World Security Research Articles

پرسە نێودەوڵەتییەکان لە ڕوانگەی تیۆری ڕیاڵیزمەوە: پرسی ژینگە وەک نموونە

Different directions of realism theory, as the most prominent theory for studying issues and international relations, are close in several hypotheses and general lines, but when coming to details, they are different. This study examines international questions and environmental issues in particular in terms of these theoretical directions. In general, realistic theories agree on the hypothesis that international issues can be classified into high politics and low politics. But because in today’s world, the dangers and consequences of environmental pollution on international and world security have considerably increased, for this study, main question is that is environment in the perspectives of different directions of realism theory still a minor issue or has its role and position to become a key issue risen, or is it possible to rise? By relying on reliable sources and using each of deductive method, qualitative method and case studies, efforts have been made to investigate and address this scientific question. In order to achieve the goals and giving attention to the cause and the major problem, the study is divided into two main sections, each section includes accurate enquiries. Finally, the study positively proves its hypothesis, which in the perspective of realism theories, issues related to national interest and security are placed at the top of high issues pyramid, while environmental issues are given less importance by the state and international actors. However, at the same time, some differences in the understanding of realism theories are noticed, particularly in defensive realism, which claims that environment should be dealt with as an important subject in some places and stages of time, yet the offensive realism is the most pessimistic one in this aspect.

Sovereign Intelligent Platform Economy on BRICS+ Platform

The sovereignty of the economy of the BRICS+ community is based on intelligent platforms for interaction between users, including commercial transactions and innovative solutions. International platform-based regulated economic interaction on the BRICS+ platform is relevant for the formation of a fair, secure world order. International platform-based regulated economic interaction leads to the formation of technological sovereignty of the BRICS+ countries, to the creation of energy-efficient technologies and energy-optimal proposals to meet demand. An international energy-equivalent economy promotes optimal energy use.

Leveling digital threats as a means of ensuring economic security in the modern world

In the era of digitalization, where the development of technology is closely linked to economic prosperity, it is important to realize the threats posed by the modern world. Indeed, digital transformation opens up new horizons for public spheres of life, intertwining innovative technologies with everyday tasks, actively stimulating social progress. However, as dependence on new technologies increases, the impact of digital threats on economic stability and security increases. The attractiveness of such incidents is based on the relative cheapness and accessibility, which makes them more preferable for intruders compared to other types of crimes. Various kinds of attacks and malicious actions, such as viruses, phishing, malware, cyberattacks, can disrupt not only the work of companies, but also undermine their financial situation as a whole. At this stage, the problem of digital threats is turning into a global phenomenon affecting everyone – from ordinary citizens to large companies and government agencies. It is important to be aware of this problem, because without proper counteraction to these challenges, economic losses from cybercrimes will only increase. Preventing such attacks and reducing their consequences requires a comprehensive approach. That is why the article considers not only the question of what negative consequences digital threats have, but also suggests the necessary, according to the authors, methods and strategic solutions aimed at reducing economic losses in the process of constantly changing conditions.

Socio-Psychological Technologies for Personal Security in the BANI-World

The paper’s goal is to update socio-psychological technologies for personal security in the Brittle Anxious Nonlinear Incomprehensible (BANI) world. To accomplish this, the following tasks need to be completed: determining the essence of the BANI world, proving the feasibility of socio-psychological security, clarifying the content of socio-psychological technologies, and determining their role in ensuring personal security in the BANI world. The authors used results of scientific research and modern press, researched methods of analysis and content analysis of interdisciplinary publications on this issue; methods of systematization, extrapolation, design and modeling, theoretical generalization. Theories and concepts of social interaction that inherently include a person serve as the basis for the content and classification of socio-psychological technologies for personal security in the BANI world. The study analyzes the socio-psychological technologies of three groups from the perspective of representing security at three levels (cognitive, affective, and conative). The authors consider the possibilities of information and communication technologies as a promising direction for providing socio-psychological assistance.

Beyond Bombs: The Growing Threat of Cyberterrorism

Cyberterrorism, which once was a virtual version of physical attacks, has now moved to a digital platform that targets the critical infrastructure. These activities pursue to introduce fear, make a disruption in essential services, and influence politics. On the other hand, a comprehensive strategy should be applied to deal with this dynamic danger. The importance of understanding cyber terrorism lies in the fact that it creates breach of trust, collapse of the system, and sufferings among the population mentally. The economic impacts comprise businesses losses, decline in productivity, and discouragement of foreign investments. Efficient tools such as network security monitoring, vulnerability scanning and threat intelligence can locate anomalous activity as well as loopholes in systems. Strong authentication, employee training, data encryption, and regular backups all lead to a digital environment that is less vulnerable to attack. International cooperation, public education, and constant development are the key aspects for having a preparedness against cyberterrorism. We can accomplish this through collaboration and thereby ensure the safety and security of the digital world. Keywords—Cyberterrorism, digital threats, international cooperation, public awareness, critical infrastructure.

UN General Assembly Resolution 76/262 as a strengthening of the collective response to the use of the veto right in the UN Security Council

The article describes the legal nature of United Nations General Assembly Resolution 76/262 (A/76/L.52) entitled "Standing mandate for a General Assembly debate when a veto is cast in the Security Council", adopted on April 26, 2022. We have analyzed this topic due to its relevance and the emergence of a new procedure of the United Nations General Assembly, aimed at increasing of the transparency and accountability of the United Nations Security Council, as a result of the ineffective activity of the Security Council in crisis in which our world finds itself today, in particular due to armed conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East, which have led to complex humanitarian consequences. Many states and scientists have been expressing their interest in the issue of Security Council reform for a long time. We deeply researched the Resolution which is the first in a long time and a significant legal instrument that changes the existing mechanism of the functioning of the United Nations and has revived the discussions on the need for a complete reform of the Security Council in accordance with Resolution 62/557 of December 15, 2008. The purpose of the article is an overview of the new Resolution 76/262, namely the reasons and expediency of its adoption, cases of application and its effectiveness in modern conditions. The methodological basis of the study are the following general scientific and special methods of cognition of legal phenomena: the method of the philosophical level – the dialectical method; empirical methods – comparative, observation and description methods; general logical methods – analysis, synthesis; specially-legal method. The article analyzes the main provisions of Resolution 76/262, the reasons for its adoption, examines cases of its application, and draws conclusions about the effectiveness of this resolution. We have differentiated the procedures provided for by Resolution 76/262 "Standing mandate for a General Assembly debate when a veto is cast in the Security Council" and Resolution 377 (V) "Uniting for Peace". We have reviewed the international legal conceptual foundations of the need to apply the resolution. The topic of reforming the United Nations against the backdrop of the current world security crisis is very important and relevant for further research by domestic scientists in order to formulate their own proposals, approaches and scientific justifications in the modern Ukrainian science of international public law, as well as for the scientific enlightenment of society in this of knowledge.

Flash controller-based secure execution environment for protecting code confidentiality

With the rapid evolution of Internet-of-Things (IoT), billions of IoT devices have connected to the Internet, collecting information via tags and sensors. For an IoT device, the application code itself and data collected by sensors can be of great commercial value. It is challenging to protect them because IoT devices are prone to compromise due to the inevitable vulnerabilities of commodity Operating Systems. Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) is one of the solutions that protects sensitive data by running security-sensitive workloads in a secure world. However, this solution does not work for most of the IoT devices that are limited in resources.In this paper, we propose Flash Controller-based Secure Execution Environment (FCSEE), an approach to protect security-sensitive code and data for IoT devices using the flash controller. Our approach constructs a secure execution environment on the target flash memory by modifying the execution logic of its controller, leveraging it as a co-processor to execute security-sensitive workloads of the host device. By extending the original functionality of the flash firmware, FCSEE also provides several much-needed security primitives to protect sensitive data. We constructed a prototype based on a Trans-Flash (TF) card and implemented a proof of its confidentiality. Our evaluation results indicate that FCSEE can confidentially execute security-sensitive workloads from the host and efficiently protect its sensitive data.

Web based Vulnerabilities Modulation: A Comprehensive Study on Web Vulnerabilities

In today's digital landscape, where online activities like banking, shopping, and social networking dominate, the security of sensitive data and assets is paramount. This responsibility primarily lies with software and web developers, tasked with safeguarding against prevalent vulnerabilities such as SQL injection, XSS (Cross-Site Scripting), Broken Access Control, Command Execution, CSRF (Cross- Site Request Forgery), among others. This research project delves into the world of web application security, aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding of secure development and deployment practices. By simulating and analyzing these vulnerabilities across different modules, the study sheds light on how attackers can exploit these weaknesses to breach data confidentiality, integrity, and availability, thus violating the CIA triad. Keywords: web, vulnerability, XSS, CSFR, SQL injection, Access Control.

Unveiling the means and motivations of defence modernisation in mid-power Eastern Europe

Within the flux of contemporary global geopolitics, middle powers in Eastern Europe, exemplified by Czechia and Poland, have demonstrably prioritized defence modernisation. But is this enough to ensure their security in a volatile world? This paper delves into this critical question through a comparative analysis of their defence policies. By meticulously examining the historical evolution of these policies and their influence on current modernisation patterns, the study seeks to illuminate the motivations driving these efforts. Furthermore, a thorough comparison of Czechia and Poland's approaches will shed light on their challenges in achieving their desired security posture. This paper aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of regional security dynamics and the evolving role of mid- Poland sized powers in the contemporary geopolitical landscape.

2F-Authsys: A hyperlocal two-factor authentication system using Near Sound Data Transfer

Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) is a new buzzword in the Information Security world. Big companies that used passwords as an authentication mechanism now have started transitioning to 2FA. One form of two factor authentication is known as One-Time Password (OTP). In today’s time, there is a lack of a secure multi-factor authentication platform which is also user friendly. In all the major 2FA platforms that exist today, the user has to manually enter the OTP from their phone or email. This problem is further amplified by delays in transmission of OTP via email or SMS. There has also been an increase in the number of botnets that scan large networks and try to an open and vulnerable ports on cloud hosting networks. An easy-to-use port security solution is not available. This research work aims to create a secure, proof-of-concept implementation of a modern and opinionated two factor authentication system based on Near Sound Data Transfer (NSDT) technology enabling contactless secure transmission of Time-Based One-Time Password (TOTP).

Toward More Generalized Malicious URL Detection Models

This paper reveals a data bias issue that can profoundly hinder the performance of machine learning models in malicious URL detection. We describe how such bias can be diagnosed using interpretable machine learning techniques and further argue that such biases naturally exist in the real world security data for training a classification model. To counteract these challenges, we propose a debiased training strategy that can be applied to most deep-learning based models to alleviate the negative effects of the biased features. The solution is based on the technique of adversarial training to train deep neural networks learning invariant embedding from biased data. Through extensive experimentation, we substantiate that our innovative strategy fosters superior generalization capabilities across both CNN-based and RNN-based detection models. The findings presented in this work not only expose a latent issue in the field but also provide an actionable remedy, marking a significant step forward in the pursuit of more reliable and robust malicious URL detection.

Unraveling the role of nanoparticles in improving plant resilience under environmental stress condition

Abstract Background As the world grapples with increasing agricultural demands and unpredictable environmental stressors, there is a pressing need to improve plant resilience. Therefore, understanding the pioneering role of nanoparticles in alleviating plant stress is crucial for developing stress-resilient varieties to enhance food secure world. Nanoparticles have unique physical and chemical properties, and demonstrate their potential to enhance plant growth, nutrient utilization, and stress tolerance. This review delves into the mechanistic insights of nanoparticle-plant interactions, highlighting how these tiny particles can mitigate diverse stressors such as drought, salinity, and heavy metal toxicity. The action of different types of nanoparticles, including metal, carbon-based, and biogenic nanoparticles, are discussed in the context of their interaction with plant physiology and stress responses. Aims This article also explores the potential drawbacks and environmental implications of nanoparticle use, emphasizing the need for responsible and sustainable applications. Therefore, this study aimed to offer exciting possibilities for managing both biotic and abiotic stress in plant species, from improving water-use efficiency and stress resilience via nanotechnology. Conclusions Future research directions are suggested, focusing on nano-bioengineering and precision agriculture to create stress-resilient crops and enhance food security. Through the lens of interdisciplinary research, this paper underscores the significance of nanoparticles as innovative tools in the realm of agriculture, catalyzing a paradigm shift towards sustainable and stress-resilient farming systems.

REVISITING THE NUCLEAR DEBATE IN SOUTH ASIAN SECURITY

Grand strategy and nuclear deterrence have been the most distinct strategies of the last century. The principal objective of a grand strategy for a major state is to achieve some grand strategic objectives, and for other states, it is to preserve their security in an anarchic world. However, contrary to the central assumption of the nuclear deterrence theory, evidence shows that in certain situations, mere possession of nuclear weapons does not automatically translate into deterrence. The central argument of this article is based on the idea that deterrence strategy is neither a static concept nor should be taken as such. Nuclear deterrence. It is a dynamic concept in nature and its utilization depends on the ingenuity of the Nuclear Weapon State (NWS). While citing a history of incidents, especially the Pulwama crisis in 2019 between India and Pakistan, this article explores how nuclear deterrence worked when the fear of a nuclear war was hanging in the region and how these states were able to use the nuclear deterrence strategy to their benefit. It also discusses whether there was a need for either side to operationalize nuclear deterrence through some physical and tangible steps

More Trouble for a Troubled Geist: Finding Certainty in the Uncertain through Creative Unknowing

ABSTRACT The main response to the multiple crises besetting Western societis in the past decades has been the attempt of the academic and scientific as well as political circles to gain a sense of orientation—and of social cohesion—by two main modes of thinking: identity politics and evidence-based knowlegde. Regarding the latter, I argue that if scientific knowledge is reduced to facts, data and numbers, as the basis for political decisions without any alternatives, it would become a dogma propagating the truth—that is, a new religion. Politicians will no longer have to struggle with other perspectives, once there is a consensus about following the line that “the numbers or the facts speak for themselves.” While many people would perhaps find in this new religion a guarantee of security in an insecure world, this sense would be illusionary. I argue that the role intellectuals should play in a spiritual crisis of this kind is paradoxically to cultivate a sense of more security by strengthening a culture of “insecureness” or docta ignorantia against the dogmas within science and religion. To create and encourage a new art of questioning and listening, and of learning to appreciate non-knowledge as the basis of coming together. This notion is found in the Greek and Christian as well as the Jewish tradition of European thought, and it continues in the works of modern thinkers such as Paul Ricoeur, Hermann Cohen, Martin Buber, Hartmut Rosa, and of philosophers who focus on the question of the ineffable. My aim is to present this quality of certainty within uncertainty by examples from different fields, including philosophy, art and psychotherapy, and to elaborate on the paradoxical question: does a troubled Geist need more trouble in order to help us find a sense of orientation through disorientation?

The Impacts of Climate Change on Groundwater: A Review

Groundwater is considered to be the second largest reservoir of fresh water in the world, which meets the needs of humans due to anthropogenic activities in various parts of the ground. Recently, the impact of climate change on the groundwater has been taken into consideration so that groundwater can be safely managed and used in a balanced manner. Water is considered to be a vital element of world security and the relationship between ground water and climate change is considered significant. Currently, it is difficult to determine the extent and direction of fires so that groundwater can be managed. Also, this article aims to increase the knowledge about the effects of climate change on groundwater resources which includes general information about groundwater, climate change, effects on groundwater resources, and information about sustainable management of groundwater. It deeply affects the water system which reduces the level of groundwater over time and affects the hydrological cycle. The results of this article have been obtained based on the review which may be useful for future researchers and policy makers in the field of sustainable groundwater management in the context of climate change.

The US military policy toward China and Russia under the Biden administration

This article offers a comprehensive study of the policy of deterrence toward China and Russia in the military sphere under the Biden Administration. The US military policy toward China and Russia under the Biden Administration consists in increase regular pressure on Beijing and Moscow. The motivation for this policy is expressed in the following way: authoritarian China and Russia are posing a direct challenge not only to the values, interests, security and well-being of the United States, but also to the free, open, prosperous, and secure world order. According to the Biden administration's opinion only integrated deterrence through military and non-military methods and direct competition with China and Russia can maintain the US leadership in world politics. The methodological basis of the study includes analysis of the doctrinal documents which that regulate foreign and military policy of the US, the method of logical analysis and decision analysis. Despite the difference in ideological preferences and foreign policy attitudes between the Democrats and the Republicans, the foundations of the US military strategy toward China and Russia under Trump have passed into the strategic documents of the Biden administration. The main threats to the US and its allies are once again China and Russia. The US emphasizes that China and Russia are powerful nuclear powers which the US faces simultaneously for the first time in its history. China is rapidly developing its military potential and preparing for a military confrontation with the United States, which makes this country the most dangerous threat to the entire world in the very near future. Russia, which has a smaller range of capabilities compared to China, poses an acute military threat here and right now through special military operation, cyber-attacks, activities in gray zones and the deployment of the latest hypersonic missile systems.

The role of the UN in ensuring the rule of law

The methods of effective support of international peace and security directly depend on the features of the global and regional security environment. The nature of current challenges and threats determines the format and directions of international security cooperation. Faced with the modern challenges and threats of the globalized world, no state is able to ensure its own security solely by its own efforts, without relying on the help of the international community and collective security structures. Each country independently determines the degree of its participation in certain international events in the field of international security. In this vein, various forms of international cooperation and cooperation in the field of security are formed in accordance with countries’ perceptions of common threats and their own national interests. In the conditions of the current level of globalization, international cooperation covers almost all spheres of social activity and requires the establishment of generally accepted and understandable “rules of the game” and certain regulation at the supranational level. These functions are assigned to international institutions and the system of international treaties. The transition to the information society, the processes of globalization, the development of the latest technologies and the new challenges of modernity have led to the emergence of new ways of waging war and have radically changed the international security system. The principles, resources and means of warfare have changed significantly. Modern challenges and threats to the global security system have led to a rethinking of the conceptual and practical foundations of international security cooperation. In order to maintain security and stability in the modern world, uniform rules, principles and standards of responsibility must be adopted. The UN acts as a universal and unique platform for consolidating positive trends in the development of the international security system.

Deep learning trends and future perspectives of web security and vulnerabilities

Web applications play a vital role in modern digital world. Their pervasiveness is mainly underpinned by numerous technological advances that can often lead to misconfigurations, thereby opening a way for a variety of attack vectors. The rapid development of E-commerce, big data, cloud computing and other technologies, further enterprise services are entering to the internet world and have increasingly become the key targets of network attacks. Therefore, the appropriate remedies are essential to maintain the very fabric of security in digital world. This paper aims to identify such vulnerabilities that need to be addressed for ensuring the web security. We identify and compare the static, dynamic, and hybrid tools that can counter the prevalent attacks perpetrated through the identified vulnerabilities. Additionally, we also review the applications of AI in intrusion detection and pinpoint the research gaps. Finally, we cross-compare the various security models and highlight the relevant future research directions.

The Landing and Liberation: A Historiography of the Korean War's Operation Chromite, September 1950

A review of Operation Chromite’s basic history is necessary to fully understand the historiographical trends and available archival resources. To adequately capture the campaign’s origins, historical analysis must begin not in September 1950 but with U.S. leaders’ contradictory approach to security after World War II. On the one hand, the United States took a leading role in world security, forming numerous alliances and international institutions in the context of emerging Cold War rivalry. On the other hand, U.S. military forces atrophied after 1945. Imposition of defense budget ceilings and other efforts by the Harry S. Truman administration, abetted by a thrifty Congress, left a shell of a force in place. Postwar cuts left units undermanned and at low levels of readiness. The Marine Corps fought an especially difficult political battle to prove the value of Marine air support and a Marine expeditionary capability.

МЕХАНІЗМ ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОГО ПОЛІТИЧНОГО СПІВРОБІТНИЦТВА В ІСТОРІЇ ЗОВНІШНЬОЇ І БЕЗПЕКОВОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОГО СПІВТОВАРИСТВА (60 – 80-ТІ РОКИ ХХ СТ.)

The article reflects the results of the study of the history of the formation of foreign and security policy of the European Community at the stage of functioning of the European Political Cooperation (EPC) mechanism. The prerequisites for the formation of the foreign policy mechanism of interaction between the EEC member states are shown. The formation of political conditions and institutional and functional dimensions of the EPC is analyzed. The main international problems that had to be solved by the participants of European integration through the EPC mechanism are highlighted. The author takes into account the specifics of this segment of cooperation of the European Community States, which for a long time did not have an official status and was in fact experimental. The author points out the defining contradictions and controversial issues of the development of the foreign policy segment of the European Community in the context of the maturation of transformations in the system of international relations and world security in the second half of the 1980s. The study concludes that the establishment of the EPC format meant only the beginning of a complex process of formation of a full-fledged subjectivity of the European Community in the international arena. The period from 1970 (formal creation of the EPC mechanism) to 1986 (adoption of the Single European Act) can be interpreted as the initial period in the history of the formation of the European Community’s foreign and security policies. In general, the usual weakness of the mechanism for coordinating the foreign policy of the EEC states was manifested due to the diversity of their international interests and, most importantly, the lack of effective means of implementing common positions. However, this does not diminish the historical significance of this period. After all, at that time the Community formed the principles and basic approaches to its political organization and activities in the international arena. Also, its leadership learned to respond as quickly as possible to the challenges of world politics and form its policy in different regions of the world, diplomatic representation, and international image. The result of these changes provided invaluable experience for the establishment of the Common Foreign and Security Policy of the European Union. The inclusion of foreign and security policy in the regulatory framework of the EEC in the Single European Act of 1986 meant only the beginning of a complex process of forming a full-fledged subjectivity of the European Community in the international arena.