Sector Management Systems Research Articles

A Model for Describing the Management Processes in the Scientific Sector. Verification

The model of management in the scientific sector presented in the previous article, as well as some alternative models applied to the organization of science management are used to interpret various statistical data. The article also considers intersectoral comparisons of science financing in countries of different levels of economic development, including the costs of basic research. It is shown that the correlation between science costs and gross domestic product (GDP) is 32.9% in more than 120 countries of the world and GDP per capita is 50.9%. They are not statistically significant. On average, the share of basic study costs in domestic research and development expenses does not depend on the level of wealth of countries. This allows us to conclude in favor of a mutually consistent management model in the scientific sector. The author analyzes the dynamics of the number of researchers and small enterprises in the sector of science and scientific services, as well as the dynamics of the number of academic employees in the sectors of science in the 1990s. It is demonstrated that the decrease in their number mainly occurred in the applied sectors and to a lesser extent in the fundamental research sector. These data are described more fully by the proposed mutually consistent model of science than by the alternative models. Possible adjustments in the organization of the scientific sector management system are examined, including in terms of changes in input impacts on the science sector, output indicators characterizing its effectiveness, as well as changes in the organization of the scientific sector and management bodies, which follow from the considered mutually agreed management model in this sector of the economy.

Self-Interest or Public Interest: The Role of Incentive Schemes in Public Sector Employees’ Decisions

ABSTRACT Changes in public sector management systems have resulted in public sector organizations adopting business models similar to private corporations. Using two experiments that vary in the service quality provided to public sector constituents, this study examines how different incentive schemes impact public sector employees’ decision-making. We find that performance-based incentive schemes in the public sector increase employees’ self-interest and lead them to focus more on maximizing their personal wealth (which is aligned with organizational economic efficiency) at the expense of service quality to public sector constituents (i.e., public interest). However, we also find that employees’ decisions are more focused on service quality and less on wealth maximization when their decisions may negatively impact public sector constituents. Overall, we find that employees who receive fixed compensation are more likely to consider how their decisions impact public service quality and are less likely to focus on personal wealth maximization. JEL Classifications: H11; L33; M21; M41.

Digging into waste: an analysis of waste crime in the Italian provinces

ABSTRACT This article examines the drivers of waste crime using a panel dataset at the provincial level in Italy. The results demonstrate that while waste crime is characterized by some degree of inertia, it lacks significant spatial patterns and does not respond to general modes of deterrence. With respect to income, the human capital effect prevails over the scale effect. An inefficient public sector and inadequate waste management system result in higher waste crime rates. The hauling and storage facilities also provide several opportunities for illegal shipment and disposal, which organized crime groups can especially exploit.

Nature and Extent of Energy Sector Management System with Regard to Electrical Fire Disaster in Kisumu County, Kenya

Nature and Extent of Energy Sector Management System with Regard to Electrical Fire Disaster in Kisumu County, Kenya

On the governance of Russian science

A model for describing the scientific sector management system is proposed. The management system for the research sector is considered by analogy with the methods used in the theory of automatic regulation. According to the model, control signals and output results of the system are analyzed.The article presents the characteristic features of administrative and market-oriented systems for scientific sector management, examines the dynamics of the formation of a modern management system and shows that the Russian scientific sector management system is a set of elements of the Soviet administrative management system and elements of market-oriented management.The analysis of strategic documents in the field of science has been carried out and it is shown that the management system of the research sector does not have verifiable strategic goals, which scientific organizations and the sector as a whole should strive to achieve.As a result, the formation of research topics is characterized by almost complete independence of scientific organizations and individual research groups and their isolation from the needs of industrial enterprises. In this situation, the role of public administration is relegated to the administration of the distribution of financial resources, and the conditions for allocating budget resources for the development of science are loosely tied to the solution of specific problems. Steps are proposed to form real priorities for the scientific sector.

The need to use management systems to enhance the competitiveness of the world agrarian and food markets for fruit and vegetable products

This article highlights the ongoing reforms to maximize the role and importance of agriculture in the economy of the Republic of Uzbekistan, its implications, the future development of the sector, the need to improve the competitiveness of fruit and vegetable products, and the need to implement sector management systems. Proposals and recommendations on perspectives of increasing the competitiveness of fruit and vegetable products in the global agrarian and food markets are also given.

Improvement of agro-industrial complex management at the federal level

The article suggests measures and ways to improve the system of agricultural management at the Ffederal level that meet the challenges of the “new normality” associated with the world economic and financial crises, economic and political sanctions of the Western countries against Russia that have a potential to increase the efficiency and competitiveness of the agricultural sector, adaptation of agricultural producers to these conditions, increase the food security of Russia. The study focuses on the agrarian sector as the main component of the agro-industrial complex. The management of the agro-industrial complex is considered in the context of the uncertainty of the functioning of agriculture, the impact of negative processes on the structure and functions of national regulatory bodies that require further research and deepen research on the theoretical issues of managed socio-economic development of agriculture, the development of universal theoretical principles for the formation of agrarian sector management systems under the leadership federal governing body with a clear vertical coordination “the federal center - regions - municipalities.” Forms of management in the agro-industrial complex of the country with division of powers and functions allowing to solve the arising problems on protection of national interests of Russia which concern questions of ensuring food security and agricultural production are also considered.

РОЗРОБЛЕННЯ КОМП’ЮТЕРИЗОВАНОЇ СИСТЕМИ ПРОГНОЗУВАННЯ ПОЖЕЖ У ЖИТЛОВОМУ СЕКТОРІ

The research is devoted to the development of a structural scheme of the computerized system for the implementation of the method for predicting the preconditions of fire emergence in residential sector. The developed computerized system is based on the use of the method of group consideration of arguments due to its adaptation to the subject area. Table implementation of the method will provide accurate fire forecasting in residential sector in real time. It is established that the use of the system of residual classes and information redundancy is the most effective method for increasing the speed and reliability of the work of specialized computing means. Further research was aimed at finding a numerical system that most effectively implements the system of residual classes, taking into account the current development of computer technology. To ensure the speed and reliability of the implementation of the system of residual classes, it is proposed to implement it based of a positional biquatemary system with a constant number of units. In a biquatemary system with a constant number of units, the system of residual classes is effectively implemented taking into account the existing elemental base of computer technology. As the results of the calculations show, such a system of calculations is guaranteed to detect all errors of odd multiplicity with a significant simplicity of information control. It follows that a binary quadruple system can be considered promising for the use in specialized computer systems to predict the preconditions for the emergence of fires in the residential sector and fire safety management systems. In this research we have paid special attention to the lack of false prediction. Mistakes in forecasting the preconditions for the emergence of fires in the residential sector may lead to inefficient use of forces and means of bodies and units of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine and significant loss of funds

Organic and Biodynamic Viticulture Affect Biodiversity and Properties of Vine and Wine: A Systematic Quantitative Review

Demand for organically grown crops has increased exponentially in the last few decades. Particularly in the wine sector, organic and biodynamic management systems are gaining more and more importance, with some of the most prestigious wineries converting to organic or biodynamic viticulture. The purpose of this study was to review evidence comparing effects of conventional, organic, and biodynamic viticulture on soil properties, biodiversity, vine growth and yield, disease incidence, grape composition, sensory characteristics, and wine quality. Only studies with representative field replicates or studies with a representative number of samples were included. Soil nutrient cycling was enhanced under organic viticulture, especially after conversion was completed. Cover crop mixtures used, compost application, and the absence of herbicides might be factors that account for higher biological activity in organically and biodynamically managed soils. Seventeen out of 24 studies observed a clear increase in biodiversity under organic viticulture on different trophic levels. Plant protection regime and cover crop mixtures mainly determine higher biodiversity in organic and biodynamic viticulture. Organic and biodynamic treatments showed 21% lower growth and 18% lower yield compared to conventional viticulture. The decrease of growth and yield under organic and biodynamic viticulture was not correlated to the growth or yield level under conventional viticulture. A decrease in soil moisture content and physiological performance (assimilation rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance) under organic and biodynamic viticulture is likely to be responsible for the lower growth and yield in the respective management systems. Juice total soluble solids concentration did not differ among the different management systems. No overall differences in berry composition or juice and wine quality among management systems could be observed. By describing different hypotheses concerning the effects of organic and biodynamic viticulture, this review and meta-analysis provides helpful guidance for defining further research in organic agriculture on perennial, but also on annual, crops.

Low-carbon emission development in Asia: energy sector, waste management and environmental management system

Mitigation of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions is desirable without compromising the economic growth. This paper reviews the recent trends to mitigate GHG emissions in the key sectors of energy and solid waste. The energy sector is the key admitter for global GHG emissions, and a range of optimisation and modelling tool has been developed to minimise the GHG emissions and overall cost, especially for the implementation of renewable energies such as biofuel and biogas. A few carbon sequestration technologies such as the carbon capture and storage (CCS) and biochar application have been reviewed. The review included the challenges and knowledge gaps regarding the utilisation of CCS, such as the storage capacity, long-term policy framework, high costs and the potential risk. Although solid waste contributes about 40%) in the municipal solid waste for many developing countries in Asia, composting has been proposed as a viable treatment technology to convert waste-to-wealth. A range of waste management tools, including scenario analyses on different waste technologies, optimisation of waste collection routes, multi-criteria decision tools, is reviewed to support the decision-making for solid waste management. A range of environmental management system (EMS) has been adopted by organisations to improve product quality, reducing production cost and improves reputation of firms. An environmental policy such as tax exemption could be helpful to promote the adoption of EMS that could be costly. CO2 and material flow footprint tools, such as water–energy–materials nexus, are applicable at a city and regional level. The tools are used to mitigate GHG emissions by developing the mechanisms with shared markets of virtual resource flows (carbon, water, food, energy) between the trading partners regionally and internationally.

Public Organisations Management: Distinction, Effectiveness, International Experience

The article analyses the main peculiarities of publicand organisations’ management. Business and public organizations,working in the same environment, operatedifferent systems of management.Efficiency is one of the essential differences betweenpublic and private organisations. While efficiency in thecase of private firm can usually be measured by comparingthe amount of resources used for production and theamount of outcome produced it is not the same with publicorganisations.As underlying and fundamental aim of the new publicmanagement (NPM) reform program is to transform managementof public organisations into a business-like management.NPM incorporates the importation of private sectormanagement systems and techniques into the public services.

Engaging for Results in Civil Service Reforms: Early Lessons from a Problem-Driven Engagement in Sierra Leone

Two related propositions have been central in the recent debates on public sector reforms. The first of these is that the appropriate measure of institutional strength is the ability of public sector management systems to deliver results (“functionality”) rather than what these institutions look like (“form”). This is a central idea in the World Bank’s Public Sector Management (PSM) Approach (World Bank 2012 a). Second, and consistent with this, is the recognition that the process of engagement matters in the sense that how problems, solutions and reform approaches are identified matters at least as much as what the solution is. This suggests that development institutions should focus on bringing a broad range of stakeholders together and facilitate a process of collective problem and solution identification. Other recent contributions to the literature (Andrews et al 2012) describe a “Problem-Driven Iterative Adaptation” (PDIA) approach as a means of putting this idea into practice. While both of these propositions have considerable intellectual and intuitive appeal, they are based on an inductive logic and neither is currently backed with a robust body of evidence. This paper contributes to this literature by documenting the experience of a civil service reform project - the World Bank-financed Sierra Leone Pay and Performance Project - the objective of which is to improve the performance of the civil service in Sierra Leone by targeting a narrowly defined set of critical reforms. The engagement process and project design draw on key elements of the guidance offered by the World Bank’s PSM Approach and PDIA The paper concludes that intensive, client-led engagement together with a use of a financing instrument that focuses on results provides a promising way forward on a difficult reform agenda.

China's Private Sector Management System and the Private Sector's Response: The Case of the Private Environmental Groups

China's Private Sector Management System and the Private Sector's Response: The Case of the Private Environmental Groups

Determinants of Universities’ Global Competitiveness: Higher Education Development Strategies in Ukraine

The author considers key factors of universities’ global competitiveness that internationally determine their advantages in terms of conducting scientific research, provision of educational services and accomplishing important social tasks. A strategic role of the state in developing competitive higher education shows itself in design and implementation of comprehensive national strategies of establishing world-class universities that would ensure prominent research results, in reformation of university sector management systems and in provision of an efficient competitive academic setting. In the article there is an analysis of statistic data from 50 countries of the world concerning expenses for higher education, higher school quality indicators and the presence of national universities in global university rankings. The analysis revealed a close positive interrelation between the level and dynamics of overall expenses for higher education per student, between national higher education relative quality and including universities of one or another country into the Shanghai ranking. The author reasons parameters of public and private expenses per student that are optimal in terms of formation of an efficient higher education model and provision of its global competitiveness. On the basis of evaluation of the current state and development trends for higher education in Ukraine basic barriers on the way of establishing national world-class universities are determined: shortage of higher education institutions’ financial resources and an inefficient university sector management model. The author systematizes political priorities, strategic goals and directions of Ukraine’s public policy in the field of scientific research and education, aimed at creating competitive universities.

Free form property rights for fisheries: The decentralized design of rights-based management through groundfish “sectors” in New England

Abstract Harvest cooperatives were implemented in several US fisheries over the last decade during a period when US law prohibited implementation of any new individual fishery quota (IFQ) systems. Harvest cooperatives provided an alternative to individual quotas as a means to end the race for fish and increase fishery profitability. The prohibition on new IFQ systems in the US was lifted, but harvest cooperatives remain a more feasible and perhaps a superior alternative to IFQs for some fisheries. The New England Fishery Management Council is on the verge of implementing a new management system for the groundfish fishery based on harvest cooperatives known as “sectors”. This paper describes the New England sector management system and discusses a number of advantages but also some drawbacks relative to IFQs. It argues that a hybrid of the two approaches could have advantages over either.

Disconnect Between Public Sector Management System and Decentralization Reforms: An Empirical Analysis of the Ethiopian Situation

Post-1991 Decentralization reform in Ethiopia reveals that regional governments have technically separate power to self administer their regions, formulate and implement their socio-economic policies and strategies, bear all financial expenditures, raise revenue from specified tax bases, get subsidies from the central government and borrow from internal sources. The implementation of the reform, however, shows sustained central government dominance on expenditure and revenue assignment, continued regional dependence on central subsidy, absence of borrowing, and sustained central government interference in the administrative affair of regions. By conducting detailed field research in three regional governments, this article exposes how public sector management system (public finance and human resource management system) determines decentralization outcomes. It contends that outcomes of decentralization reforms are shaped not only by political and economic factors, as suggested in the decentralization literature, but also by the de facto public sector management system.

New Public Management: Theoretical and Practical Aspects

For over two decades a wave of public sector management reforms has swept through developed, transitional and developing countries. The role and institutional character of the state and of the public sector have been under pressure to be more market-oriented and private sector-oriented, initially in developed countries and later in some developing countries. The article concentrates on New public management (NPM). The authors give a theoretical description and key components of New public management, human resources management influenced by NPM. As underlying and fundamental aim of the new public management reform program is to transform management of public organizations into a business-like management. NPM incorporates the importation of private sector management systems and techniques into the public services. Seeking for the effectiveness of public institution’s activity the importance of human resources becomes especially evident, because it is not only the most important resource of public organizations, but also the most sensitive field, therefore when managing it, it is necessary to invoke modern prime methods and refer to the new human resource management scientific research results. The main change trends of the HR system management in the public sector should be the following ones:  The expansion of the employee development possibilities. The quality of the state institutions depends on the knowledge and qualifications of employees and the ability to use them.  The stimulation of the workers independence and creativity. The greater freedom of activity should be given to the civil servants encouraging their unconventional behavior.  The stimulation of good results and competitiveness. The greater orientation of workers to the final goal but not to the rules and procedures. The competitiveness enables to render the services of a better quality.  The development and expansion of collaboration, communication and information exchange.  The participating management style. The paper is divided into three parts. The first part examines the conception of New public management. Human resources management in public sector is introduced in the second part. The research on the ability to adapt the main NPM principles at Lithuania’s municipalities is presented in the third part.

Environmental Management Systems: What is in it for Local Authorities?

In the last five to ten years local authorities world-wide have followed the trend in the private sector and implemented standardized environmental management systems (EMSs) in their organizations. This raises questions to the reasons for implementing an EMS and, not least, about the roles and contributions of an EMS in municipal environmental policy and management. Drawing on EMS research and experiences in several countries, this review paper aims at providing a critical overview of this new phenomenon and reflects upon the potentials and drawbacks of EMS as a tool for local authorities to use in environmental management. It is argued that an EMS would primarily be regarded as a technical management tool for analytical action that helps to plan, systematize and evaluate the environmental management tasks in an organization. From a critical-emancipatory perspective, it could also, however, be interpreted as a tool for communicative action that may enhance co-operation in the municipal organization. Used in an innovative way and being aware of the potential pitfalls, the EMS may provide information, structures and processes that could help municipal actors to (re)consider their ideologies and socio-cultural structures related to environmental management.

Effectiveness: the next frontier in New Zealand

Central agencies face a critical test on how to approach the resolution of issues and problems related to improving the New Zealand public sector management systems from the author’s perspective. A decade has passed since the legislative changes were approved that initiated major financial management reform, and much of the initial reform energy has faded. It is time to assess what has and has not been achieved, and to search for ways to continue to move forward. There is a sense of anticipation, as well as some apprehension, across the New Zealand public sector, particularly in light of the election of a new Government. As New Zealand moves into a new phase of reform, one of the key challenges is to take advantage of what has already been achieved. New Zealand has one of the world’s leading public sector management systems, and should take advantage of that foundation. The key issue focused on in this article is effectiveness. A critical part of raising effectiveness is enhancing information. Better information is needed on outcomes, and it should be packaged in more accessible and relevant ways. More disciplined evaluation of the effectiveness of what is done is necessary. Systems that encourage public servants to raise their horizons should be improved or put in place. Managers who understand what they are doing and why are critical to reform success. Purchase agreements—or output agreements—will play a pivotal role, but they need to be improved. A fresh approach to output specification to better accommodate the range of output relationships that exist is required. Central agencies can facilitate customization of output specifications by being clearer about the basic output framework, and more flexible about how that framework is applied. Outcome measures should be refined and used along with outputs where feasible. Better ways must be found for managing problems of inter-agency coordination. Technology offers a new set of tools, but IT facilitates rather than creates effective relationships. Other coordination mechanisms that help agencies to communicate and to make trade-offs must evolve. New Zealand can move into a new phase of building a “world’s best” public sector. The public sector has an appetite for action at the moment, and a willingness to debate the issues. How this potential will be used is, to a great extent, the critical issue faced by the new Government.

QWL: An alternative to traditional public ‐sector management systems

National Productivity ReviewVolume 3, Issue 1 p. 54-67 Article QWL: An alternative to traditional public -sector management systems Neal Q. Herrick, Neal Q. Herrick Neal Q. Herrick was a member of the Work In America Task Force. He is coauthor (with Harold Sheppard) of Where Have All the Robots Gone? (The Free Press, 1972) and editor of Improving Government: Experiments With QWL Systems (Praeger, 1983). He has spent the past eleven years consulting with unions and managements on the development and implementation of participative management systems.Search for more papers by this author Neal Q. Herrick, Neal Q. Herrick Neal Q. Herrick was a member of the Work In America Task Force. He is coauthor (with Harold Sheppard) of Where Have All the Robots Gone? (The Free Press, 1972) and editor of Improving Government: Experiments With QWL Systems (Praeger, 1983). He has spent the past eleven years consulting with unions and managements on the development and implementation of participative management systems.Search for more papers by this author First published: Winter 1983 https://doi.org/10.1002/npr.4040030107 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume3, Issue1Winter 1983Pages 54-67 RelatedInformation