Secure Voice Research Articles

The Mortal Voice in the Tragedies of Aeschylus by Sarah Nooter

Reviewed by: The Mortal Voice in the Tragedies of Aeschylus by Sarah Nooter Adriana Brook (bio) Sarah Nooter. The Mortal Voice in the Tragedies of Aeschylus. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2017. Pp. x + 309. $99.99. Moving on from the well-received When Heroes Sing: Sophocles and the Shifting Soundscape of Tragedy (Cambridge, 2012), Sarah Nooter's new book extends her exploration of the aural world of Greek tragedy through the plays of Aeschylus. This book examines all of the extant dramas, including many of the fragmentary ones, culminating in an in-depth reading of the Oresteia. Nooter takes as her subject the concept of voice, not as a worn metaphor for identity, but as a physical, embodied sound experienced in the moment of performance. Early in the book, she establishes a programmatic distinction between voice and language, arguing that, while the nature of our evidence (scripts) has led to an almost exclusive focus on words and their linguistic meaning, the voice as sound both "precedes and exceeds language" (6), a more concrete and honest counterpart to the evasiveness of language that we can investigate even without access to original performances. After a brief introduction, the book begins with a chapter that explores the conceptualization of the voice in archaic and classical Greek literature. The chapter establishes the human voice as existing somewhere between the extremes of the articulate divine and the inarticulate bestial (a category which includes babies). Nooter connects voice to the idea of breath; it represents a physical, material point of contact between the mortal and the divine as the gods literally inspire mortal voices in the form of prophecy or poetry. Breath and sound bridge the gap between inside and outside, arising from deep within the vocalizer and invading the body of the listener. Such sounds can produce both somatic and psychological effects that are more difficult to evade than visual stimuli. Harsh labial plosives can, for instance, reflect Zeus' power (27) or drive Agamemnon to the conclusion that he must kill his own daughter (156–57). The book's second chapter considers specifically Aeschylus's voice as it was perceived in the ancient world, focusing on its parody in Aristophanes's Frogs. Nooter offers a sophisticated analysis of Aeschylus's role in this drama, showing that the presentation of the playwright and his voice in Aristophanes's play exemplifies three categories of vocal presence that can be observed in Aeschylean [End Page 117] drama itself (voice described, voice performed, voice as plot). At the same time, she maps the way in which these three categories describe the vocal progression that Aeschylus undergoes in Frogs (his movement from silence to defensiveness to attack) and ultimately explain his unexpected victory in competition with Euripides. Progressing category by category, Nooter first elucidates these vocal effects as employed in the Frogs and then turns to vignettes from the Prometheus Bound, Seven Against Thebes, Persians, Suppliants, and assorted fragmentary tragedies and satyr plays that exemplify the same dramatic uses of voice by Aeschylus himself. Those looking for sustained discussion of plays beyond those of the Oresteia will find it in this chapter. The heart of the book is a three-chapter exploration of voice in the Oresteia, a trilogy that has been analyzed extensively for its ambiguous and indeterminate use of language, but has not been sufficiently considered through the lens of the physical voice. Nooter addresses precisely this issue in a powerful three-chapter sequence that largely stands on its own. Nooter frames the Agamemnon as a play in which the usual reliability of voice is called into question through mimetic performance. The chorus in particular "ventriloquizes" (124) characters who are either dead or absent (Calchas, Iphigenia), displacing the normally secure voice from its body. This introduces an element of instability into the drama that reflects the broader social instability of Mycenae. Ultimately, the truth of the voice supersedes the circularity and deceit of language, as the sonic effect of what the chorus is doing (through repetition and alliteration) overcomes the linguistic meaning of what they say. Aural patterns that should impose order on the world instead reveal its disruptions and the chorus's attempts to reassert order ultimately...

Spreading-Based Voice Encryption by Means of OVSF Codes

This paper presents a new methodology to encrypt voice signals, in such a way that they simulate being a noise signal. The objective is to obtain a signal that does not generate suspicions about its content, while protecting the message. The process is based on the spread and scrambling of the signal through the use of OVSF (orthogonal variable spreading factor) codes. The security of the method is based mainly on the input value used for the randomization phase. From a computational cost point of view, the use of fixed-length codes allows for a shorter retrieval time compared to a similar method based on variable-length codes. Regarding the encrypted signal, its main characteristic is its high entropy (very close to the ideal value). Finally, in the recovery process, a signal identical to the original is obtained.

Patterned Endorsement Framework for Defense Sector using Two Level Voice Authentication Process

The guard segment considers security usage as the essential and critical errand to be executed so usage ought to be made with more concern. One of the ideal arrangements is Voice for upgrading the security framework in which the confirmation of clients is performed with the guide of their voice signals. This confirmation has been performed by actualizing Security Voice Authentication System (SVAS) strategy in our past work. Be that as it may, this philosophy isn't a lot of viable on the insider aggressors. The security framework would be separated by the vindictive/narrow-minded clients as they go about as genuine clients by transmitting the voice sign of unique clients. This deficiency can be overwhelmed by presenting a procedure called Two Level Voice Authentication System (TLVAS). This examination includes producing mystery keys at first by methods for arbitrary qualities inputted by the client. It will give security in the two-level procedure which incorporates the respectability of the handling ought to be solid. The sign must be changed over which control the figuring techniques. This strategy is seen as increasingly powerful against the insider assailants by avoiding the Compromisation created by them. Installing procedure used to execute for doing the exhibition investigation and the examination is completed by methods for expanded security level.

Patterned Endorsement Framework for Defense Sector using Two Level Voice Authentication Process

The guard segment considers security usage as the essential and critical errand to be executed so usage ought to be made with more concern. One of the ideal arrangements is Voice for upgrading the security framework in which the confirmation of clients is performed with the guide of their voice signals. This confirmation has been performed by actualizing Security Voice Authentication System (SVAS) strategy in our past work. Be that as it may, this philosophy isn't a lot of viable on the insider aggressors. The security framework would be separated by the vindictive/narrow-minded clients as they go about as genuine clients by transmitting the voice sign of unique clients. This deficiency can be overwhelmed by presenting a procedure called Two Level Voice Authentication System (TLVAS). This examination includes producing mystery keys at first by methods for arbitrary qualities inputted by the client. It will give security in the two-level procedure which incorporates the respectability of the handling ought to be solid. The sign must be changed over which control the figuring techniques. This strategy is seen as increasingly powerful against the insider assailants by avoiding the Compromisation created by them. Installing procedure used to execute for doing the exhibition investigation and the examination is completed by methods for expanded security level.

Side-Channel Analysis for the Authentication Protocols of CDMA Cellular Networks

Time-division multiple access (TDMA) and code-division multiple access (CDMA) are two technologies used in digital cellular networks. The authentication protocols of TDMA networks have been proven to be vulnerable to side-channel analysis (SCA), giving rise to a series of powerful SCA-based attacks against unprotected subscriber identity module (SIM) cards. CDMA networks have two authentication protocols, cellular authentication and voice encryption (CAVE) based authentication protocol and authentication and key agreement (AKA) based authentication protocol, which are used in different phases of the networks. However, there has been no SCA attack for these two protocols so far. In this paper, in order to figure out if the authentication protocols of CDMA networks are sufficiently secure against SCA, we investigate the two existing protocols and their cryptographic algorithms. We find the side-channel weaknesses of the two protocols when they are implemented on embedded systems. Based on these weaknesses, we propose specific attack strategies to recover their authentication keys for the two protocols, respectively. We verify our strategies on an 8-bit microcontroller and a real-world SIM card, showing that the authentication keys can be fully recovered within a few minutes with a limited number of power measurements. The successful experiments demonstrate the correctness and the effectiveness of our proposed strategies and prove that the unprotected implementations of the authentication protocols of CDMA networks cannot resist SCA.

Social Cohesion and Cultural Diversity in Contemporary Britain: Impossible Mission!

In contemporary multicultural Britain, the concept of social cohesion has been a pressing priority for not only politicians and sociologists but also for the various British ethnic minorities. Race riots like those of 2001 in Northern Britain and the events of 7/7 in London (2005) put into question the allegiances of different British ethnic populations. They equally shed light on the real or perceived lack of social and cultural communication between the established British host population and the British ethnic and immigrant communities. Hence, social cohesion came to the fore as the new jargon of governance in contemporary Britain. This article analyzes on the concept of social cohesion and its applicability within an officially declared multicultural community like that of Great Britain. The concept will be reviewed, defined and approached from different liberal political perspectives while paying special attention to the British context. Bhikhu Parekh’s conception of the different theoretical approaches to the issue of social cohesion that are pertinent to liberal capitalist societies in general and the British context, in particular, is investigated. The aim of this study is to highlight the complexity of the normative accounts of the political scientists regarding the challenges that face multicultural Britain in coming to terms with its endeavor of creating “unity within diversity”. The 2002 White Paper and security speech of David Cameron (2011) political discourses are analyzed and evaluated to decipher how they understood national identity in relation to cultural diversity and social cohesion.

Multiscroll chaotic system with sigmoid nonlinearity and its fractional order form with synchronization application

In this paper, a multiscroll snap oscillator with hyperbolic tangent function is proposed. There is no limitation in the number of scrolls and it can be increased by proper choice of a specific function. The Lyapunov exponents of the proposed system are obtained to testify the chaotic behavior of the system. Fractional order multiscroll system is derived from its integer order model by using the Adams–Bashforth–Moulton algorithm. A new scheme is applied in order to investigate the synchronization of the multiscroll systems. The main objective of the paper is to propose a multiscroll attractor and show that the number of scrolls can be controlled by the only nonlinear function. Such systems are less investigated in the literatures and has many real time applications like image and voice encryption, random number generators, chaos based communication systems and so on.

Can coaching leadership encourage subordinates to speak up? Dual perspective of cognition-affection

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the influencing mechanism of coaching leadership (CL) on employee voice behavior (VB) based on cognitive-affective system theory of personality (CAPS). Specifically, the study intends to build a model of psychological security (PS) and openness to change (OC) that mediate the relationship between CL and employee VB at an individual-level and group-level from cognitive-affective dual perspective.Design/methodology/approachCL, employee VB, PS and OC were assessed in an empirical study based on a supervisor–subordinate dyads sample of 287 employees and 72 team leaders from enterprises in Southern China.FindingsFrom CAPS theory perspective, the authors found that CL promotes employee VB and that PS and OC mediate the relationship between CL and VB.Practical implicationsResults underscore the importance of encouraging managers to engage in CL behaviors, which are conductive to enhancing employee PS and OC thereby improving employee VB. These results also highlight the significance of managerial attention to a secure voice atmosphere and the improvement of employees’ affective commitment to organizational change.Originality/valueThe research findings provide a significant contribution to the literature in that it shows PS and OC as crucial dual mediating mechanism through which CL influences VB. Moreover, this paper is one of the few studies answering the call to examine the effect of leadership at multiple levels.

Social Cohesion and Cultural Diversity in Contemporary Britain: Impossible Mission!

In contemporary multicultural Britain, the concept of social cohesion has been a pressing priority for not only politicians and sociologists but also for the various British ethnic minorities. Race riots like those of 2001 in Northern Britain and the events of 7/7 in London (2005) put into question the allegiances of different British ethnic populations. They equally shed light on the real or perceived lack of social and cultural communication between the established British host population and the British ethnic and immigrant communities. Hence, social cohesion came to the fore as the new jargon of governance in contemporary Britain.This article analyzes on the concept of social cohesion and its applicability within an officially declared multicultural community like that of Great Britain. The concept will be reviewed, defined and approached from different liberal political perspectives (Robert Dahl’s pluralist approach and Arend Lijphart’s consociationalism to the more recent Will Kymlicka’s group-differentiated citizenship) while paying special attention to the British context. Bhikhu Parekh’s conception of the different theoretical approaches to the issue of social cohesion that are pertinent to liberal capitalist societies in general and the British context, in particular, is investigated. The aim of this study is to highlight the complexity of the normative accounts of the political scientists regarding the challenges that face multicultural Britain in coming to terms with its endeavour of creating “unity within diversity”. The 2002 White Paper and security speech of David Cameron (2011) political discourses are analyzed and evaluated to decipher how they understood national identity in relation to cultural diversity and social cohesion. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3376484

Spectrum Manipulation for Sound with Effective Gauge Fields in Cascading Temporally Modulated Waveguides

Bloch oscillations (BOs) refer to a periodically oscillatory motion of particle in lattice systems driven by a constant force. By temporally modulating acoustic waveguides, BOs can be generalized from spatial to frequency domain, opening new possibilities for spectrum manipulations. The modulation can induce mode transitions in the waveguide band and form an artificial frequency lattice, with the mismatched wave vector during transitions acting as a constant force that drives frequency Bloch oscillations (FBOs). Furthermore, the modulation phase accompanying transitions serves as a gauge potential that controls the initial oscillation phase, providing an additional degree of freedom to tailor FBOs. We report that multiple FBOs with judiciously designed oscillation phases can be further cascaded to realize acoustic spectrum self-imaging, unidirectional transduction and bandwidth engineering. The study proposes the concept of FBOs in acoustic systems and functionalizes its cascade configurations for advanced control of sound spectrum. This paradigm may find versatile applications in underwater secure communication, voice encryption and signal processing.

Time Protection in Operating Systems and Speaker Legitimacy Detection

Timing-based side-channel attacks are a particularly tricky class of attacks to deal with because the very thing you’re often striving for can give you away. There are always more creative new instances of attacks to be found, so you need a principled way of thinking about defenses that address the class, not just a particular instantiation. That’s what Ge et al. give us in "Time Protection, the Missing OS Abstraction." Just as operating systems prevent spatial inference through memory protection, so future operating systems will need to prevent temporal inference through time protection. It’s going to be a long road to get there. The second paper chosen for this edition comes from NDSS’19 (Network and Distributed System Security Symposium) and studies the physiological and social implications of the ever-improving abilities of voice-imitation software. It seems people may be especially vulnerable to being fooled by fake voices. "The crux of voice (in)security: a brain study of speaker legitimacy detection," by Neupane et al., is a fascinating study with implications far beyond just the technology.

A survey of voice and communication protection solutions against wiretapping

This paper categorizes, presents and evaluates a set of schemes and solutions that provide end-to-end encryption for voice communications. First, we analyze the research works that propose new schemes that enable the transfer of encrypted speech over the voice channel of the 2nd generation mobile network. Next, we analyze a set of popular widespread software applications that use Voice over IP technology to provide secure communications, and finally, we investigate commercial solutions, which are hardware-based and offer voice encryption for both 2nd generation and Voice over IP communications. After the presentation of the existing solutions, we evaluate them based on the following criteria: (i) security level provided, (ii) possible performance issues and (iii) usability. We conclude this work by providing future research directions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper that categorizes and provides a comprehensive evaluation of end-to-end voice encryption schemes for mobile networks.

Dynamical investigation and chaotic associated behaviors of memristor Chua’s circuit with a non-ideal voltage-controlled memristor and its application to voice encryption

In this paper we modified the conventional Chua’s circuit with a non-ideal voltage-controlled memristor with a quadratic internal state. Dynamical behaviors of Modified Memristor based Chua’s Circuit (MMCC) are investigated and Stability of equilibrium points are discussed we have computed the volume contraction rate and proved the system is dissipative. The existence of positive Lyapunov exponent showed the chaotic attractor present in the system. We found many Literatures on dynamic analysis on memristor based Chua’s circuit but most of them are restricted to only Poincare maps and Lyapunov spectrum. We carried out bifurcation analysis, bifurcations attained by varying the circuit parameters when evolving on a fixed manifold, bifurcations attained by changing the initial conditions, and hence changing between different manifolds, for a fixed set of parameters, and bifurcations due to changing circuit parameters as well as manifolds. The circuit hold multistability, to check the existence of coexisting attractors and the interesting phenomena of antimonotonicity is identified in the circuit. These special properties shows the intricacy of the circuit, which is vital for secure communication. We successfully implemented MMCC for voice encryption and proved the effective usability of the system in engineering application.

Towards Security of GSM Voice Communication

Global system for mobile communication (GSM) is widely used digital mobile service around the world. Although GSM was designed as a secure wireless system, it is now vulnerable to different targeted attacks. There is a need to address security domains especially the confidentiality of communication. This paper presents a novel framework for end to end secure voice communication over the GSM networks using encryption algorithm AES-256. A special Modem and speech coding technique are designed to enable the transmission of encrypted speech using GSM voice channel. To the best of our knowledge, this is first solution that uses single codebook for transmission of secure voice. An efficient low bit-rate (1.9 kbps) speech coder is also designed for use with the proposed modulation scheme for optimal results. Different speech characteristics such as pitch, energy and line spectral frequencies are extracted and preserved before compression and encryption of speech. Previously, the best achieved data rate was 1.6 kbps with three codebooks, whilst the proposed approach achieves 2 kbps with 0% bit error rate. The empirical results show that the methodology can be used for real time applications to transmit encrypted voice using GSM network.

How do Internet memes speak security?

Recently, scholars have worked to widen the scope of security studies to address security silences by considering how visuals speak security and banal acts securitise. Scholarship on internet memes and their co-constitution with political discourse is also growing. This article seeks to merge this literature by engaging in a visual security analysis of ‘everyday’ memes. A bricolage-inspired method analyses the security speech of memes as manifestations, behaviours and ideals. The case study of Pepe the Frog highlights how memes are visual ‘little security nothings’ with power to speak security in complex, polysemic and ambiguous ways which can reify or challenge wider security discourse.

MEDIA LITERACY AND SCIENTIFIC EDUCATION: THE STUDENTS’ PROTAGONISM

Currently, a discursive resource widely used is images, whose use can facilitate the explanation of concepts, constituting essential support for the communication of scientific ideas. This article reports the results of a study on the perception of 107 students of two High Schools located in São Paulo (Brazil) concerning representations of the physical state change processes at a sub-microscopic domain. After the development of a teaching-learning sequence (TLS) about the properties of matter, discussions were conducted both in small groups and with the whole class. At this point, students were asked to draw up images that represent their understanding of the phenomena of physical changes at the sub-microscopic level. In the second phase of the TLS, after some discussion about the drawings previously produced, each group of students was asked to create an audiovisual object (AO) concerning the phenomena. It was possible to perceive both the evolution of their expressed mental representations that present scientific features more consistently and the students’ more coherent and secure speech. These results suggest that the multimodal approach promotes opportunities both for the building of models by the students, and their expression is essential to chemistry language learning. Keywords: multimodal approach, media literacy, sub-microscopic domain, science education

Security-enhanced optical voice encryption in various domains and comparative analysis.

Optical voice encryption based on digital holography (DH), which uses the double random phase encoding (DRPE) in the Fourier transform domain, has been proposed [Opt. Lett.42, 4619 (2017)OPLEDP0146-959210.1364/OL.42.004619]. In the present work, we propose optical voice encryption in other optical domains such as fractional Fourier, Fresnel, and gyrator transform, which convert input information into different mixed space-frequency domains. We also analyze the recording conditions of human voice and some security aspects of the scheme. An optical setup based on off-axis DH is used to record the time-series of holograms, and these holograms can visualize the sound wave propagation. Then, the different encryption domains in double random phase encoding (DRPE) are used to encrypt voice information with enhanced security. With the numerical reconstruction and decryption procedure of DRPE with all correct keys and correct orders of optical domains, the original voice information can be retrieved. The extension of voice encryption in different domains will enhance the security level and analysis of recording, and security aspects will explore the possibilities and challenges of the optical voice encryption scheme. We present simulation results for encryption of an experimentally recorded human voice in various domains.

Design and Development of Secure Mobile Communication over GSM Network Using Open Source Operating System (OS)

With the rapidly advancing technology of today, exchange of information and data is a very pertinent matter. The world has just recently witnessed the effects of information leakage through the issue of WikiLeaks. There are huge amounts of data being shared over different platforms nowadays. Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) is one of the most reliable platforms known to and used by almost all people in the world for text as well as voice communication. With the tools like Android Studio and NetBeans available, it is now possible to encrypt the text that has to be sent over the GSM, so that it can be decrypted at the other end of the communication path. However, the encryption and decryption of voice being transmitted over the GSM network still remains a question. In the domain of real time voice encryption, much of the work being carried out pertains to the voice being exchanged through the Internet Protocol. As compared to the Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), voice over the GSM network has not seen much research work related to its security aspects. The purpose of this paper is to document the results of a project aimed at developing a platform for mobile phones in order to communicate over the GSM network in a secure manner. The most suitable method for achieving the above mentioned objective is to use an open source Operating System (OS), so that the source code is easily accessible and usable. In this paper, the Android OS will be under discussion, which is compatible with all the Android mobile phones. In this way, the maximum number of mobile phone users can be benefitted because Android cell phones are being widely used nowadays. The use of cryptographic algorithms for securing the voice communication over the GSM network is also a part of this paper. The work revolves around the Java programming language since the Android application development has been carried out in Java through the use of Android Studio. Also, NetBeans has been employed for developing algorithms for voice encryption

A memristor-based system with hidden hyperchaotic attractors, its circuit design, synchronisation via integral sliding mode control and an application to voice encryption

A memristor-based system with hyperchaos and hidden attractors is introduced in this research work. The proposed four-dimensional memristor-based system exhibits both line equilibrium and no-equilibrium for different choice of parameters. An experimental emulation of the memristor-based system is carried out by an electronic circuit. An adaptive integral sliding mode controller is designed for globally synchronising a pair of memristor-based hyperchaotic systems with unknown parameters. As another application, the memristive system with hyperchaos is applied for voice encryption, which has potential applications in cryptosystems, computing and secure communication.

Speech Information Hiding Algorithm Based on Complete Binary Tree Dynamic Codebook Grouping

In order to protect the data security and privacy of Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), a new algorithm for speech information hiding is proposed based on complete binary tree dynamic codebook grouping (CBTDCG). The algorithm uses the quantization index modulation (QIM) method to divide the dynamic codebook into two parts (corresponding to the embedded secret information bits `0' and `1' respectively), and adopts the complete binary tree to achieve the optimal grouping. The utility of complete binary tree makes the algorithm have the characteristics of fast search and high accuracy. The sender selects the corresponding code word according to the secret information bits for embedding the secret information into carrier speech. At the receiving end, the secret information bits are extracted according to the features of the code word vectors by the receiver. The experimental results show that the hidden capacity of the algorithm is larger than 450bps and the loss of the PESQ is less than 4%. Verification shows that the algorithm possesses a good robustness with a low bit error rate after being interfered by noise and the speech stream carrying secret information has better imperceptibility.