Sector Policy Research Articles

Halal tourism sector and tax allowance policy: a case study observed from normative problems to effective implementation

Various tax allowance policies have been established by the government to revive the Indonesian tourism sector. However, it is crucial to examine whether the tax allowance policy can enhance the tax and tourism revenue in the halal tourism sector in West Nusa Tenggara. This research aims to provide a prescription for the Tax Allowance Policy in West Nusa Tenggara by employing a normative legal study with a statute approach and conceptual approach. This research suggests that the tax allowance policy has not effectively contributed to the recovery of the halal tourism sector in West Nusa Tenggara. The factors contributing to the situation include the disharmony between policies promoting halal tourism and the provisions outlined in Article 18B, paragraph (5) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia and the principles of "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika" (Unity in Diversity). In addition, this disharmonious Tourism Policy has resulted in a rise in the poverty levels in West Nusa Tenggara, thereby designating it as Indonesia’s poorest region. In practical terms, the finding of this research serves as a theoretical basis for the government to implement tax allowance policies to aid in the recovery and development of the halal tourism sector. This includes considerations for both legal substance and legal structure. For instance, in terms of substance, this guidance offers directives for local regulations, focusing on attribution and delegation, fostering equal business opportunities and benefits, as well as enabling the adaptation to challenges arising from local, national, and global changes.

Sectoral Intergovernmental Relations in Ethiopia Federation: Normative and Empirical Considerations

Policy overlap or functional interface is inevitable in all federations. In Ethiopia, federal sectoral offices depend on the regional state institutions to execute most of their policy, programs, and decisions. The policy overlap and functional interface demands the entrenchment of sectoral forums that facilitate interactions, consultation, and cooperation between federal and state sectoral offices to deal with functional interface and spillover. Yet, formal sectoral forums are not institutionalized. Previous studies reveal that there is no much study that shows how sectoral relations and interactions are conducted in various policy sectors. This article examines sectoral IGR using the practices of selected federal-state and interstate sectoral relations. It reveals that the established formal sectoral IGR forums have remained dysfunctional. Yet, there are several informal sectoral meetings (conferences) between the federal and state sectoral institutions or among state sectoral bureaus. The vertical sectoral meetings are organized by the federal sectoral offices which also set the agenda of the meetings. The federal sectoral personnel are also overrepresented. These matters negate the co-equal status expected in federal-state relations. In most of the sectoral IGR, there are no written rules that regulate their meetings and decision-making procedures except the relations that exist between the Ministry of Health and state health bureaus regulated by an internal bylaw. However, horizontal sectoral relations are regulated by interstate agreements.

Housing policy in the social and economic sphere. Housing policy relationships and other specific policies

Abstrakt Housing policy aspiring to have a general social impact, subtracting from the scale of the state, like any other policy in this scope, is conducted in the European Union countries by the public sector. This sector remains a significant point of reference for this policy. The activity of the public sector in the countries of post-war Western Europe varies in intensity over time and is carried out at different spatial levels - also in relation to housing. The public sector has been subject to a tendency towards apparent self-limitation for at least the last four decades. This occurs mainly by reducing the importance of the state and its agencies in socio-economic development. Housing policy is one of the important sectoral policies of the state - including the government and local authorities - engaging public entities, political and social organizations and private entities to achieve the main and long-term goals in the area of housing, which are: creating conditions for purchasing or renting apartments by all citizens; ensuring the availability of the housing stock, i.e. implementing an appropriate scale of housing investments using primarily the market mechanism, and supporting the appropriate quality of the housing stock throughout the entire period of use of the property.

Research infrastructure as a tool for scientific integration: some aspects of the EU experience for Ukraine

Research infrastructure as a tool for scientific integration: some aspects of the EU experience for Ukraine

Impact of Land Use Changes on Ecosystem Services Supply: A Meta Analysis of the Italian Context

Changes in land use and land cover (LULC) are caused by several factors, including climate change, socio-demographic dynamics, human pressures and urban sprawl. These factors alter the structure and functionality of ecosystems and their capacity to provide ecosystem goods and services to society. The study of LULC changes is important for understanding the dynamics of relationships between environmental, social and economic components and for analyzing the factors affecting natural capital. Including ecosystem services (ES) in spatial planning tools and sectoral policies is useful for improving governance. In this paper, the impact of LULC changes on ES provision has been estimated. To this end, we carried out a literature review (Step 1) to select the biophysical and economic coefficients of ES supply by land cover classes and collect them in a database (Step 2). We subsequently aggregated the economic and biophysical coefficients by macro classes (Step 3) and, using the benefit transfer approach, we estimated the change in the supply of ESs concerning permanence and transition phenomena in Italy from 1990 to 2018 (Step 4). The transition phenomena analysis also allowed us to evaluate the consequences of urbanization and urban green space governance on ES supply. Indeed, these urban green spaces can help reduce risks to people’s health and safety and mitigate the effects induced by climate change. In total, approximately 800 coefficients (biophysical and economic) of ESs supplied by Corine Land Cover classes were acquired. The results show a reduction in the annual supply of ecosystem services of EUR 927 million (2022) caused by LULC changes between 1990 and 2018. This research proposes a methodology to improve knowledge of ESs concerning anthropogenic impacts and to support land-use planning policies regarding Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development Goals.

Egészségügyi Hatásvizsgálat és Egészséges Közpolitika: Narratív áttekintés a meghatározásokról és megközelítésekről

BACKGROUND: Despite advancements in various fields due to globalization and technology, societal health and quality of life have not proportionally improved. Health inequalities, and unjust disparities in health within and between communities, have garnered attention as preventable challenges. The influence of non-health-related policies and decisions on public health has been overlooked for an extended period. The concept of Health Impact Assessment (HIA) has emerged to address this issue. HIA aims to inform decision-making processes, promote health, and reduce health disparities. Healthy Public Policy (HPP), which integrates health and equality considerations across policy sectors, further contributes to improved overall health outcomes. This study investigates the interplay between HIA and HPP. The focus is on elucidating the evolving dynamics between these two concepts and scrutinizing the increasing efficacy of the popular HIA. METHODS: Peer-reviewed, English-language articles reporting on health impact assessment that were published between 1990 and 2021 were looked for on PubMed, Science Direct, and JSTOR. Health impact assessment with either public policy or health promotion was used for the search. To find further studies, reference lists of papers were examined. A subset of studies was chosen for analysis. RESULTS: Studies support that the interplay between HIA and HPP is a potent force that shapes the landscape of public health. Their collaboration amplifies the impact of each and transforms policies into vehicles of positive change. Recommendations include aiming for healthier communities, reducing health inequalities, and a sustainable future by synergistically evaluating health impacts and creating policies that prioritize well-being. However, concerns have been raised about the potential for HIA to expand into non-health areas, leading to discussions about renaming it to a more inclusive term such as "general policy assessment", although no concrete steps have been taken. It has been mentioned that the complexity of HIA can lead to difficulties in certain contexts and makes it difficult for it to become widespread and that it needs to be improved. Making it simpler, more flexible, and applicable to different conditions is among the suggestions. CONCLUSION: HIA emerges as an indispensable and potent tool for cultivating HPP. Its application should extend to diverse domains, necessitating the identification and resolution of obstacles that may impede its effectiveness.

An Assessment of the Knowledge and Perceptions of Precision Medicine (PM) in the Rwandan Healthcare Setting.

Precision medicine (PM) or personalized medicine is an innovative approach that aims to tailor disease prevention and treatment to consider the differences in people's genes, environments, and lifestyles. Although many efforts have been made to accelerate the universal adoption of PM, several challenges need to be addressed in order to advance PM in Africa. Therefore, our study aimed to establish baseline data on the knowledge and perceptions of the implementation of PM in the Rwandan healthcare setting. A descriptive qualitative study was conducted in five hospitals offering diagnostics and oncology services to cancer patients in Rwanda. To understand the existing policies regarding PM implementation in the country, two additional institutions were surveyed: the Ministry of Health (MOH), which creates and sets policies for the overall vision of the health sector, and the Rwanda Biomedical Center (RBC), which coordinates the implementation of health sector policies in the country. The researchers conducted 32 key informant interviews and assessed the functionality of available PM equipment in the 5 selected health facilities. The data were thematically categorized and analyzed. The study revealed that PM is perceived as a complex and expensive program by most health managers and health providers. The most cited challenges to implementing PM included the following: the lack of policies and guidelines; the lack of supportive infrastructures and limited suppliers of required equipment and laboratory consumables; financial constraints; cultural, behavioral, and religious beliefs; and limited trained, motivated, and specialized healthcare providers. Regarding access to health services for cancer treatment, patients with health insurance pay 10% of their medical costs, which is still too expensive for Rwandans. The study participants highlighted the importance of PM to enhance healthcare delivery if the identified barriers are addressed. For instance, Rwandan health sector leadership might consider the creation of specialized oncology centers in all or some referral hospitals with all the necessary genomic equipment and trained staff to serve the needs of the country and implement a PM program.

Conceptualising Marine Biodiversity Mainstreaming as an Enabler of Regional Sustainable Blue Growth: The Case of the European Atlantic Area

After recognizing the importance of marine and coastal resources and the use of marine space for economic growth, the European Union (EU) created and implemented a long-term Blue Economy (BE) strategy that supports the development of traditional and emerging marine and maritime sectors, aiming at the enhancement of Blue Growth (BG). However, despite the existence of a robust policy framework that supports the expansion of BE sectors at both an EU Sea Basin and state level, scholars have been sceptical as to whether the pursuit of BG adequately addresses the challenges that usually come with economic development, including those of climate change and marine biodiversity loss. Various frameworks for integrating sectoral goals with each other and with environmental goals that could facilitate the transition towards Sustainable Blue Growth (SBG) already exist and have been suggested and promoted by the European Commission, such as Ecosystem-Based Management (EBM) and Marine Spatial Planning (MSP). They require the consideration of marine ecosystems and biodiversity and their protection as one of the BE sectors to be integrated via planning and management, which in turn requires the estimation of the value of ecosystem services and the spatial implications thereof. Nonetheless, there is little evidence or real-world examples on whether and how ecosystems, and within them coastal and marine biodiversity, are actually integrated (i.e., mainstreamed) when developing sectoral policies and planning and implementing economic activities at sea at various scales, i.e., local, national, and regional, and what the necessary steps and actions are that would facilitate such mainstreaming. By seeking evidence in EU and Atlantic Arc (AA) member states’ sectoral policies on marine tourism, ports and shipping, marine renewable energy, and fisheries and aquaculture (as promoted by the Atlantic Maritime Strategy and its corresponding action plans) and in the outcomes of the Interreg Atlantic Funded Research Project MOSES (aiming at valuating a Sustainable Blue Economy at the national and regional scale of the EU AA), the present article focused on understanding if and how marine biodiversity is taken into consideration by EU and AA BE and/or BG policies, strategies, and sectoral developments. Τhe selected sectoral policies demonstrate a good uptake of marine-ecosystem- and biodiversity-related challenges; however, at both the EU and the AA member-state level, it is unclear whether and how marine ecosystems and biodiversity are addressed as a separate BE sector. As such, we argue why and how Marine Biodiversity Mainstreaming (MBM) could address this gap, and hence it could contribute to planning, implementing, and managing maritime economic activities towards SBG at the Sea Basin level. This is demonstrated by illustrating the central role of MBM in enabling (and being further enabled by) the above integrative frameworks (i.e., MSP and EBM) and by presenting the key elements and actions required for such facilitation.

Pandemic-related challenges for team leadership in ECEC centres in Germany

This article investigates Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) leadership during the COVID-19 pandemic. The focus is on ECEC leaders’ perceptions of team leadership during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. The purpose of the study is to increase understanding of the team-related challenges ECEC leaders have been confronted with, how they have been experienced and mastered. Therefore, two qualitative studies were designed (Hamburg, Leipzig). A total of 55 ECEC leaders from different federal states were surveyed in guideline-based qualitative interviews (Leipzig study: n = 20 ECEC leaders; Hamburg study: n = 35 ECEC leaders) and analysed with a qualitative content analysis. The results show how teamwork changed under the pandemic conditions and what challenges the leaders faced, including a lack of staff (due to e. g. quarantine, disease), structural separation of teams, lack of communication, additional tasks (political regulations), and missing collaboration with parents. The results indicate that not only ECEC leaders are required to organise team development activities on a regular basis or to reflect on the experiences of the pandemic within heterogeneous teams but also setting providers and sectoral policies are called upon to support ECEC centres in crisis according to their needs.

Climate change concerns impact on young Australians’ psychological distress and outlook for the future

AimsClimate change is escalating and will disproportionately affect young people. Research on the mental health consequences of worry or concerns related to climate change are so far limited. This study aims to evaluate the extent of climate change concern in young people aged 15–19, its association with various demographic factors and its impact on psychological distress and future outlook. Understanding the impact of climate concerns on young people's mental wellbeing is crucial for identifying effective measures and building resilience. MethodsClimate concerns, psychological distress, and future outlook were measured in the 2022 Mission Australia Youth Survey, Australia's largest annual population-wide survey of young people aged 15 to 19 (N = 18,800). Multinomial logistic regression models were used to map factors associated with climate concerns and assess whether climate concerns are associated with psychological distress and future outlook. ResultsOne in four young people reported feeling very or extremely concerned about climate change. Climate concerns were higher among individuals identifying as female or gender diverse, or who self-reported a mental health condition. After controlling for confounding factors, we found those who were very or extremely concerned about climate change to be more likely to have high psychological distress than those not at all concerned (Relative risk ratio (RRR) = 1.81; 95% CI: 1.56–2.11), and more likely to have a negative future outlook (RRR = 1.52; 95% CI: 1.27–1.81). These associations were stronger among participants who reported to be gender diverse, Indigenous or from outer-regional/remote areas. ConclusionThis study identified associations between climate concerns, psychological distress, and future outlook among young people. Immediate attention from research and policy sectors to support climate change education, communication strategies and targeted interventions is urgently required to mitigate long-term impacts on young people's wellbeing.

Policy integration in the European Union: mapping patterns of intersectoral policy-making over time and across policy sectors

ABSTRACT Policy integration has become an important principle guiding public policy development. Despite its prominence, we lack comprehensive knowledge of the exact degree of policy integration and its variation across policy sectors and time, mainly due to the lack of systematic measurement approaches. We address this shortcoming by (1) developing a novel measure that evaluates the intersectorality of legal acts and (2) assessing its development in the European Union over four decades (1977–2019) for 16 policy sectors. Our mapping reveals that, on average, intersectoral policy-making has increased since the 1990s with the most substantial rise during the Barroso I and II Commissions and a trend reversal after Juncker took office in 2014. Furthermore, we identify substantial variation in intersectoral policy-making between different policy areas reflecting varying levels of political attention and public salience. We deem our measurement concept and findings to have important implications for the study of policy integration in general and the study of EU policies in particular.

도시열섬 완화로 시민건강권 확보

A core project of Busan’s healthy city policy is the community health center project. Community health centers are established at the donglevel, the smallest and nearest place to residents’ everyday lives, to address community health issues such as health counseling, support for resident-led health community activities, and revitalization of health networks.
 The climate response activities of the health guardians in the 74 community health centers in Busan were promoted as a key component of Busan Metropolitan Government’s climate response policy. In 2022, Busan’s climate response policy with the community health centers was awarded the Korea Health City Award.
 This case study aims to describe Busan’s efforts on climate change adaptation and greenhouse gas reduction that is organized by an intersectoral effort of Carbon Neutral Policy Division 24 departments that includes the Health Policy Division. Busan City made efforts to create a city that adapts to climate change created with citizens by improving the vulnerability of heat wave mitigation and responding to climate change through citizen participation policies. And greenhouse gas reduction policies for various sectors (building, public, transportation, waste, and absorption sources) were promoted, while data-based efficient responses were promoted with urban heat island monitoring systems.

A core outcome set (COS) for dementia with Lewy bodies

AbstractBackgroundMethodological heterogeneity in the outcome measurements adopted in DLB trials impedes effective evidence synthesis, rigorous meta‐analysis, and clinical translation. We aimed to develop a Core Outcome Set (COS), an agreed standardised set of outcomes that should be measured and reported, as a minimum, in all clinical DLB trials.MethodWe adopted a multi‐faceted approach to COS development, adopting the principles of the Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials (COMET) initiative. We conducted systematic reviews of outcomes used in intervention trials, qualitative studies, and health economic studies in DLB. A resulting shortlist of outcome measures formed the basis of an e‐Delphi consensus process, piloted among members of the study group, before it was administered in two rounds to clinicians, scientists, policy and third sector leads. Lay stakeholders, including people with DLB and their caregivers, also contributed to the e‐Delphi process. Consensus on inclusion was determined by at least 70% of respondents grading an outcome measure as “critical for inclusion” and less than 15% grading as “not important”. After appraisal of each outcome using Consensus‐based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) guidelines, a consensus meeting was conducted, in which all participants were invited to agree on final outcomes and rate each outcome on impact, relevance and clinical feasibility.ResultsThrough validated mechanisms we constructed a COS including measurements of motor, cognitive, neuropsychiatric, autonomic, health economic, health provision, and quality of life. A diverse group of international and intersectional stakeholders have lent approval to its use.ConclusionWe propose a COS; a benchmark which all DLB trials should meet. This standardised approach will could optimise research resources, facilitate multicentre collaboration, and minimize methodological bias.

The divergence of South Korea's Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) from the EU ETS: An institutional complementarity view

AbstractEmissions trading schemes (ETS) have spread across the globe to tackle climate change. However, limited attention has been given to how ETS characteristics and designs differ and why. We use the concept of institutional complementarity to explore how the EU ETS and South Korea's ETS (K‐ETS) adapt to complement established political economy. The EU ETS is characterized as a market with stakeholder ownership, while the K‐ETS is more regulatory in nature with government leadership. The EU ETS complements a decentralized political system with liberalized energy market, and the K‐ETS became compatible with the centralized majoritarian politics and a regulated electricity market. The ETSs have evolved incrementally, and they are not likely to link in the foreseeable future due to divergence. We suggest a strong focus on “how to adapt” an ETS to its own institution rather than adopting the established blueprint model in countries with a strong regulatory style of governance.Related ArticlesCaliskan, Cantay. 2020. “The Influence of Elite Networks on Green Policy Making.” Politics & Policy 48(6): 1104–37. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12382.Tanaka, Yugo, Andrew Chapman, Tetsuo Tezuka, and Shigeki Sakurai. 2020. “Multiple Streams and Power Sector Policy Change: Evidence from the Feed‐In Tariff Policy Process in Japan.” Politics & Policy 48(3): 464–89. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12357.von Malmborg, Fredrik. 2023. “Combining the Advocacy Coalition Framework and Argumentative Discourse Analysis: The Case of the ‘Energy Efficiency First’ Principle in EU Energy and Climate Policy.” Politics & Policy 51(2): 222–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12525.

Impact of financial development on economic growth in Nigeria

The study investigated the impact of financial development on economic growth in Nigeria utilising annual data from 1985 to 2022 sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletins and World Bank indicators. The variables used in this study were real gross domestic product (RGDP), a proxy for economic growth as the dependent variable while credit to the private sector, a proxy for financial deepening, all share index (ASI), nominal exchange rate (ER), gross savings (GS), remittances (REM) and financial technology (Fin-Tech_dum) were all used as financial development indicators which are the independent variables. The method of analysis employed was the Auto-regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and the pairwise granger casualty test. The ARDL long run results show that all share index, exchange rate and financial technology positively and significantly affects economic growth; credit to the private sector and gross savings positively but insignificantly impacts on economic growth. However, remittances reveal a negative and insignificant impact on economic growth in Nigeria. The Pairwise causality test shows that there are three unidirectional causality which runs from economic growth to credit to private sector, financial technology and gross savings in Nigeria. In conclusion, the findings of the study validate the demand-following theory in Nigeria. The policy recommendation suggests that the Central Bank of Nigeria should promote the adoption of advanced financial technologies and implement cautious expansionary monetary policies in specific sectors to encourage investment and economic growth. Overall, these measures would boost investment and economic growth in the country.

Воспроизводственный подход к анализу промышленных рынков машиностроения

Economic development is associated with the formation of a developed material and technical base, the basis of which is mechanical engineering, which updates the analysis of the industrial mechanical engineering mar-ket and its sustainability. The aim of the study is to develop and propose a concept for assessing the sustaina-bility of industry market reproduction and conduct an empirical analysis of the sustainability of industrial mar-kets for mechanical engineering. The article substantiates that the reproduction approach allows to compre-hensively consider the trends in the development of the industry market. Based on the systematization of methodological approaches to assessing the development of the industry market, their advantages and disad-vantages are identified, and a model of comprehensive assessment of the industrial market is proposed. The proposed model includes the assessment of three groups of indicators: static indicators, dynamic indicators and reproduction indicators of the industry market. The analysis of empirical data on the sectoral market of me-chanical engineering is presented. The proposed model will allow to form and forecast the measures of the sectoral industrial policy, mutually linking the financial sustainability of market participants, the stability of the industry and its contribution to reproduction.

Design Thinking in Public Policy Design: A Typological Study

In recent years, design has emerged as a method for shaping public policies and services. This article employs a typological research approach to analyze the application of design thinking in the field of public policy. Its aim is to elucidate the developmental trajectory of design thinking, assist designers in gaining a better understanding of the unique context of public policy, and promote the further evolution of design thinking in the domain of public policy. Through literature analysis and comprehension, this article is built upon the foundation of public sector policy labs. It constructs an analytical framework based on two dimensions, institutional nature and participation stages, categorizing public sector innovation labs in the field of public policy into three types: exploratory labs, executive labs, and collaborative labs. It also summarizes the classification criteria and characteristics of each type of lab. Furthermore, the article explores the inherent logical relationships between different types of labs, offering a systematic and scientific analysis to facilitate the integration of design thinking into public policy.

Policy integration of climate change adaptation in Central America: A review for development, land‐use planning, and risk management

AbstractCentral American countries have been described as highly exposed to the negative effects of climate change (CC). Policies dedicated to CC and climate policy integration—mainstreaming—into sectoral policies have been considered key strategies. Previous research has documented the progress made in this region regarding dedicated policies, but regarding policy integration, information is limited or nonexistent. This article aims to address this gap by studying the level of integration of climate‐change adaptation considerations into three prioritized sectors—general development planning, risk management, and land‐use planning—by applying three criteria for policy integration—inclusion, consistency, and weighting. The results show a progressive trend to integrate adaptation into the policy outputs of the three sectors in all countries. Still, the operational level of instruments in some cases fails to fulfill the mandates to mainstream climate adaptation, and consistency is limited. These failures are indicators of lower levels of organizational maturity, which has also been detected in other developing countries and is connected to conflict and tradeoff avoidance behaviors as a filtering strategy to ensure progress at the cost of leaving key issues outside the mainstreaming process.

Research- vs. government-driven physical activity policy monitoring: a systematic review across different levels of government

BackgroundEven though the importance of physical activity policy monitoring has increased in the last decade, there is a lack of understanding what different approaches exist and which methodology they employ. In order to address this research gap, this review attempts to map existing approaches of physical activity policy monitoring and to analyse methodological aspects, especially with regards to the roles of governments and researchers.MethodsA systematic search was conducted in five scientific databases (PubMed, Scopus, SportDiscus, Psycinfo, Web of Knowledge) in July 2021, and the identified records were screened independently by two reviewers. Records were included if they (a) focused on the monitoring of public policies to promote PA, (b) allowed to compare policies across time, across nations/regions or across policy sectors, and (c) were written in English, German or Russian. During full text analysis, information on methodological aspects was extracted and studies were categorized based on the level of government involvement.ResultsThe search yielded in a total of 112 studies. 86 of these studies (76.8%) followed a research-driven approach (little or no government involvement) while only two studies (1.8%) were based on a government-driven approach (led by governments). The remaining 24 studies (21.4%) were based on a co-production approach (strong collaboration between researchers and governments). All in all, 18 different tools for physical activity policy monitoring were identified; key examples are the Report Cards on Physical Activity for Children and Youth (research-driven approach), the HEPA Monitoring Framework (government-driven approach) and the HEPA Policy Audit Tool (co-production approach).ConclusionsThe level of government involvement in policy monitoring differs significantly, and research-driven, government-driven and co-production approaches can be distinguished. These approaches have different strengths and weaknesses, and can be linked to distinct theories of change and models on research-policy relations. Increasing awareness on the implications of these approaches is key to improve the understanding and further development of physical activity policy monitoring.

Export-Led Policy, Agricultural, Industrial, and Financial Sectors Growth in Cameroon

Export-Led Policy, Agricultural, Industrial, and Financial Sectors Growth in Cameroon