major rivers. The low level of water and food security has pushed the development of new approaches based on remote sensing monitoring and geographic information systems (GIS) to provide solutions for soil salinity. The research aims to focus on utilizing high-resolution radar images. This data type is effective for cloudy weather and can be useful for continued monitoring of some areas. Machine learning methods can solve the problem of automatic mapping of agricultural land salinity in Kazakhstan’s southern regions. The precise mapping of the salinity area helps prevent or decrease salinity’s impact on agriculture. The experiment realized that complex models such as LightGBM do not have significant accuracy performance over simple models on a small dataset compared with Ridge regression. The results allow us to recommend an approach for further improvement with ground-based measurement data and other deep-learning methods for mapping the salinity of agricultural lands.

Cybersecurity Maintenance in the Automotive Industry Challenges and Solutions: A Technology Adoption Approach

Numerous attempts have been made to create a secure system that meets the criteria and requirements of the automotive vehicle development life cycle. However, a critical gap exists in the secure development lifecycle, particularly concerning the development and maintenance of software after the vehicle has been sold by the manufacturer. This step is often overlooked by original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), especially after the expiration of the vehicle warranty period, given the cost that it will require to update and test the software in their vehicles. This paper addresses the issues that affect current and future vehicle cybersecurity, during the maintenance of cybersecurity, and how the neglect of it could end up creating hazards for the vehicle owner or other road users. To accomplish this, we will employ the technology adoption model (TAM) as a theoretical framework, which is used to understand and predict how organizations adopt technology. Thus, through qualitative and quantitative research, including text mining, we identify the challenges in the adoption and diffusion of cybersecurity maintenance in the automotive sector and its supply chain. In addition, we propose possible solutions on how to maintain a level of security that will benefit road users, OEMs and regulators, covering the cybersecurity needs for the vehicle’s usable life, taking into account the vehicle’s heterogeneity of components and technology, connectivity, environmental impact and cost of production and maintenance of a vehicle.

Security analysis and provision of authentication protocol, based on peer-to-peer structure in IOT platform

The Internet of Things technology allows you to transfer data to any asset through communication networks such as the Internet or intranet. One of the most important problems is security, which includes confidentiality, authenticity validation, and completeness. Among security problems, the most important ones are ensuring authenticity and protecting privacy. The elliptic curve encryption algorithm is famous protocols for maintaining privacy and verifying authenticity. Despite the capabilities they have and provide good security against network attacks, they face challenges such as response time, delay in the authentication and authentication process, as well as the amount of memory consumed. Two-factor authentication (2FA) is a security process where users provide two different authentication factors to authenticate themselves. It also provides a higher level of security than authentication methods that rely on single-factor authentication (SFA). This article presents two novel methods for 2FA that use encryption techniques, scramble architecture, and chord architecture. These methods allow for the authentication process to be initiated by both parties involved in the communication. Three scenarios and three metrics of reaction time, memory usage, and connection latency were used to assess the efficacy of the suggested approach. The average reaction time is improved and is 0.012 s when the lengths of the finger table in the chord structure are increased to 10, 15, and 20. The findings show that the suggested approach reduces computing complexity, reaction time, and communication latency. It has an average reaction time of 0.016 s, an average memory use of 30,360 kb, and an average connection latency of 0.042 s.

Analysis of Factors Affecting the Spatial Association Network of Food Security Level in China

Food security serves as the cornerstone of national security, intricately linked to social stability and economic progress. Currently, with the swift evolutions in social economy, logistics and transport, information dissemination, and technological advancements, there has been a marked increase in the cross-regional flow of food production, distribution, and consumption. Consequently, the spatial interdependence of food security across different regions has grown increasingly salient. This paper investigates the spatial interrelationship of food security levels in China through a network analysis framework, examining its determinants and network dynamics. The findings offer valuable insights for decision-makers aiming to optimize agricultural resource allocation and enhance national food security levels. This research establishes a comprehensive evaluation index system for assessing food security levels in China across four dimensions: production security, distribution security, supply security, and consumption security. Employing data from 30 provinces between 2008 and 2022, the entropy method quantifies food security levels, while a modified gravity model underpins the construction of a spatial association network. This framework subsequently examines the network’s structural characteristics and the factors influencing its formation. The results reveal that: (1) China’s food security levels demonstrate a consistent upward trajectory over the study period, though significant regional disparities persist. The central region surpasses the national average, while the eastern and western regions lag. Recently, the western region has shown accelerated improvements in food security, followed by the central area, with the eastern region maintaining steady growth. (2) A structurally robust spatial correlation network of food security has emerged, characterized by variations in the number of network relationships, fluctuations in network density, and a decline in network efficiency while still exhibiting pronounced small-world characteristics. (3) The network displays a clear core-periphery structure, with Shanghai, Beijing, and Jiangsu positioned centrally, playing pivotal intermediary roles, whereas remote provinces such as Gansu, Ningxia, and Liaoning occupy the periphery. (4) The four major regions demonstrate sparse internal connectivity yet robust inter-regional ties, resulting in pronounced spillover effects. (5) Various factors, including geographic distance, provincial proximity, disparities in economic development levels, variations in marketization, differences in agricultural human capital, and disparities in land productivity, significantly impact the establishment of spatial correlations in food security. The affirmative influences of geographic distance and neighboring relations, along with the beneficial shifts in economic development disparities, suggest that the flow of technology and resources plays a crucial role in reinforcing spatial connections.

“Tell me what I'm doing wrong”: Criticism of parenting choices and mental health during COVID-19

During the COVID-19 pandemic, parents struggled with high levels of economic insecurity and mental health difficulties. Social cognitive theory suggests that receiving criticism from others contributes to psychological distress. This mixed-methods study explored longitudinal associations between receiving criticism about parenting choices and parental anxiety, depression, and financial worries during COVID-19. Survey data were collected at two time points in April 2020 from a national U.S. sample of 359 parents (70 % White, 67 % female, average age 34 years). Quantitative analyses were conducted using logistic and linear regression, and qualitative responses were coded to elucidate topics of criticism. Criticism at T1 was associated with increased parental anxiety, depression, and financial worries at T2 after controlling for these outcomes at T1. Content coding revealed parents were criticized for lenient parenting styles (20.63 %) or for being too strict with COVID-19 precautions (18.13 %). Being criticized about parenting choices may exacerbate mental health problems. Parents may benefit from receiving positive feedback about their parenting methods, either through social media or from family members.

Phototuning of Multi-Color Emission in PMMA Composite Films for Information Encryption Applications

A strategy centered on dynamically tunable excited-state proton transfer (ESPT) processes is proposed for the design and synthesis of luminescent compounds. An emitter based on guanidine-substituted 1,8-naphthalimide (R-1) with ESPT characteristics has been meticulously engineered. Upon incorporation into poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrices, the tunable ESPT process, transitioning between blue and yellow-green emission within the composite film, can be precisely controlled through irradiation in different pH environments. Moreover, the luminescence of the R-1/PMMA composite film exhibits variations in response to environmental changes, and demonstrates excellent fatigue resistance. Exploiting this characteristic, information such as “2020” can be encoded, and this encoded information automatically manifests in response to fluctuations in external pH. Specifically, employing a designated method is essential for accurately deciphering the information. The pH-dependent nature of this feature imparts a higher level of security to the material and offers new insights into information encryption.

Secure Data Aggregation and Transmission System for Wireless Body Area Networks Using Twofish Symmetric Key Generation

Nowadays, Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) are mostly used in the healthcare industry. They represent a portable, inexpensive network that exhibition adaptability. The data developed using WBAN devices is vulnerable to transmission-related internal and external attacks; nevertheless, this vulnerability arises due to resource restrictions; by employing data aggregation technologies to conduct statistical analyses of medical data while protecting patient privacy, medical professionals can enhance the precision of diagnoses and assist medical insurance firms in selecting optimal plans for their clients. Maintaining the confidentiality and integrity of sensitive health information becomes more stimulating at the stages of aggregation and transmission due to security issues. This study proposes a novel method, Twofish Symmetric Key Generation (TFSKG), combined into a Secure Data Aggregation (SDA) and transmission system intended for WBANs. The Twofish technique is animatedly employed to make the secure symmetric keys chosen for its robust encryption capabilities. These keys are used to encrypt and decrypt aggregated health data through transmission. The proposed TFSKG-SDA method implements effective algorithms for aggregating data to safeguard end-to-end privacy and preserve data accuracy while reducing bandwidth consumption. Thus, for improved performance, an innovative genetic algorithm for data security is presented in this study. This paper introduces TFSKG-SDA, a system that, by employing rigorous simulation testing, enhances security protocols, resistance against recognized threats, and data transmission efficacy in the context of resource-constrained WBANs. We assess the encryption strength, computational cost, and communication efficiency of the TFSKG- SDA method to prove its significance to real-world healthcare applications.