Security Objectives Research Articles

Arctic drones – A new security dilemma

AbstractOver 100 countries now have a military drone programme comprised of either armed or unarmed systems. These drones are used to project power, fulfil national security objectives and signal political interest in disputed regions. As the climate crisis transforms parts of the Arctic, considerable investment is taking place in remote systems that can both monitor for ‘unwanted guests’ and engage in military activity. In this context, drones, specifically unarmed military drones, are becoming the favoured technology of Arctic states. Denmark, Iceland, Canada, Russia and the United States are all now using drones to protect national interests, symbolise sovereignty and enable a watchful eye to be cast on neighbours and newcomers, such as China. This article argues that while the introduction of military drones may be seen as stabilising in the first instance, in the longer term these systems are likely to escalate tensions, leading to a new drone‐based security dilemma. Of particular note is the ‘virtual’ net of detection being built by Russia. This net is reliant on drones, in partnership with additional military infrastructure and hardware, and has been developed by Moscow to establish a military capacity to detect and respond to external actors across and perhaps beyond the Russian Arctic.

Secure and Efficient UAV Tracking in Space-Air-Ground Integrated Network

With the development of 5 G and other communication techniques, the space-air-ground integrated network (SAGIN) is regarded as a promising solution to provide wide-range, cost-effective, and real-time wireless access. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Tracking plays a crucial role in guaranteeing the performance of SAGIN. However, UAV tracking still faces a series of challenges in the real-world deployment, especially in the case of the presence of malicious attackers, who may launch a series of attacks ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">e.g.</i> , message spoofing attack, routing misbehavior attack) to disrupt the systems. In this study, to enhance the security and efficiency of SAGIN when conducting object tracking, we propose a novel and secure object tracking system named <sc xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">SecTracker</small> to overcome the emerging security problems in the SAGIN. Focusing on the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) tracking, we design the Local Voting based Detection Module to defend the message spoofing attack and implement the Routing Evidence based Detection Module to defend the routing misbehavior attack. Besides, efficiency enhancement mechanisms ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i.e.</i> , probabilistic detection algorithm and game theory based algorithm) are proposed in this paper to improve the efficiency of <sc xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">SecTracker</small> . Considering the above-mentioned attacks, the overall tracking accuracy is improved from 88.16% in existing schemes to 96.64% in <sc xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">SecTracker</small> , which demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed system.

Formal Analysis and Improvement of Z-Wave Protocol

&lt;p&gt;In order to verify the security of the Z-Wave communication protocol, the possible attacks in the protocol are analyzed to reduce user privacy security vulnerabilities. For the communication process and key exchange process between the controller and the node, this paper uses CPN tools to model the Z-Wave S2 protocol, and introduces the Dolev-Yao attack model to verify the security behavior of the protocol. The results show that there is a man-in-the-middle attack when using S2 authentication for device inclusion. In response to this vulnerability, we propose a lightweight static authentication scheme based on HKDF function and XOR operation, which performs authentication between Z-Wave controller and slave device. Secondly, we formally verify the security objectives of the improved scheme, and prove that the optimization scheme can effectively prevent man-in-the-middle attacks in the S2 security mode. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

Protocol Efficiency Using Multiple Level Encoding in Quantum Secure Direct Communication Protocol

One of the objectives of information security is to maintain the confidentiality and integrity of the information by ensuring that information is transferred in a way that is secure from any listener or attacker. There was no comparison experiment conducted in earlier studies regarding different level encoding performance towards the multiphoton technique. In Quantum Secure Direct Communication (QSDC), when unpolarized light enters into the polarizer, the light value will be changed into a different value when it hit the Half Wave Plate (HWP) along the quantum communication channel. The multiphoton technique in the earlier study is particular to transmission time for data transfer encoding and extra time for polarizers to change polarization angles, both of which contribute to longer transmission times. With four different sizes of qubits, the three simulation experiments are carried out using Python coding with 2,4 and 8 levels of encoding. Experiment results demonstrate that the most efficient average photon transmission derived from 18 qubit size ranges from 98.71% to 98.73% depending on encoding level. With 18 qubit size, the four-level encoding result has the highest average efficiency, followed by the eight-level and two-level encodings, respectively. 4-level encoding exhibits the highest average photon efficiency between 2 and 8-level encoding.

Pragmatism or idealism: a systematic review and visual analysis of Winnicott's psychoanalytical treatment views.

Winnicott is an outstanding representative of the School of Object Relations, and his unique psychoanalytic treatment views have been greatly influential to the psychoanalytical community. Winnicott emphasizes the impact of facilitating environment and the key role of the maternal-child relationship in the early psychological growth of individuals. He puts forward the ideas of the development mechanism of the true self and the false self, which builds a bridge between the characteristics of adult psychopathology and the characteristics of early maternal-child relationships, providing a new perspective for research on individual self-development and psychoanalysis. Winnicott creatively introduces the concepts of the transitional object and the transitional phenomena into the theories of Object Relations. He relates the transitional experience to the field of mental health, and extends it from the relationship between the mother and the child to adult life, which not only has had a revolutionary impact on modern psychoanalysis but also literature, aesthetics, and other fields. Winnicott highlights the importance of the patient's emotional development in the treatment. He advocates holding the patients' sentiments and meeting their emotional needs. He also approves of the emotional reparenting of the patients, to make them gain the ability to establish a relationship with the real world. His treatment views formed through a large number of clinical practices are very practical and full of humanistic care. This review summarizes Winnicott's psychoanalytical treatment views as well as his marvelous original concepts, and analyzes the hot topics of academic research on his theories based on a visualization analysis by using the software CiteSpace, which includes data in the Web of Science Core Collection published from 1978 to 2023 with 365 papers involved. The study provides a macroscopic and panoramic review of Winnicott's theories, and it clearly shows Winnicott's significant influence on the field of psychoanalysis and related fields.

To boldly go where no one has gone before: a critical realist approach to space accounting

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how critical realism can be mobilised as a meta-theory, or philosophical under-labourer, for research on space accounting and how this may further inquiries into the known as well as the unknown implications of space exploration and commercialisation.Design/methodology/approachThis is a conceptual paper that applies critical realism to the field of space accounting using cost management in space contracts as an illustrative example.FindingsAdopting a naturalised version of critical realism that recognises the complex interplay between natural and social realities, the author nuances the distinction between intransitive and transitive objects of knowledge and advances a framework that may be used as a starting point for a transfactual mode of reasoning. The author then applies this mode of reasoning to the topic of cost management in the space sector and illustrates how it may enhance our insights into what causes cost overruns in space contracts.Research limitations/implicationsBy adopting a naturalised version of critical realism, the author establishes a philosophical framework that can support the broadly based, inter-disciplinary research agenda that has been envisaged for research on space accounting and possibly inform policy development.Originality/valueThis paper is the first to apply a critical realist perspective to space accounting and lays a philosophical foundation for future research on the topic.

Green transition and economic growth in G20 countries: evidence from disaggregated energy sources.

Green transitioning through renewable energy sources is the most effective strategy for any economy. This study investigates the extent to which G20 countries are shifting towards a green economy compared to prioritizing economic growth. To this end, the present study analyzes the nodes between income and renewable (solar, wind, hydro, and biomass) and nonrenewable (oil, coal, and gas) energy sources for the period of (1997-2020) in G20 countries. The energy-environmental Kuznets curve method is applied to study their behavior at various stages of growth. The main findings showed that wind, solar, and biomass energies have an inverted N-shaped relationship with income. The hydroelectricity did not follow any traditional EKC shape, showing a steady positive trend and growth. While nonrenewable energy consumption, i.e., coal, oil, and gas, follows an N-shaped EKC curve. The impact of foreign direct investment in the solar and wind sectors is positive. The varying outcomes concerning foreign direct investment (FDI) indicate that although G20 countries strive to achieve their green transition objectives by discouraging environmentally harmful investments, their success remains limited. The study indicates that G20 nations are progressing toward a green transition; however, additional technological innovations are required to transform these economies from brown to green. Governments can establish research institutions, offer grants and incentives, and encourage collaboration between academia, industry, and government to support green technology R&D.

Between “Victims” and Their “Saviors”: Process-Based Leadership and Trust Building in Civil–Military Relations in Northern Nigeria

Northern Nigeria has been plagued by the nefarious activities of terrorist groups, including Boko Haram, its affiliates, and armed bandits. Beyond its kinetic operations, the military has since deployed several strategies toward trust building across the region. This article contributes to the literature, by adopting process-based leadership as a social psychology conceptual and analytical lens. As a departure from traditional conceptualizations of civil–military relations, process-based leadership identifies where influence exists and how it is being exchanged toward the attainment of mutually linked security goals and objectives, between the military and society, in conflict settings. A central argument of the article is that improving civil–military relations in conflict settings is largely dependent on trust building, and achieving this is a function of the exchange of influence and the establishment of mutuality between the military and society.

Exploring the Maritime Nexus in Turkey’s African Agenda

ABSTRACT Turkey is labelled an emerging middle power and aspiring to play a more visible role in world affairs with Africa as one prominent region where Turkey expanded its diplomatic presence. Turkey’s growing presence in Africa unfolds along hard and soft diplomatic endeavours with each avenue featuring its own objectives and set of policy instruments to pursue Turkish foreign policy goals. Overall, the countries featuring within Turkey’s Africa policy drive include several coastal states like Sudan, Somalia, Eritrea, Nigeria, and Libya. While Libya represents an aggressive Turkish response, other coastal states like Somalia, Sudan and Eritrea receive security sector support encased in softer capacity building terms. On balance, demarcating and describing the maritime and naval avenues of Turkey’s diplomacy and how Africa features in this shift are underplayed in the growing body of literature on Turkey’s African agenda. To this end, Turkey’s security objectives, the use of its military assets, and mixing soft and hard diplomatic instruments offer scope to also explore the maritime security, and naval diplomacy avenues of Turkey’s interests in Africa.

"A Little Bit of a Security Blanket": Renter Experiences with COVID-19-Era Eviction Moratoriums.

Policy makers at the federal, state, and local levels responded to the COVID-19 pandemic with a broad array of policies that were intended to prevent housing instability among renters. Eviction moratoriums were an important part of this policy landscape. Recent evidence indicates that these moratoriums were effective in reducing eviction-filing rates, but many questions remain about the impacts of these policies. Drawing on qualitative interviews (N = 60) with renters in three states (Connecticut, Florida, and Ohio) who had experienced eviction or eviction risk during the pandemic, we examine how renters interpreted, experienced, and navigated the moratoriums; how moratoriums shaped their well-being and housing security; how racism may have shaped policy effects; and how these experiences differed across a varied policy landscape. Our findings demonstrate how moratoriums supported renters and how they fell short, offering important lessons for future eviction-prevention and civil-legal policy making.

Touching and being touched: where knowing and feeling meet.

Philosophers maintain that touch confers a sense of reality or grounding to perceptual experience. In touching oneself, one is simultaneously both subject and object of touch, a template for experiencing oneself as subject and object of intentions, feelings, and motivations, or intersubjectivity. Here, I explore a form of self-touch carefully documented by Winnicott in observing how the infant engages the transitional object. I compare the processes of self-loss in transitional states, including absorption in art, empathic immersion, drug-induced ego dissolution, and depersonalization. I use examples drawn from Rodin, Dante, and the Beatles; research correlating neurophysiological findings with aspects of self-representation; predictive processing-based models; Hohwy's concepts of minimal and narrative self; Clark's notion of the extended mind; and phenomenological perspectives on touch, to postulate a role for self-touch in the pre-reflective sense of mine-ness, or grounding, in transitional states.

Smallholder maize yield estimation using satellite data and machine learning in Ethiopia

The lack of timely, high-resolution data on agricultural production is a major challenge in developing countries where such information can guide the allocation of scarce resources for food security, agricultural investment, and other objectives. While much research has suggested that remote sensing can potentially help address these gaps, few studies have indicated the immediate potential for large-scale estimations over both time and space. In this study we described a machine learning approach to estimate smallholder maize yield in Ethiopia, using well-measured and broadly distributed ground truth data and freely available spatiotemporal covariates from remote sensing. A neural networks model outperformed other algorithms in our study. Importantly, our work indicates that a model developed and calibrated on a previous year's data could be used to reasonably estimate maize yield in the subsequent year. Our study suggests the feasibility of developing national programs for the routine generation of broad-scale and high-resolution estimates of smallholder maize yield, including seasonal forecasts, on the basis of machine learning algorithms, well-measured ground control data, and currently existing time series satellite data.

Old friend, new beginning: re-domesticating the outdated ICTs for biographical reconstruction among PLH in China

ABSTRACT While HIV infections can disrupt people's biographical records, individuals living with HIV (PLH) now have the ability to use information and communication technologies (ICTs) to maintain biographical continuity and participate in the digital world. Drawing on biographical disruption theory and re-domestication theory, this study examines how PLH have repurposed outdated ICTs, particularly QQ groups, a platform originally not designed for them, to manage their disease identity and maintain a sense of normalcy. Through a ten-month online ethnographic analysis of 340 PLH and in-depth interviews with 17 PLH, we found that PLH selectively and rationally chose to re-appropriate QQ groups as a supplementary tool to cope with the precarities they face. This re-integration of QQ groups shaped their values and coping strategies for living with the disease. QQ groups have been re-objectified as transitional objects since their usage may also decrease as PLH's identity reconstruction is accomplished. By leveraging QQ groups as a non-institutional support, PLH were able to navigate positive life transformations and reconfigurations of social order. In addition to enriching our comprehension of marginalized individuals’ media practices for digital inclusion, this research proposes four propositions to enhance our understanding of re-domestication theory.

From the Concept of National Security to the Concept of Civilizational Security as the Basis of Eurasian Integration

In the conditions of the global crisis of the modern world order, the nation-state ceases to be a form adequate to the globalizing world, transforming into corporations-states, on the one hand, and into states-civilizations, on the other. This objectively leads to the transformation of the concept of national security into the concept of civilizational security, corresponding to the needs of transforming states and societies in the conditions of active confrontation of competing concepts of the future global world order.Aim. Substantiation of the evolution of the concept of national security into the concept of civilizational security and identification of its essence.Tasks. Identification of objective reasons for the evolution of security concepts, their differences and essence, development of proposals for the formation of the concept of Eurasian civilizational security.Methods. The structural-functional approach, comparative-historical analysis, system analysis, generalization, synthesis were used.Results. In the process of the development of the global crisis of the world order, there is a growing crisis of national states as a form of organization of societies. In parallel with the transformation of the nation-state into a corporation-state and a state-civilization, there is an objective process of formation of a new concept of civilizational security. The main objects of civilizational security are systems of civilizational values and civilizational identities that ensure the very existence of both civilizations and civilizational States.Conclusions. The ess ence of civilizational security is the maintenance and defense by civilization of its identity based on its own system of values, its model of society and the state, its system of historical and spiritual coordinates.

Urbanization and food security: evidence from Mali

Income poverty remains the main root of urban food insecurity as purchased food represents a major component of the spending of urban residents. The rapid and increasing urbanization and urban sprawl are major concerns for food security in Mali. In Mali, 3.6% of households, are severely food insecure and the food insecurity prevalence rate for urban households is 7.5%. The effect of urbanization on households’ food security was assessed in the literature using only a single measure of food security. In this regard, this study analyzed the effect of urbanization on both objective and subjective measures of food security in Mali, using data from the national survey on food security and nutrition (ENSAN). The data collection was conducted by the Early Warning System against Famine (SAP) on 9,782 households in February 2018. For the objective measure of food security, the study used an OLS model to estimate the effect of urbanization on household food expenditure per capita. Using the household hunger scale (HHS) score, the study estimated two models (logit and ordered probit) to capture the effect of urbanization on subjective measures of food security. The results of the OLS and logit models showed that households living in urban areas are less food secure compared to their counterparts living in rural areas. The results from the ordered probit also confirmed that urban households are more food insecure (mildly and moderately) compared to their counterparts living in rural areas. Based on these results, the study recommends to decision-makers to take into account urban poor households when setting up food safety net programmes.

PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN PIDANA PELAKU PENGALIHAN OBJEK JAMINAN FIDUSIA TANPA PERSETUJUAN TERTULIS DARI PENERIMA FIDUSIA (Studi Putusan Nomor: 56/Pid.Sus/2019/PN Mnd)

The crime of transferring the object of fiduciary security is a crime in the field of fiduciary security which iscarried out by selling the object of the fiduciary security which has not yet been paid off by the payment creditto a third party without written approval from a company as the recipient of the fiduciary. The problems in thisstudy are how the criminal liability of the perpetrator of the transfer of the object of fiduciary security withoutwritten consent from the fiduciary recipient (Study of Decision No.56/Pid.Sus/2019/PN Mnd) and how thejudge's considerations are based in imposing sanctions on the perpetrator of the transfer of the object. fiduciaryguarantee without written consent from the fiduciary recipient (Study of Decision No.56/Pid.Sus/2019/PNMnd).The Legal Research Method used in this thesis is a normative juridical method, namely the analysis carried outto collect data by means of a literature study. This study uses primary legal materials, namely Law Number 42of 1999 concerning Fiduciary Guarantees and this study also uses secondary legal materials in the form ofjournal publications on law and various related literature to answer problems in the Study of Decision No.56/Pid. Sus/2019/PN Mnd.Based on the results of research conducted in the Study of Decision Number 56/Pid.Sus /2019/PN Mnd, it canbe concluded that based on the judge's considerations in imposing a crime against the perpetrator who transferred the object of fiduciary security without written consent from the fiduciary recipient, the defendanthas fulfilled the elements and violates Article 36 of Law No. 42 of 1999 concerning Fiduciary Guarantees,he is sentenced to imprisonment for 7 (seven) months and a fine of Rp. 10,000,000 (ten million rupiah) with theprovision that if the fine is not paid, it is replaced with imprisonment for 2 (two) months.

THE MATERNAL AND THE PSYCHIC CONSTRUCTION IN THE PSYCHOANALYTICAL APPROACH TO D.W.WINNICOTTE

This article seeks to generate a renewed interest in ideas that are associated with theoretical understandings concerning attachment, concepts of self and compassion with regard to young children. It is concerned with the ways in which early childhood teachers think about children in relation to their social and emotional development and the development of their personality. Of particular interest is the work of Donald Winnicott (1971), a British paediatrician and psychoanalyst, who is particularly well known for the understanding he has of such things as transitional objects, introduces a term called holding. This term varies from the more common association of physical holding or giving a hug to some one who is upset. Winnicott is referring to the ability of an adult to tolerate and digest or register the feeling of the child. Often, when we are with a child who is upset, we too have a set of feelings evoked. We feel some of what they feel. Doing this in some way helps us to know the state of the other, and to also not be overwhelmed by what the other person feels but to let them know in tone and expression that it is ok to be upset so that they might move through the experience. The task of holding is not to do or to fix but to tolerate, and with this the child too can accept themselves, have the feeling attended to, and to move through the experience. The task of holding is also not about stopping children from expressing their feelings, but it is about holding the feeling that then allows the child to find their equilibrium (Winnicott, 1971).

A transitional object for relatedness and self‐development—A meta‐synthesis of youths' experience of engagement in self‐harm content online

AbstractStudies report an increase in self‐harm, and engagement in risk content online has gained growing attention. This study aims to synthesize qualitative studies on youths' (12–25 years of age) engagement in self‐harm content online (SCO). We conducted a systematic database search of studies on first‐person experience and included 16 studies. The meta‐synthesis resulted in two meta‐themes: 1) “Belonging to a community – online engagement with peers who self‐harm” and 2) “Self‐development – online engagement to get to know myself”. Following Winnicott's (1953) thinking, digital activity is discussed as an extended peer arena with a “transitional” quality – neither completely internal, nor external, and potentially bridging an inner and outer world. Engagement in SCO is discussed as a transitional object or activity that enables relatedness and self‐definition – important developmental experiences for the exploration of social roles, borders between self and others and self‐identity during adolescence. However, engagement in SCO comes with a risk for deterioration of mental health. Clinicians should ask directly about digital activity and meet those engaged in digital risks with respect.

SN 2017fzw: A Fast-Expanding Type Ia Supernova with Transitional Features

In this study, we analyzed the optical observations of a subluminous Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) 2017fzw, which exhibited high photospheric velocity (HV) at B-band maximum light. The absolute B-band peak magnitude was determined to be MmaxB=−18.65±0.13 mag, similar to 91bg-like SNe Ia. An estimation of the rate of decline for the B-band light curve was determined to be Δm15(B)=1.60±0.06 mag. The spectra of SN 2017fzw were similar to those of 91bg-like SNe Ia, with prominent Ti ii and Si ii λ5972 features at early phases, gradually transitioning to spectra resembling normal (mainly HV subclass) SNe Ia at later phases, with a stronger Ca ii NIR feature. Notably, throughout all phases of observation, SN 2017fzw displayed spectral evolution characteristics that were comparable to those of HV SNe Ia, and at peak brightness, the Si ii λ6355 velocity was determined to be 13,800 ± 415 km s−1 and a more pronounced Ca ii NIR feature was also detected. Based on these findings, we classify SN 2017fzw as a transitional object with properties of both normal and 91bg-like SNe Ia, providing support for the hypothesis of a continuous distribution of supernovae between these two groups.

The contribution of green public food procurement to sustainability: evidence from two case studies in Spain

ABSTRACT Green Public Food Procurement (GPFP) has revealed itself to be an ally for achieving ecological transition objectives, however there is little work attempting to assess its contribution. This work proposes a set of sustainability and health indicators that comprise a tool able to evaluate the performance of GPFP. A Delphi analysis and a participatory process is used to determine Key Performance Indicators that have been tested through two case studies in Spain. The results obtained show that the presence of short marketing circuits and food sovereignty and institutions rooted in the territory contribute to improved economic sustainability and good performance in terms of health. However, for environmental issues the performance is somewhat lacking, as instruments such as renewable energies and the circular economy are not implemented on a local scale. Elements linked to territorial cohesion and social capital are key for the principles of social and labor justice, as well as governance, to prevail. The Mediterranean diet integral to the case studies presented results in adequate health indicators. These types of indicators would be a useful tool for introducing sustainable food certification as a driving force for changing the food model.