Secure Energy Research Articles

Corrosion Mechanisms of 304L NAG in Boiling 9M HNO3 Containing Cr (VI) Ions

In this research, the mechanisms of end-grain corrosion of 304L NAG tubes in boiling 9M HNO3-containing Cr (VI) ions are reported to sustainably manage the corrosion of nuclear fuel reprocessing plant components. Specific heat treatments were applied to as-received specimens to produce phosphorus and/or sulphur intergranular segregation. End-grain corrosion on heat-treated specimens and the effect of a Cr (VI) concentration on a 304L NAG tube (as-received) were investigated. It has been reported that an increase in Cr (VI) ions leads to the acceleration of end-grain corrosion due to high electrochemical potential. After systematic heat treatments on the 304L NAG specimens, it is concluded that the primary causes of heat-induced end-grain corrosion are phosphorus or sulphur segregation to the grain boundaries. The key findings of this research are highly significant in terms of understanding the corrosion mechanisms and controlling the end-grain corrosion of NAG steel in boiling HNO3 environments. This research will help to sustainably reduce power plant maintenance costs and will have a significant impact on the delivery of long-term, clean, secure, and tenable energy.

Adaptive Secure Transmission Based on Collaborative Communication in Smart Grids

In this paper, a collaborative power line communication (PLC) and generalized spatial modulation architecture (CPGA) is proposed to resolve the adaptive secure transmission problem in smart grid. In the proposed CPGA, the adaptive transmission is driven by the level of data in smart grid, which is achieved through a proposed antenna selection scheme based on interval quantification. And the anti-eavesdropping ability is improved through PLC-assisted transmission and the artificially designed jammer. Additionally, a better management ability of energy efficiency is guaranteed based on the data-driven adaptive transmission scheme. The closed-form expressions of the security capacity, the management ability of energy efficiency and average bit error rate (ABER) are derived for the performance of adaptive secure transmission. Finally, we analyze the security capacity, management capability of energy efficiency and ABER of the CPGA. Numerical results show that better ABER performance can be achieved in the CPAG compared with the traditional GenSM. Moreover, for the traditional multi-input multi-output, the better security capacity and management of energy efficiency can be achieved in the CPGA. And the adaptive balance between secure level and energy management are realized through the CPGA in smart grid.

A Joint Optimization Algorithm for Renewable Energy System

Energy sustainability is a hot topic in both scientific and political circles. To date, two alternative approaches to this issue are being taken. Some people believe that increasing power consumption is necessary for countries’ economic and social progress, while others are more concerned with maintaining carbon consumption under set limitations. To establish a secure, sustainable, and economical energy system while mitigating the consequences of climate change, most governments are currently pushing renewable growth policies. Energy markets are meant to provide consumers with dependable electricity at the lowest possible cost. A profit-maximization optimal decision model is created in the electric power market with the combined wind, solar units, loads, and energy storage systems, based on the bidding mechanism in the electricity market and operational principles. This model utterly considers the technological limits of new energy units and storages, as well as the involvement of new energy and electric vehicles in market bidding through power generation strategy and the output arrangement of the virtual power plant’s coordinated operation. The accuracy and validity of the optimal decision-making model of combined wind, solar units, loads, and energy storage systems are validated using numerical examples. Under multi-operating scenarios, the effects of renewable energy output changes on joint system bidding techniques are compared.

A smart zero-energy building having bidirectional interaction with electricity/heating networks: An attempt to achieve a higher renewable penetration

The present research introduces an innovative zero-energy building complex equipped with a rule-based control approach for higher integration of renewable resources in the local energy network while bringing down energy costs. The idea centers on establishing several smart controllers to achieve a bidirectional interaction with the heating/electricity network for peak demand shaving and mitigate energy costs. The proposed system comprises Alkaline fuel cells integrated with a hydrogen storage tank driven by either a vanadium chloride cycle or an electrolyzer unit. The system also has an absorption chiller and smart thermal energy storage to supply the heating and cooling demands. TRNSYS-MATLAB developed code is applied to assess the system's indicators from techno-economic standpoints for a residential building complex in the Scandinavian climate. Also, the parametric investigation and time-dependent analysis are carried out to examine the impact of decision parameters and the ambient condition. According to the results, the solar system's physical appearance is very important since it significantly affects performance efficiency and total cost. The results further reveal that picking up the cells' current from 300 A to 500 A improves the performance efficiency by around 12% while lowering the total cost, illustrating the importance of optimization. The results highlight the importance of smart controllers by showing that over 70% of the year's net energy values are positive, indicating that the proposed system may meet demand and sell excess electricity+heating productions to regional networks. The results further demonstrate that since the net energy values are positive for the majority of days in the spring and summer, the system might operate more independently from the local energy networks on warmer days. Eventually, the higher share of solar in summer and wind energy in colder days for hydrogen production shows that the renewable resources combination results in a secure energy supply to obtain the highest independence from the local grid throughout the year.

A renewable energy and hydrogen storage system for residential electricity supply

Because of the intermittent behavior of renewable sources, efficient, reliable and clean energy storage technologies are needed to achieve a more stable and secure energy supply. In this context, hydrogen technologies play a key role because they can store large amount of energy for long time. In this study, a hydrogen-based electrical energy storage system, integrated with a solar power plant, is designed and analyzed from the energy perspective. The system consists of a photovoltaic power plant, an alkaline electrolysis unit, metal hydride tanks for hydrogen storage, a Li-ion battery unit and a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell module. The system is conceived for supplying a residential user. A numerical model is developed for sizing the system’s components and for evaluating their behaviors in terms of produced/stored electricity and hydrogen production. In this purpose, a sensitivity analysis varying PV plant size as well as the Li-ion battery capacity is performed for achieving the best compromise in terms of energy supply among all the considered power sources.

A Secure Energy Internet Scheme for IoV Based on Post-Quantum Blockchain

A Secure Energy Internet Scheme for IoV Based on Post-Quantum Blockchain

Secure Energy Efficiency for mmWave-NOMA Cognitive Satellite Terrestrial Network

In this letter, we investigate secure energy efficiency (SEE) for millimeter-wave non-orthogonal multiple access (mmWave-NOMA) cognitive satellite terrestrial network (CSTN), where the primary satellite network coexists with the secondary terrestrial network in the same mmWave bands. In the terrestrial network, there are multiple legitimate receivers (LRs) and an eavesdropper (Eve). Based on this, we divide the LRs into multiple clusters and design the hybrid analog/digital precoding. The LRs belonging the same cluster are served by NOMA. Considering the spectrum sharing issues of the CSTN and imperfect channel state information of the Eve, a power allocation optimization problem is formulated to maximize the SEE. To solve the non-convex optimization problem, we transform the fractional SEE problem to a subtractive form. Moreover, the subtractive-form problem is transformed into a semidefinite program by Dinkelbach, successive convex approximation and S-procedure technologies. Finally, an iterative algorithm is proposed to solve the SEE problem. The simulation results are provided to verify the performance of the proposed schemes.

A Collaborative Approach for Secured Routing in Mobile Ad-Hoc Network

Mobile computing is the most powerful application for network communication and connectivity, given recent breakthroughs in the field of wireless networks or Mobile Ad-hoc networks (MANETs). There are several obstacles that effective networks confront and the networks must be able to transport data from one system to another with adequate precision. For most applications, a framework must ensure that the retrieved data reflects the transmitted data. Before driving to other nodes, if the frame between the two nodes is deformed in the data-link layer, it must be repaired. Most link-layer protocols immediately disregard the frame and enable the high-layer protocols to transmit it down. In other words, because of asset information must be secured from threats, information is a valuable resource. In MANETs, some applications necessitate the use of a network method for detecting and blocking these assaults. Building a secure intrusion detection system in the network, which provides security to the nodes and route paths in the network, is a major difficulty in MANET. Attacks on the network can jeopardize security issues discovered by the intrusion detection system engine, which are then blocked by the network’s intrusion prevention engine. By bringing the Secure Intrusion Detection System (S-IDS) into the network, a new technique for implementing security goals and preventing attacks will be developed. The Secure Energy Routing (SER) protocol for MANETs is introduced in this study. The protocol addresses the issue of network security by detecting and preventing attacks in the network. The data transmission in the MANET is forwarded using Elliptical Curve Cryptography (ECC) with an objective to improve the level of security. Network Simulator – 2 is used to simulate the network and experiments are compared with existing methods.

Metaheuristic Secure Clustering Scheme for Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Networks

Recently, energy harvesting wireless sensor networks (EHWSN) have increased significant attention among research communities. By harvesting energy from the neighboring environment, the sensors in EHWSN resolve the energy constraint problem and offers lengthened network lifetime. Clustering is one of the proficient ways for accomplishing even improved lifetime in EHWSN. The clustering process intends to appropriately elect the cluster heads (CHs) and construct clusters. Though several models are available in the literature, it is still needed to accomplish energy efficiency and security in EHWSN. In this view, this study develops a novel Chaotic Rider Optimization Based Clustering Protocol for Secure Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Networks (CROC-SEHWSN) model. The presented CROC-SEHWSN model aims to accomplish energy efficiency by clustering the node in EHWSN. The CROC-SEHWSN model is based on the integration of chaotic concepts with traditional rider optimization (RO) algorithm. Besides, the CROC-SEHWSN model derives a fitness function (FF) involving seven distinct parameters connected to WSN. To accomplish security, trust factor and link quality metrics are considered in the FF. The design of RO algorithm for secure clustering process shows the novelty of the work. In order to demonstrate the enhanced performance of the CROC-SEHWSN approach, a wide range of simulations are carried out and the outcomes are inspected in distinct aspects. The experimental outcome demonstrated the superior performance of the CROC-SEHWSN technique on the recent approaches with maximum network lifetime of 387.40 and 393.30 s under two scenarios.

RD&D Budgets, Policy Uncertainty, Technological Innovation, and Climate Transition Risk: Does Environmental Policy Stringency Secure Energy Efficiency?

RD&D Budgets, Policy Uncertainty, Technological Innovation, and Climate Transition Risk: Does Environmental Policy Stringency Secure Energy Efficiency?

Comparison of Clean Energy Trading Method in Microgrid by using Blockchain Technique

The old conventional energy distriution system cannot fulfill the demand of the prosumers in providing secure energy trading and with minimum losses in energy transmission. Because it is centralized system and user has no freedom to trade energy without involving the third party. In conventional grid there are lot of issues such as controlling the losses and forecasting the demand and reliability. One major issue is theft of electricity and losses. The new blockchain system has potential to provide secure energy trading in network without involvement of third party. The combination of blockchain and Microgrid has all features to resolve the issues related to the current grid such as controlling power, Forecasting the demand and reliability. In this paper the combination of Microgrid and blockchain for trading energy will be analyzed and energy trading method in P2P Network based will be investigated to find best method for trading enegy in network. For the simulation the matlab tool will be used.

Application of Renewable Energy in Indian agriculture

Energy plays a key role in agricultural production, post-production, rural domestic and livestock raising sectors, both directly as different forms of energy and fuel inputs for various purposes like operation of machinery, equipment, lighting, etc., and indirectly, for seed, fertilizers and chemicals production used in rural activities. India needs a secure, affordable and sustainable energy system to power effective economic growth well supported with renewable energy sources. Engineering interventions for effective (functionally, energetically and economically) systems is utmost needed for rural India. There is need for a revolution in mechanized agriculture, so that new energy efficient systems and machines can be recommended and introduced for small and marginal farmers. There is need to enhance the power availability and optimize the energy input to the rural sector to obtain the better income to agro-rural producers, traders and industrialists. Energy interventions are needed to use the locally available energy sources curtailing the use of fossil energies. The major targets in Indian perspective are the use of available and developed renewable and conventional energy sources and gadgets in rural society and agro-industry using all kinds of available biomass resources including solar electricity, heating and pumping at decentralised mode. We need to employ recent advanced technologies like plasma technology, nano-technology, IoT, artificial intelligence and robotics for effective generation of energy and valued products from rural local renewable resources. Research on solar energy use for production agriculture is challenging due to fluctuating need of torque depending on the agricultural field conditions. The use of batteries for storing and releasing power is another concern for long term use of solar photovoltaic (SPV) gadgets. Bio-CNG has emerged as an option for ex-situ management of crop residue. Thermo-chemical and bio-chemical conversion based electrical power routes are available and there is a need to promote these with better incentives. Energy efficient functionally improved mechanical systems to be introduced in the Indian farms need to be evolved.

Energy in the European Green Deal: impacts and recommendations for MENA countries

Abstract The European Union (EU) presented its new and ambitious programme at the end of 2019—the European Green Deal (EGD), which should align its economy to reach the goal of climate neutrality in 2050. A vital part of the deal aims for the energy sector within the leitmotif of supplying clean, affordable and secure energy. Because energy-related Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions accounted in 2020 for three-quarters of all GHG emissions of the EU, the most important pillar for the EGD to succeed is the energy sector. The deal does not function within a vacuum as it will impact other countries, including those with vast conventional energy resources and close ties to the EU, like nations from the region of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). This article assesses the deal’s impacts on MENA countries and includes recommendations concerning various aspects of low-carbon transition that could be applied. The EGD programme will be used as a reference scenario for those recommendations because of its universal character.

Revisiting the electricity consumption-led growth hypothesis: is the rule defied in France?

Recent economics literature emphasises the inextricable link between economic prosperity and efficient energy supply and consumption, arguing vehemently that much of today’s prosperity is predicated on secure and reliable energy use and that modern industry would grind to a halt without the necessary energy infrastructure. France is an example of an advanced country with enormous energy infrastructure. The country’s economic growth has been rather sluggish in recent years, despite its robust and efficient energy production and consumption. The current study analyses empirically whether France’s current sustainable electricity use defies the theoretical and empirical literature. To achieve this objective, the standard tools of growth empirics were used over the period 1961–2015. The Zivot–Andrews trended and de-trended structural break tests, as well as Autoregressive Distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing were employed to analyse the data. The findings of this study demonstrated that France's economic growth is stimulated by electricity usage, financial development, capital, import, and export. The study sheds light on the feedback impact between economic growth and power usage as well as capital and economic growth. With these findings, we argue that it is not electricity that has ceased to serve a functional purpose in France, rather there is a need for entrepreneurial innovative capacity to create factors that require an infinite horizon for the continued use of electricity, which seems to be impeding the country's economic growth potential, among other things.

Secure Energy Efficiency Maximization for Untrusted Wireless-Powered Full-Duplex Relay Networks Under Nonlinear Energy Harvesting

In this article, we raise the concern on secure energy efficiency (SEE) over the wireless-powered untrusted relay networks with nonlinear energy harvesting (EH). To achieve data confidentiality and secrecy performance enhancement concurrently, the untrusted relay can enable simultaneous energy signal reception and confidential information forwarding during the second phase, where no dedicated energy transmission phase or relaying signal splitting is needed for the energy supply. In particular, with the help of destination jamming, the relay can also harvest energy from source signal and jamming signal during the first phase, which is different from conventional relaying protocol that only harvests energy from source and recycled energy. Considering the nonlinear EH efficiency, our objective is to maximize the SEE through piecewise region selection and power allocation. To address this intractable nonconvex problem, a two-layer algorithm based on optimization decoupling, fractional programming, Lagrange dual decomposition and difference of convex functions (DC) programming is proposed. The core idea of the proposed algorithm is to convert the primary problem into simple subproblems by sequentially exploiting the above-mentioned optimization methods. Simulation results reveal the superior secrecy performance of the proposed scheme. The proposed algorithm achieves near-optimal solutions with faster convergence rate.

Blockchain based secure energy marketplace scheme to motivate P2P microgrids

<span lang="EN-GB">In the past years trend of microgrids is increasing very fast to reduce peak-hour costs. However, in these systems, third parties are still involved in selling surplus energy. This results in increased cost of energy and there are many operational and security barriers in such systems. These issues can be solved by the decentralized distributed system of microgrids where a consumer can locally sell their surplus energy to another consumer. To deploy such a system, one must consider security barriers for the transaction of energy. This paper proposes a solution to these problems by devising a scheme as a marketplace where users interact with each other to buy and sell energy at better rates and get energy-generating resources on lease so that users do not have to worry about capital investment. Agreement between owner of resources and consumer is recorded on blockchain based smart contracts. In this paper, a survey is performed for existing well known, decentralized energy solutions. This paper also proposes an extra layer of security to leverage a shielded execution environment so that information of energy generated, utilized, and shared cannot be changed by consumers and third parties even if the system is compromised.</span>

Nexus between energy intensity, human capital development, Trade and environmental quality in LIC, LMIC and UMIC: Evidence from GMM

All countries, especially those still on the path to economic development, must work hard to protect the environment. The state with the most economic policy discussion and development because of its focus on fair economic growth, protecting the environment, saving energy, and ensuring there is enough energy for everyone. According to the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis, we should look for a U-shaped link between rising wealth per capita and emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), agricultural methane (ACH4), and carbon monoxide (C.O.) (CO2). We also examine the links between G.D.P. growth, energy intensity, foreign direct investment (FDI), human capital, and CO2 emissions. Using a panel generalized linear model (G.M.M.), we found that trade increases emissions of N2O, ACH4, and CO2 by a large amount for all of S.S.A. and its income groups (Upper-Middle-Income Countries (UMIC), Lower-Middle-Income Countries (LMIC), and Low-Income Countries (L.I.C.)). We think that the EKC proves that future emission reductions are possible and that trade hurts the environment in all sample countries, no matter how developed their economies are. On the policy side, the research showed that domestic trade liberalization and foreign control of the economy are bad and that industrialization must be done in a way that is both energy efficient and secure.

Blockchain Technology Implementation in the Energy Sector: Comprehensive Literature Review and Mapping

Satisfying the world’s rapidly increasing demands in energy via the optimized management of available resources is becoming one of the most important research trends worldwide. When it comes to energy, it is very important to talk about decentralization, security, traceability and transparency. Thus, over the last few years, numerous research works have presented blockchain technology as the best novel business platform enabling a secure, transparent and tamper-proof energy management solution. In this paper, we conducted a systematic literature review (SLR) using the PRISMA framework of the different existing research studies related to the use of the blockchain technology in the energy sector, published between 2008 and 2021. We identified a total of 769 primary studies after intensive manual analysis and filtering, which we thoroughly assessed using various criteria to address six main research questions that covered the blockchain types, applications and platforms in the energy sector, the energy source types for which blockchain platforms are implemented, the emergent technologies that are combined to blockchain solutions, and the types of consensuses used in energy blockchains. Based on the collected survey data, we built a database to categorize the existing research works, identify research trends, and highlight knowledge gaps and potential areas for additional field study.

The impact of education on the Energy Trilemma Index: A sustainable innovativeness perspective for resilient energy systems

This study investigates the association between the Energy Trilemma Index (ETI) (which measures secure, affordable, and sustainable energy) and a country's level of education from a sustainable innovativeness perspective. We analyze if school life expectancy (SLE) and the students' predispositions towards STEM degrees (science, technology, engineering or mathematics) can stimulate the creation of sustainable and resilient energy systems. We perform a regression analysis based on data from 118 countries, and we employ both an ordinary least squares (OLS) regression and a robust-to-outliers MM-estimator. The statistical investigation reveals that the higher the school life expectancy, the higher the ETI. By contrast, we find no significant association between the ETI and the percentage of STEM graduates. So what matters in energy sustainability is the number of persons who decide to continue tertiary studies rather than their attitudes towards studying scientific subjects. This research paper contributes to the literature on renewable energy, circular economy (CE), sustainable innovation, and knowledge management by demonstrating how education can aid in implementing energy systems that adhere to the triple bottom-line approach (society, economy, and environment). Thus, sustainable and resilient energy systems can be spurred by not only environmental and economic variables but also social ones. Therefore, the traditional approach of the CE for achieving sustainable development should be substituted by alternative CE approaches that consider social variables. From the managerial standpoint, a high SLE can foster resilient energy systems through the creation of ad hoc policies, the birth of new companies connected to the renewable energy sector, and new organizational forms of energy management handled directly by citizens.

How does energy trilemma eradication reduce carbon emissions? The role of dual environmental regulation for China

Realizing carbon neutrality entails a well-established secure, equitable, and sustainable energy system; the trade-offs among the above three aspects constitute the energy trilemma (ET). To this end, by using the data of 30 provinces in China during the period 2000–2019, we examine the direct and heterogeneous impact of the ET on CO2. We also creatively investigate the role of dual environmental regulation (DER) in mitigating CO2, as well as its moderation and threshold effects on the ET-CO2 nexus. We thus present the following findings: (1) the ET exerts an aggravating impact on the phenomenon of CO2, and energy inequity shows the most prominent positive impact on CO2; (2) developing DER effectively accelerates the process of CO2 alleviation; (3) DER significantly moderates the nexus between the ET and CO2 by reducing the adverse effects of the ET on the environment, and formal environmental regulation (FER) plays a more effective role than informal environmental regulation (IER) in mitigating the positive ET-CO2 nexus; and (4) DER shows a significant threshold effect, and when the intensity of DER is high, the negative impact of the ET on CO2 can be alleviated to a large extent. Based on these findings, we propose several policy implications to accelerate the ET and eradicate CO2, and develop DER simultaneously.https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Ut15iYkAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=aohttps://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kangyin_Dong