Cooperative Sector Research Articles

Eine Frage der Branchenkooperation: Der Verband Rheinisch-Westfälischer Brauereien und das Problem eines einheitlichen Flaschenpfands 1915 bis 1975

Abstract The taking of deposits on returnable bottles was not an inevitable consequence of the breweries’ increasing bottled beer output since the end of the 19th century. The example of the Association of Rhenish-Westphalian Breweries clarifies the developments that opposed a uniform and functioning cash deposit system over decades. The strong competition on the bottled beer market and the breweries’ preference for their short-term individual advantage prevented the most efficient way of sector cooperation. Accordingly, political support was the significant factor in resolving the conflict in the mid-1970s.

Investigating the link between social cooperation sector and economic well‐being of Italian provinces through the lens of social capital

AbstractThis paper investigates, through the lens of social capital, the contribution of social cooperation to the economic well‐being of Italian provinces. The empirical investigation is in two phases. First, I carry out a cross‐sectional analysis on data from 2015 to 2019 to verify whether social‐cooperation diffusion, expressed by social‐cooperative‐employee density, is positively related to a composite index of social capital. This analysis confirms the hypothesis that the diffusion of social cooperation effectively approximates the territorial social‐capital endowment. Second, I structure a panel data analysis for the period 2012 to 2017 to investigate the link between social cooperation as a source of social capital and the economic well‐being of Italian provinces. The results of this analysis corroborate the hypothesis—consistent with copious literature showing the positive role of social capital in the economic development processes—that social cooperation positively affects material living conditions through the generation of social value.

Community sector cooperation to determine Ban Chiang World Heritage non-smoking area

Community sector cooperation to determine Ban Chiang World Heritage non-smoking area

Triggers and creation processes of national governance codes for cooperative enterprises

During the last couple of decades, codes of governance have mushroomed in response to corporate scandals, the transformation of ownership and globalization. While most of these codes have been developed with the conventional firm as reference, some countries have recently witnessed the development of specific codes for cooperatives. Acknowledging the differences between conventional and cooperative governance, this paper explores how codes of governance found their way into the cooperative sector. With the help of qualitative semistructured interviews, we highlight the distinct challenges triggering code creation in a cooperative context namely, creating a shared purpose and managing member participation. Additionally we uncover two mechanisms of cooperative code creation within the sector: one that revolves around adoption, and another that originates from co-creation. We contribute to the literature by not solely focusing on the diffusion of codes, but especially in uncovering how alternative organizational forms such as cooperatives go through a phase of adaption in order to establish a code that meets their distinct governance nature.

Legal Aspects of Cooperatives’ Issuance of Products to Non-Member Communities in Indonesia

Regulations in the business activities of savings and loan cooperatives that allow cooperatives to collect funds from prospective members result in the possibility of issuing product to non-member communities. This study analyzed that the practice of issuing products to non-member communities is a deviation of cooperative’s business activity based on the laws and regulations in the cooperative sector and eliminates the identity of the cooperative in the form of the principle of membership, which is the specialty of the cooperative and the purpose of a cooperative business entity for the welfare of its members. The study used a normative approach, which aimed to examine existing regulations and relate to legal principles and theories. This study was descriptive-analytical by explaining, describing, and correlating legal rules and theories with the problems regarding the raise funds business from prospective members. It accounted the cooperative regulations, objectives, and principles of membership in cooperatives to the practice of issuing products to non-member communities that deviate from statutory regulations does not arise. This study showed that the practice of publishing products to non-member communities is a deviation from statutory regulations, objectives, and membership principles in cooperatives. In the meantime, the implementation of cooperatives while maintaining cooperatives' identity requires the role of all cooperative actors, the government, and the general public in preventing and following up on savings and loan cooperative practices that eliminate membership rights for service users.
 KEYWORDS: Cooperative Law, Cooperatives in Indonesia, Economic Democracy.

Economics of milk processing in cooperative sector of Haryana

In the rural sector, dairying and milk production is an important economic activity and has become a secondary source of income and employment. Cooperatives play an important role in animal husbandry and dairying sector, which contributes about one-fourth of agricultural GDP of the country. This study works out the cost of collection, chilling and transportation to arrive at economics of milk processing and manufacturing of milk products in Haryana by selecting milk plants from different zones in the cooperative sector. The economics of milk processing in Haryana show that procurement cost was found to be higher in Western zone which was estimated to Rs. 1.83 per litre of milk compared to Rs. 1.67 per litre in Eastern zone. Out of which transport cost accounted for maximum share (54.57%) followed by transportation cost (54.5 7%), chilling cost (24%), collection cost (17.1 4%) and reception cost (8.57 %). The other higher profit giving products were double toned milk and ghee which yielded profit over cost of 15.21 and 11.88 percent respectively. These products were followed by ghee at 11.88% (Rs. 39.54 per unit). The profit margin for paneer was found to be lowest at 7.76 % with cost of Rs 16.05 per kg. The information on the profitability of different products in Haryana is useful tool for the management to reshuffle the product mix of the plants on the basis of cost of manufacturing, profits and demand of different products.

Trends in Production, Procurement of Milk by Co-Operative Societies in Kerala

Dairy sector has great contribution to the GDP of the country has come from the milk dairy cooperative sector. Milk and milk products are perhaps one of the very few consumption items common in all cultures around the world. Indian dairy Co-operative Societies sector contributes the large share in agricultural gross domestic products. Presently there are around 70,000 village dairy cooperative societies across the country. The main aim of this paper is to analyses the performance of Milk procurement and sales by dairy co-operative societies in Kerala. The study based on secondary data has been collected from dairy co-operative society’s annual reports and the period of study from 1995 to 2018 and 2018 to 2020, expressed that the procurement has shown an increasing trend throughout the state of Kerala.

BİREYLERİN REKREATİF AMAÇLI BİSİKLET KULLANMA DENEYİMLERİNİN NİTEL BİR BAKIŞ AÇISIYLA DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

This research, was designed to determine the opinions of individuals who use bicycles for recreational purposes; of about the reasons for cycling, the benefits of using bicycles to individuals, the difficulties they encountered while using bicycles and what should be done to promote the use of bicycles. In the study, the interwoven single state pattern of the qualitative research method was used and the data were collected from 13 participants who used bicycles for recreational purposes in the Arhavi district of Artvin, using the interview form developed by the research team. In the office environment, face-to-face interviews were made with bicycle users determined by the criterion and snowball sampling technique, and the data were deciphered by subjecting structured questions to descriptive analysis. As a result of the study, ıt was cocluded that the participants used bicycles to protect their physical and mental health, some difficulties brought by the geography and deficiency of cycling culture decreased performance in cycling, public and private sector cooperation and the support of the central administration are needed in order to spread the use of bicycles, various clubs and educational activities should be done by making the county suitable for safe cycling. Considering the geological features of the Dogu Karadeniz Region, it is evaluated that every measure to be taken by the central and local administrations for the road safety will increase the participation and motivation of riding bicycle in order to improve and expand riding bicycle in the county.

Первые итоги Соглашения ЕАЭС – Вьетнам по торговле услугами и формирование переговорных стратегий по новым соглашениям в сфере услуг

n the last decades, the importance of trade in services in global trade flows has grown from strength to strength. This trend has stimulated the proliferation of bilateral and multilateral trade agreements aimed at ensuring equal and fair access for service providers to foreign markets. The states of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) are no exceptions to this global trend and strive to ensure free trade in services with foreign partners as a part of trade policies. This article analyzes theoretical and practical aspects of implementing the provisions on trade in services of the free trade agreement (FTA) between the EAEU and Vietnam, specifically applied to Russia and Vietnam. The results of the agreement’s implementation are instrumental in formulating the main contributions of the strategy that will increase the efficiency of future agreements on trade in services between the EAEU and foreign partners. The following strategy has already been applied to the example of service sector cooperation between Russia and Singapore. The emphasis of the study is quite universal, and the contributions of the strategy are applicable to other regional associations.

Ecological and economic fundamentals of agricultural sector development in the context of cross-border cooperation

The article analyzes and substantiates the current state of Ukraine’s agricultural sector and cross-border cooperation with neighboring countries of the European Union. The main tasks and impact of cross-border cooperation are identified. A conceptual model for the development of cross-border cooperation in the agricultural sector has been formed, which will provide a sequence of assessments of the development of border areas on both sides of the border. The basic indicators for assessing the effectiveness of crossborder cooperation in environmental, economic and social development of Euroregions are determined, as well as their indicators are analyzed on the example of such border regions of Ukraine as Volyn, Zakarpattia, Ivano-Frankivsk, Lviv and Chernivtsi regions. The current state of Euroregions of Ukraine is characterized and recommendations are given to increase competitiveness, intensify economic activity of Euroregions, which are based on the periphery, forecasting the natural resource base of farms. It is proved that for effective development of ecological and economic bases of agrarian sector it is expedient to introduce economic tools on realization of export potential of agrarian sector of economy which will be combined among themselves on such aspects as institutional-regulatory, organizationaleconomic, production-technological and informationcommunication and will increase the functionality of preventive mechanisms to protect national and regional interests in border areas on both sides of the border and will form the preconditions for strengthening environmental, economic and foreign economic activity of cross-border and border regions.

Hubungan Iran-Amerika Serikat Masa Pemerintahan Hassan Rouhani (Telaah Perjanjian JCPOA)

Relations between Iran and the United States show fluctuating dynamics. The historical relationship and cooperation between the two countries represents how the process works. In fact, during the reign of Shah Reza Pahlavi, Iran-US relations looked good and established important cooperation in several sectors. The political constellation of Iran that continues to intertwine makes the US also respond and issue various policies, including the issue of the nuclear development program. The program during the reign of Hassan Rouhani was also one of the priority policies. Until, the JCPOA agreement was formed between Iran and the P5+1 group countries (US, UK, France, Russia, China, and Germany). However, in 2015, the US tried to get out of the agreement because the contents of the agreement did not match the views of US domestic policy. Political constellations and the process of nuclear development are important discourses in viewing the relationship that is being built between Iran and the US. This article seeks to examine the dynamics of relations and cooperation between Iran and the US during the reign of Hassan Rouhani, the reasons for the US leaving the JCPOA agreement, and the background of Iran continuing its nuclear development. The data collection method that the researcher uses is by collecting various references, both from books, journals, newspapers, online media, and other literature related to the issue of relations and cooperation between Iran and the US during the Hassan Rouhani administration and topics surrounding the cause of the US leaving the JCPOA agreement.

The Success of Sebastian Kurz in 2017 Austrian Parliamentary Elections

The article deals with the peculiarities of the extraordinary elections in the Republic of Austria in 2017, as well as the main reasons for the success of the renewed Austrian People's Party (ANP) and its leader, Sebastian Kurz, the former youngest foreign minister and chairman of the OSCE. The main results of the elections to the lower house of parliament, the National Council are in details analyzed, whrere the political parties have overcome the 4 percent barrier. The main conclusions of well-known domestic and foreign political scientists and experts are in details characterized, who evaluated the reasons for supporting of right and far- right political parties in the European countries, in particular in Austria, which have received considerable support in the elections, which was caused by public dissatisfaction with the ineffective policy of the European Union, which after the international financial crisis, terrorist threats, problems with migrants, refugees, and in recent years a rather aggressive foreign policy of Russia, is forced to face new challenges, giving an adequate response, which plays an important role for Ukraine, because our country sees its future in close multi-vector cooperation with the EU. It is important for Ukraine support of the European Union and European countries, in particular with Austria, because our country is interested in further fruitful development of bilateral relations between Ukraine and Austria and cooperation in various sectors of the economy, as well as support for European and Euro-Atlantic course. Ukraine is able to give an adequate response only in close cooperation with European countries. Ukraine is affected by domestic political changes both within the European Union and domestic political changes within European countries, namely which political parties win and which political coalitions are formed, as well as the influence of pro-Russian political forces in the party landscape.

Potensi Penyerapan Tenaga Kerja di Koperasi Jawa Barat Tahun 2020 Menggunakan Structural Equation Model

Labor absorption in the cooperative sector in West Java is still relatively low at 10,434 people or 0.05 percent. Based on this fact, the absorption of labor in the cooperative sector can still be increased in line with the program of the Ministry of Cooperatives and MSMEs in implementing total cooperative reform through three strategic measures, namely Reorientation, Rehabilitation and Development. Therefore, it is expected that the absorption of labor in the cooperative sector of West Java is increasing. To find out and see this, this research was done. The categories of respondents in this study are divided into two groups, namely the group of member respondents and the non-member respondent group. The analysis used to see the potential used descriptive analysis, while the Structural Equation Model (SEM) was used to see how much work stress, job satisfaction affect turnover intention for non-member groups of respondents. For the respondent group SEM members were used to see how much work stress, job satisfaction, and turnover intention affect member participation and cooperative development. The results showed that for the non-member respondent group both variables had a significant influence on turnover intention, while for the group of respondents members pointed out that the three variables had a significant direct influence on member participation and cooperative development.

The Digitalization of the European Agri-Food Cooperative Sector. Determining Factors to Embrace Information and Communication Technologies

The digitization of the agri-food sector is a strategic priority in the political agenda of European institutions. The opportunity to improve the competitiveness and efficiency of the sector offered by new technologies comes together with its potential to face new economic and environmental challenges. This research aims to analyze the level of digitalization of the European agri-food cooperative sector from the construction of a composite synthetic index. Such an index is to be based on a diverse set of variables related to electronic commerce and the services offered through the internet. It also evaluates how European cooperatives influence the degree of technological adoption depending on their size or the wealth of the country where they carry out their activity. The empirical analytical method is thus used, through the analysis of frequencies and correlations. The results obtained reveal the existence of a suboptimal and heterogeneous degree of digitization of European agri-food cooperatives, clearly conditioned by their size and the wealth of the country where they operate. In this situation, it is recommended to promote public policies that guarantee high-performance digital connectivity, an improvement in training in digital skills and the promotion of cooperative integration processes.

English

This study uses structural equation modelling (SEM) and path diagram techniques to examine challenges faced by women in the agricultural sector cooperatives in Southeast Nigeria. The data are from a cross-section survey of randomly selected women cooperative members. Results suggest that women with poor economic status are less likely to have access to improved technology, labour, off-farm employment, and improved infrastructure. The authors also found that cultural factors increase women’s failure to own land, farm inputs, and agricultural credit. Additionally, the results show that compared to men, institutional factors increase women’s unequal access to extension training as well as their domestic workload. This study also found that older women face fewer challenges in the agricultural sector cooperatives than younger ones while more educated ones face more challenges. This study provides useful policy insights to mitigate the challenges women face in agricultural cooperatives. Most importantly, they argue that economic freedom among women in cooperatives may not be achieved unless they are emancipated from existing cultural, economic, institutional, and management constraints. Key words: confirmatory factor analysis, path diagram, structural equation model, Nigeria

A theory of mindfulness caring in community health nursing

Most adolescent mortality and morbidity is preventable or treatable, but adolescents face specific barriers in accessing health information and services. The problems in the community in the youth group are free sex behaviour, the use of alcohol and drugs. This research to develop a caring theory model that can be applied by community nurses in the community in enhancing the awareness of adolescent age groups in the community. Research method used conceptual paper are based on previous research that the author has done (4 articles) and combines the literature review (7 results) that the author has done from April-November 2020. Result in this research indicate that the theory will become the bases or foundation for nurses to become mindful of their role as community health nurses. They need to optimize their Role in Caring for community adolescents in addressing societal problems like drug abuse, teenage pregnancy. Public awareness involves collaboration between governments by making people aware of existing laws and policies. National strategies and action plans for adolescent-specific health policies; Health management: health human resources, health facilities, networks: community health cadres, school communities; Family and peers are needed to increase awareness of adolescent behaviour so that through caring a sense of empathy and youth will be realized. Conclution in this research is nurses can apply the theory of mindfulness caring. Problems related to adolescent behavior can be overcome with cooperation in various sectors, so awareness by these sectors is the key in preventing the impact of deviant adolescent behavior.

Tax In History: Polish Tax System In Transition To Democracy And Market Economy

This article briefly discusses tax developments connected with the transformation of Poland from a communist (socialist) state with a centrally planned economy to a democratic state with a market economy. The key feature of Poland’s pretransition tax system was a strong differentiation between taxpayers according to their belonging to the dominant socialized (state or cooperative) sector of the economy or the severely reduced nonsocialized (private) sector to the detriment of the latter. The tax system was based primarily on the flow of tax money between state-owned enterprises and the state budget. Tax rules were, to a large extent, included in governmental instead of parliamentary legislative instruments. Although the fall of communism in Poland is associated with the first partially free parliamentary elections in 1989, democratic elements had been gradually reintroduced into the Polish tax system from the beginning of the 1980s: the nullum tributum sine lege principle in 1980, judicial control over tax administration in 1981, and the principle of equality in taxation of entrepreneurs regardless of their ownership status (socialized vs. non-socialized economy) in 1988. However, new taxes suitable for the changed political, social, and economic reality were introduced in a few steps between 1989 and 1993. The system evolved in the following years with the most significant post-transition changes being connected with the preparations for accession to the EU Post-communist tax system, post-socialist tax system, Poland, Polish tax system, Polish tax transformation, tax transition, tax reform, fall of communism, transition from communism.

Readyness of future social workers to work in an inclusive youth environment

The article analyzes the issue of future social workers' training to work in an inclusive youth environment. The gradual establishment of inclusive values in Ukrainian society requires changes in the behaviour and perception of people with special needs. 
 There is a need to train professionals who can translate change and develop an inclusive environment, including youth. The author identifies organizational and managerial components in the structure of training as one of the main in the work with youth in the conditions of inclusion. In the updated formulation of readiness criteria, some functions and roles perform a social worker in a youth inclusive environment. It is determined that the main content of the managerial criterion is that during the work the social worker could influence the change in the motivation of young people's behaviour, thinking, perception. The structural components of the organizational criterion are staging goals, planning, control, evaluation. Research levels of organizational and managerial readiness for future social workers used: Methodology of L.Umanskaya, O. Lutoshkin "Methodology for detecting the level of the organism. The study of the readiness level for activities in the inclusive youth environment showed that the level of development of communicative and organizational capabilities predominate the average levels determined. This is evidenced that an insufficient level of knowledge is in future social workers to establish contact interaction in the youth environment, also at the level between sectoral cooperation.

The Link Between Marketing Capabilities and Co-Operative Performance in Malaysia

Co-operative is a business entity established with voluntary participation to enhance the economic status of members, communities, and the country. As the third significant contributor to the nation's economic, due attention is essential in addressing some issues related to co-operative performance. Among these issues was the inability to meet the goals of the National Co-operative Policy II (2011-2020) as well as the low level of contribution to the country's GDP, despite various support provided by the government. Based on the literature, marketing capabilities are predicted to enhance co-operative performance, but less research has been conducted on this relationship, particularly in the Malaysia.Thus, 500 questionnaires were distributed to randomly selected co-operatives in Malaysia. In all, 133 sets of questionnaires were successfully collected, which showed a 27 percent response rate. This study utilises SPSS software to perform the required statistical analysis of the data survey. This study uses a simple random sampling method to select a sample based on a list of registered co-operatives from the Malaysian Co-operative Commission. Thus, this study found the marketing capabilities has positive and significant relationship with co-operative performance. The evidence from this study suggests that the co-operative needs to develop the marketing capabilities in order to enhance performance.The findings of this study will help the government to streamline the co-operative sector in Malaysia with the strategic planning and policies so that the co-operative sector would be stronger, competitive, and able to improve performance and contribution to economic as well as GDP of the country.

Regionalism and bilateral counter-terrorism cooperation: the case of India and Thailand

ABSTRACT After major terrorist attacks in the United States on September 11, 2001, Bali, Indonesia in 2002, and Mumbai, India in 2008, India and Thailand responded in disparate ways. Thailand was slow to respond out of fear of alienating the large Muslim population in its restive south. India, after Mumbai, moved to create and strengthen domestic institutions that would hasten counter-terrorism measures, with limited success. In the years that followed these seminal events, both Bangkok and New Delhi have, like other South Asian and ASEAN states, moved toward bilateral and multilateral counter-terrorism partnerships. This paper surveys the history of terrorism in both countries and their domestic responses, persistent domestic and regional challenges, and documents a growing India-Thailand bilateral counter-terrorism partnership – particularly in the sectors of maritime security, intelligence sharing, extradition, and joint security cooperation. This paper contributes to a growing body of literature on emerging South-South partnerships by evaluating India-Thailand counter-terrorism cooperation and explores avenues for future bilateral exchanges and multilateral opportunities within institutional bodies, such as ASEAN and BIMSTEC.