Agricultural Production Sector Research Articles

Crop Disease Prediction Using Web Application

Abstract: Agriculture plays a very vital role in our life. Without agriculture, the existence of human beings is not possible as it is the main source of our food supply to sustain on the earth and it also helps to grow our economy across the world. Plant disease detection is one of the most important aspects of maintaining an agriculturally developed nation. The timely and efficient detection of plant diseases is essential for a healthy and productive agricultural sector. Various diseases like Common Rust, Bacterial Spot, Leaf Mold, Mosaic Virus, Powdery Mildew and others that could affect a plant and cause farmer to lose a substantial sum yearly. Deep Learning (DL) can play a crucial role in helping farmers to prevent crop failure by early disease detection in plant leaves. In the experiment, examination conducted by Convolution Neural Network (CNN) model on dataset (which consists of images of healthy and infected leaves) to detect plant diseases and Web Application is used for real-life crop disease prediction. The proposed Web Application aims to assist farmers in detection of plant diseases by analyzing images of the plant leaves. The proposed application uses the CNN model to distinguish healthy and infected leaves. The goal is to help farmers and prevent economic loss by detecting plant diseases early

ТІНЬОВІ ВІДНОСИНИ ПРИ ВИРОБНИЦТВІ ТА ОБІГУ ПРОДУКЦІЇ РОСЛИННИЦТВА В УКРАЇНІ ТА НАПРЯМИ ЗАПОБІГАННЯ ЇМ

Introduction. The sector of national agricultural production and sales of plant products has significant volumes of the shadow economy. First of all, it is about shadow farming on the land and shadow circulation of plant products. Both the owners of the land, who manage non-publicly, and the economy of the country in general suffer from such negative phenomena. Moreover, shadow agrarian production affects other related industries, which increases the scope of the consequences of the illegal economy. Problem Statement. The problem of shadow production and circulation of plant products is complex and has existed for more than a decade. Attempts to solve this problem have not yielded real results so far. There are objective and subjective factors that have caused the existence of shadow production and circulation of plant products in Ukraine. After all, a situation has developed in the country, in which some business entities cannot manage land publicly for a number of objective reasons, while others benefit from shadow management. Participants in the shadow circulation of crop production are land owners who manage their own land alone or give land for use without registering the right to lease. The beneficiaries of the shadow circulation of crop production are land tenants, suppliers of commodity and material values for crop production, buyers of crop production and other subjects who seek and are able to receive profits from shadow operations. The purpose is to justify the necessity of detinization of land management processes and the circulation of plant products. Methods. The following methods are used: abstract-logical, systematization, dialectical and formal logic, expert evaluations. Results. Shadow farming on the land and shadow circulation of plant products were studied. A number of factors have been identified that cause the existence of shadow farming on land and the shadow circulation of plant products. The necessity and possibility of ending shadow farming on the land and the shadow circulation of plant products have been proven. Conclusions. The problems of shadow management on land and shadow circulation of plant products can be solved through legal, institutional and organizational mechanisms, the application of which will be aimed at creating conditions under which public management on land will provide the producer with more economic benefits than shadow management.

A framework for joint verification and evaluation of seasonal climate services across socio-economic sectors

Abstract Assessing the information provided by co-produced climate services is a timely challenge given the continuously evolving scientific knowledge and its increasing translation to address societal needs. Here we propose a joint evaluation and verification framework to assess prototype services that provide seasonal forecast information based on the experience from the H2020 CLARA project. The quality and value of the forecasts generated by CLARA services were firstly assessed for five climate services utilizing the Copernicus Climate Change Service seasonal forecasts and responding to knowledge needs from the water resources management, agriculture, and energy production sectors. This joint forecast verification and service evaluation highlights various skills and values across physical variables, services and sectors, as well as a need to brigde the gap between verification and user-oriented evaluation. We provide lessons learnt based on the service developers’ and users’ experience, and recommendations to consortia that may want to deploy such verification and evaluation exercises. Lastly, we formalize a framework for joint verification and evaluation in service development, following a transdisciplinary (from data purveyors to service users) and interdisciplinary chain (climate, hydrology, economics, decision analysis).

Perkembangan Nilai Tukar Petani (NTP) Jawa Barat dan Korelasinya dengan Tenaga Kerja, Inflasi, dan Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (PDRB) Sektor Pertanian Jawa Barat

This research aims to identify the developments of Farmer Exchange Rate (FER) in the West Java Agricultural Sector in the period 2000-2022. This paper analyzes the extent of the correlation between Agricultural Sector Labor, the Inflation Rate variables, and the Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) of Agricultural Sector on the FER in the in West Java. The correlation identification between these variables was analyzed through Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation analysis based on West Java FER. The FER data is obtained from the Farmer Exchange Rate Statistics published by the Central Statistics Agency (BPS). The research results show: a) There are variations in the FER value during the period 2005-2022 with an average of 103.99; b) The West Java Agricultural Sector Labor variable has a moderate positive linear correlation with West Java's FER; c) The West Java Agricultural Sector variable GRDP has weak negative linear correlation with West Java's FER; and d) The West Java inflation variable has a weak positive linear correlation with West Java's FER.

Отраслевое развитие сельских территориальных систем России в условиях современной экономической неопределенности

Abstract. The purpose of the study is to examine the patterns of sectoral development of rural territorial systems in conditions of modern economic uncertainty using the example of a number of regions of the Russian Federation. The results of the work of modern authors in the field of rural economics and agricultural production are summarized and interpreted, which made it possible to calculate forecasts for the development of agricultural sectors in the Volga Federal District and the Perm Territory of the Russian Federation for the period until 2030. The scientific novelty lies in the assessment of the sectoral development of agro-industrial territorial systems, through the study of the dynamics of the main indicators of agricultural activity using trend analysis in a fairly short period of modern economic uncertainty, which is a significant step forward in this area of scientific research. To identify the dynamics and forecast the development of the main sectors of agricultural production, methods were used to graphically identify linear dependence and construct linear trends using homogeneous statistical indicators. The main results of the study are the developed measures for the stable sectoral development of rural areas of the Russian Federation in modern conditions and overcoming the existing regional differentiation. The implementation of measures involves the introduction of innovative solutions that provide an adaptive response to market trends and changes in the influence of external factors in the regional management of sectoral development of rural areas. Thus, the study provides a basis for understanding the components of sectoral development of rural areas and allows us to identify ways to constructively solve complex and multifaceted problems associated with the stabilization of agricultural production. The practical significance of the proposed solutions lies in their relevance in the activities of regional government authorities and relevant departments in the processes of improving the management of sectoral development of rural areas as part of the implementation of strategic documents for the spatial and sectoral development of the Russian Federation.

Indicators of digitalization technologies in the agricultural production, food industry and marketing sectors - a review

Some Arab countries have faced many problems in the growth of the economy, which depends largely on agricultural production, food industries, marketing and electronic commerce. This review came to extract the most important advantages and obstacles to the application of digitalization techniques in the agricultural production sector, food industries, and electronic marketing to identify them in a deductive manner. It has become clear that the most important obstacles facing the application of digitization are the legal legislation related to the application of digitization techniques, as well as digital illiteracy in rural society in particular, in addition to the deterioration of the infrastructure necessary for the application of digitization techniques. It recommended that a long-run strategy developed to apply digitalization techniques in agricultural production, food industries, marketing and electronic commerce. As well as developing human capital, especially in rural areas, to provide an appropriate technical environment to achieve development in agricultural production and food industries to contribute to economic growth

ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ ПРОДОВОЛЬСТВЕННОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ ЗА СЧЕТ ИМПОРТОЗАМЕЩЕНИЯ МОЛОКА

The scientific article conducts a theoretical and economic study of the problems of ensuring food security through import substitution, import and export of milk. A review of the scientific literature showed the relevance of the study; many domestic and foreign scientists are directing their scientific interests to the development of an effective mechanism for ensuring the development of agricultural production sectors, and in particular the dairy product complex. In the field of interest of scientists are the problems of ensuring growth in production volumes, the prospects for reducing and completely eliminating the import of milk, as well as the possibility of increasing milk exports in certain regions. For the period from 2013 to 2022, according to official statistics, we observe an increase in milk production volumes, while in 2015 a decrease of 0.4% was detected, and in 2016 by 0.3%. Over the past three years, milk imports do not exceed 18% of the total dairy resource, which indicates food security at the level of 83%. The growth rate of milk exports significantly exceeds the growth rate of its imports; their value has crossed the mark of 114%. It was revealed that the growth of milk volumes was significantly influenced by the annual increase in cow productivity in the ten-year study period; a decrease in milk production volumes was observed in those periods when the number of animals decreased significantly. A slight decrease in milk production volumes in 2015 and 2016 did not have a detrimental effect on milk sales volumes; milk sales volumes, according to official statistics, have been trending upward over the past 10 years.

Estimating the Impact of Monetary Stability and Commercial Exposure on the Agricultural Sector’s Production of Vegetable Oils in Iraq for the Period 2003-2020

This manuscript aims to estimate the impact of monetary stability and commercial exposure on the agricultural sector's production of vegetable oils in Iraq for the period 2003-2020. We assume that monetary stability and commercial exposure impact the quantity of vegetable oil production. Use descriptive analytical approach and use econometric techniques estimate the impact utilizing unit root testing with the extended Dickey-Fuller (ADF) time series test. The variables became stationary after taking their first difference. According to Johansen, co-integration was observed when co-integration was tested as the vector error correction model (VECM) was applied. There is a long-term equilibrium relationship between the independent monetary stability variable (X1), the independent trade exposure variable (X2), and the dependent variable of the quantity of vegetable oil production (Q). That is, there is a long-term equilibrium relationship that goes from (X1) and (X2) to (Q). The results indicate that there is a significant positive relationship (positive effect) between monetary stability (X1) and the agricultural production of vegetable oils (Q) in the long term. There is an inverse significant relationship (reverse effect) of commercial exposure (X2) on agricultural production of vegetable oils (Q) in the long term. The quality of the model's performance and its safety from standard problems were confirmed. The manuscript recommends that the government of Iraq get up prioritize supporting the vegetable oils sector by developing a strategy that works to increase production and includes providing financial and in-kind support and preparing infrastructure for the agricultural sector to reflect the increase in the production of vegetable oils because they are considered a cash crop and essential for achieving food security.

Hydrogeochemical investigation of irrigation water in the vicinity of metallic ore deposits in Kiraz‐İzmir, Turkey: Understanding the crucial nexus between “geology and food safety”

AbstractThe increasing drought due to climate change poses a threat to issues such as safe and accessible drinking water, food safety, and protection from diseases. The provision of water supply is vital for agricultural and livestock activities, which are commonly practiced around natural ore deposits. Examining traditional “irrigation water quality” methods alone is insufficient; investigating potentially toxic metal content in the region's waters is vital, especially around metallic ore deposits. This study focused on the Kiraz district in Turkey, known for its agricultural activities, to assess the impact of geogenic water pollution on irrigation water quality and its implications for food safety and human health. Geology determines nutrient availability, water resources, and land suitability for agriculture. Conventional irrigation water quality parameters indicate groundwater suitability for irrigation in the study area, considering Na%, sodium adsorption ratio, residual sodium carbonate, permeability index, Kelly ratio, magnesium hazard, and potential salinity. However, when examining the potential toxic metal content in the region, it was determined that the values of Al ranged from 96 to 8676 ppb, Ni values ranged from 27 to 360 ppb, and Sb concentrations varied between 9 and 53 432 ppb. Utilizing geogenically contaminated water for irrigation and its indiscriminate use in livestock, dairy, and food industries can lead to foodborne illnesses (cancer, endocrine disruptors, tuberculosis, antimony spots, thyroid tumors, goiter, neurologic and cardiovascular diseases) that endanger human health. The use of low‐quality water throughout the agricultural sector and food production chain increases food safety risks.

Measurement impact of Real, Financial and Monetary Variables on Inflation rate in Sudan within the period 1990- 2020 by using Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL)

The study aimed to measuring impact of real, financial and monetary variables on inflation in Sudan within the period 1990-2020, to achieve this goal a standard model for the relationship between the variables of the study was formulated and constructed. The data of this study was collected from Central bank of Sudan and Ministry of Finance reports. The study adopts the descriptive method coupled with econometrics tools to reach its goal and achieve its hypothesis, also study used the method of co-integration, Error Correction model (ECM) and Augment-Dickey-fuller (ADF) test to estimate the relationship between variables of the study. The results show that there is a correlation between the variables. The study main findings indicated the existence of a statistically negative relationship between GDP and inflation, and negative relationship between exchange rate and inflation, and negative relationship between exports and inflation, and positive relationship between monetary supply and inflation, and positive relationship between government expenditure. The study findings out that increase exchange rate with 1% that leads to a decrease in inflation rates by 1.6%. The study recommends a deflation financial and monetary policies, increase of production particularly the agricultural sector product, monitor the mining and export of gold. Keywords: Autoregressive model, Financial and Monetary variables, Inflation, Measurement.

A study of knowledge, attitudes, and practices on ticks and tick-borne diseases of cattle among breeders of two bovine Portuguese autochthonous breeds

Beef cattle production in Portugal is an important sector of national agricultural production, with half of the herd being in the Alentejo region. Despite this, animal health is essential for its productivity, which may be compromised by ticks and tick-borne diseases. So far, no study has been conducted in Portugal to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) on ticks and tick-borne diseases in cattle, which the authors are aware of. This type of questionnaire is a very useful tool in the development and application of effective and sustainable prevention and control measures. Therefore, a KAP questionnaire was applied to 44 cattle breeders of autochthonous Portuguese breeds, namely 14 breeders of the Alentejana breed and 30 of the Mertolenga breed, between January 1 and May 9, 2023. Based on the analysis criteria of these surveys, 64% of the Alentejana breeders and 63% of the Mertolenga breeders have an average level of knowledge about ticks and tick-borne diseases, and 21% of the Alentejana breeders and 33% of the Mertolenga breeders have a high level of knowledge. Although only 21.4% of the Alentejana and 36.7% of the Mertolenga breeders consider tick infestation as a major animal health problem, 71.4% of the Alentejana and 63.3% of breeders of the Mertolenga state that one of the main reasons for veterinary consultations on their farm is deworming of animals, and 92.9% of breeders of the Alentejana and 96.7% of breeders of the Mertolenga refer the use of dewormers as a strategy to control tick infestation. The results of this study contribute to highlighting the importance of correcting some identified knowledge gaps and improving knowledge, especially on the life cycle of this parasite, its local distribution and seasonality, resistance to acaricides, and alternative control strategies.

ТЕОРЕТИЧНІ АСПЕКТИ МАРКЕТИНГОВОГО ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ЕКСПОРТНОГО ПОТЕНЦІАЛУ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ АГРОБІЗНЕСУ

The article deals with modern problems of marketing support or support for export activities of agricultural enterprises in the context of the globalization of the world economy in the context of the entry of agricultural formations into world food markets and the formation of production and trade relations with new partners. The categorical content of the concepts "marketing support", "marketing support", "export potential", "agrarian enterprise", and "globalization of business" was considered. The views of domestic scientists regarding the use of the specified terms in scientific works of various specialties are analyzed and summarized. The possibility of increasing the export potential of agrarian societies due to the modernization of certain technological components of production and trade activities and the production of high-quality plant raw materials or safe food products was investigated. The described approach coincides with the international practice of selling agricultural products on world food markets in accordance with the developed and agreed quality standards of plant raw materials and food products. Thus, the issue of solving modern logistics problems is seen as a key component in marketing support for the export potential of business in the sector of agricultural production. According to the text of the intelligence, it is determined that the significant natural and land resources of Ukraine create conditions for the development of organically sustainable agriculture with a rational regime for the use of agricultural land with the introduction of a complete system of standardized restrictions or obligations. It is explained that a peculiar feature of the export activity of agricultural enterprises is their direct dependence on the state of fertility of agricultural lands, as a natural resource, a spatial basis, an object of application of human labor and the main means of production. The urgent importance of the protection and restoration of agricultural land on the way to the transition to ecologically safe and resource-saving agriculture has been clarified.

Smart agriculture as the embodiment of the symbiosis of the technological and intellectual potential of the agricultural sector

The work examines the features of “smart agriculture” as a concept corresponding to the functioning of the agricultural sector in conditions of large-scale use of digital technologies within its framework. It is noted that, along with their use, its most important driving force is the application of the knowledge and skills of workers, thanks to which these technologies can significantly increase the efficiency of the functioning of agricultural production systems. In this context, it is noted that there is significant potential in this context for improvement, and in a number of aspects, significant transformation of the activities of information and consulting services operating in the agricultural production sector. One of the promising solutions is the formation of a unified digital platform for agricultural consulting, uniting information and consulting services located in various regions of the country into a single network of interaction.

Eco-reclamative and agrochemical indicators of irrigated gray-meadow soils of Uzbekistan

The agricultural land in the Republic of Uzbekistan is strategically classified into three key categories: irrigated lands, arable lands, and natural pastures. Currently, the Republic faces a diverse range of salinization levels on its irrigated lands. This article endeavors to establish a scientific foundation for the systematic distribution of irrigated soils across the provinces of Uzbekistan, taking into account the varying ecological conditions prevalent in the region. The primary focus of this article is on the analysis of soil samples derived from the Tashkent and Syrdarya provinces. A comprehensive examination is conducted, encompassing ecological, reclamation, agrochemical, and physical properties of these soils. By shedding light on these key attributes, the article aims to provide valuable insights into the overall condition of agricultural lands in Uzbekistan. Crucially, the article delves into the state of mineralization of groundwater and surface runoff, both essential components in irrigated agriculture. This analysis is pivotal in understanding the impact of these water sources on the plants cultivated in the region. Given the vital role of irrigated agriculture in Uzbekistan's food production, addressing the challenges posed by salinization and ensuring sustainable land management practices are imperative for safeguarding the agricultural sector's productivity and ecological balance. Through this scientific exploration, the article contributes to the broader understanding of the intricate interplay between soil properties, water quality, and successful agricultural practices in the Republic of Uzbekistan.

СУЧАСНИЙ РІВЕНЬ ДІДЖИТАЛІЗАЦІЇ БІЗНЕС-ПРОЦЕСІВ АГРОПІДПРИЄМСТВ

In the modern world, where technology is advancing rapidly, the agricultural sector is also undergoing its digital transformation. The development of digital initiatives in the agro-industrial sector not only opens up new opportunities for increasing productivity and efficiency but also presents new challenges. The integration of innovative technologies such as artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, blockchain, and process automation is changing traditional approaches to agribusiness, offering state-of-the-art methods for data management, production process optimization, and market interaction. Based on the analysis of the current level of digitization of business processes in agricultural enterprises, it is argued that the implementation of innovative technologies contributes to increased operational efficiency, reduced production costs, and increased profitability. It is substantiated that despite significant challenges such as farmers' conservatism and limited internet coverage, active implementation of advanced technologies, including the Internet of Things and artificial intelligence, opens up new opportunities for farmers and contributes to the overall efficiency enhancement of installed equipment. At the same time, it is proven that to realize the full potential of digitization in the agricultural sector, state support is necessary through infrastructure development, legislative regulation, and financial incentives for investment in cutting-edge technologies, which will help reduce the digital divide between large and small agricultural enterprises and ensure a more resilient and productive agricultural sector. The development of digital initiatives in the agricultural sector aims to increase operational efficiency and create digital organizations, leading to lower production costs, increased profitability, and improved overall efficiency of installed equipment. Despite significant investments in IT solutions for agribusiness, challenges such as farmers' conservatism and limited internet coverage need to be overcome to realize the potential of digitization. The active implementation of advanced technologies, including the Internet of Things and artificial intelligence, opens up new opportunities for farmers worldwide, simultaneously requiring them to adapt to digital data management and strengthen cybersecurity.

Agricultural policy reforms in Uzbekistan to increase the export share

This article underscores the persistent and sustained initiatives undertaken by the government of the Republic of Uzbekistan to augment the export of agricultural products. Positioned as the primary architects of policies, state organizations play an exclusive role in formulating strategies that not only analyze global trends but also consider market dynamics. This comprehensive approach is geared toward adapting and implementing both new and existing policy reforms in the agricultural market and production sector. The emphasis on continuous analysis of market dynamics reflects a commitment to staying abreast of changes in global demand, supply, and trade patterns. This ongoing assessment enables timely adjustments to policies, ensuring they remain responsive to the evolving landscape of the international agricultural market. The article suggests that the Republic of Uzbekistan recognizes the pivotal role of the agricultural sector in its economic growth and is actively working through its state organizations to position itself strategically in the global market. By adopting adaptive policies and reforms, the competitiveness of its agricultural products and foster sustained growth in agricultural exports.

Оцінювання рівня конкурентоспроможності вітчизняних аграрних підприємств на внутрішньому ринку країни

Competitiveness implies enterprises’ high efficiency and ability to adapt to constantly changing environmental conditions. The high variability of the environment, the difficulty of identifying numerous and closely interacting factors, risks, and dangers, and the entropy of connections and relationships pose urgent tasks for businesses to form competitiveness as a system of measures and technologies to maintain market share, financial stability, and the client base while forming long-term development directions agricultural enterprises. Agricultural production is one of the riskiest types of business activity. Agrarian reforms and the formation of market relations, changes in forms of ownership, and forms of management significantly increase the degree of uncertainty of socio-economic processes in agriculture and, accordingly, increase the impact of risks on agrarian business. The impact of macroeconomic decisions on the activity and competitiveness of each agricultural producer is increasing. Competitiveness is formed, as a rule, at the production stage since the most critical factors that determine the competitiveness of an enterprise are the high quality of its products and the technical level of production. Today, the competitiveness of enterprises is no less important than the efficiency and effectiveness of economic activity, and the problems of achieving and increasing competitiveness are now considered critical issues in managing an organization. Insufficient attention of enterprises to competitiveness issues leads to instability in economic processes and mechanisms, weakening of market positions, and increased dependence on crises. In the conditions of the modern economy and the problems existing in it, the most urgent issue is the improvement of the competitiveness of domestic agricultural enterprises, which is caused by a severe threat to the country’s food security. It was noted that when developing six directions for increasing the competitiveness of agricultural sector products on the domestic and foreign markets, it is necessary to consider the specific features of the state and development of the internal environment due to the complex political situation in the country, which significantly reduced competition within the country. Keywords: competitiveness, agrarian sphere, food security, market conditions, competition.

Optimizing Sustainable Farming Practices for Enhanced Rice Yield in the Mekong Delta: A Case Study of Palau

This study delves into the intricate dynamics of Palau's agricultural landscape, exploring the multifaceted challenges faced by local farmers and the interconnected factors influencing crop yields. The research employs a comprehensive approach, investigating the relationships between climate resilience, soil health, farm size, and crop productivity. Through quantitative analyses, including correlation, regression, and comparative studies, the study unveils nuanced insights that contribute to the discourse on sustainable agriculture in the Pacific region. Practical recommendations emerge, emphasizing the need for context-specific interventions to bolster climate resilience, promote soil health, and support small-scale farmers. As Palau navigates the complexities of its agricultural symphony, this study provides a harmonious composition of findings and recommendations for cultivating resilience and productivity in the nation's agricultural sector.

The role of labour productivity within Algeria's sustainable economic development

Despite Algeria's abundant natural resources, achieving sustainable growth and prosperity remains challenging. Amid this, labour productivity within the agricultural sector stands as a silent warrior, holding within its grasp the secrets to propel the Algerian economy forward. Therefore, this study tries to uncover the pivotal role of labour productivity in Algeria's agricultural sector as a beacon for sustainable economic development. Using an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model from 1990-2021, the results reveal that agricultural gross production value, inflation, and population growth are significant determinants of GDP per capita in the short-run, while agricultural value added per worker also emerges as an essential long-run driver. However, agricultural employment is shown to have an insignificant impact, indicating declines in the sector's workforce and neglect in recent years. Overall, the analysis confirms the hypotheses of either short-term or long-term connections between labour productivity and sustainable economic development within Algeria's agricultural sector. These findings illuminate a pathway that suggests revitalising the labour productivity within Algeria's agricultural sector could be a key lever in transforming Algeria's economic landscape towards a more prosperous and sustainable future.

Rural employment in Russia: Present conditions and prospects for agricultural and non-agricultural sectors

Contributing to a discussion on rural employment forecast in Russia, this paper sys­tematizes the challenges for the rural labor market: population outflow, weak impulses to develop non-agricultural employment and rural entrepreneurship, changing labor needs in agriculture and a decline in the number of labor migrants. The results of the regional differentiation research show that the response strategies of Russian regions to stabilize employment differ significantly and include active intra-Russian labor migration or reliance on high agricultural state support, development of self-employment and jobs preservation in labor-intensive, low-productivity sectors of agricultural production. The article discusses rural development prospects associated with the return migration of urban residents to rural areas, which creates a new basis for rural employment growth. A theoretical implication of the rural employment perspectives discussion is the proposed concept of “out-of-urban employment” that actualizes the traditional approach of seeking employment only for indigenous rural people who have lost their jobs in agriculture, and includes new types and forms of employment for urban dwellers. Analysis of the current state support for rural employment in Russia shows that it is poorly aligned with the existing challenges. The scale of both financing and the number of potential participants is small; direct support measures are limited to the agricultural sector, while indirect ones — through support for rural infrastructure — create mainly public sector employment. The practical implications of the outcomes are some proposed ways of developing measures to support rural employment, taking into account non-agricultural rural economy needs.