Sector Income Research Articles

UPAYA PENINGKATAN PENDAPATAN RUMAH TANGGA MELALUI PENGEMBANGAN USAHA PADA KELOMPOK PETERNAK IKAN DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN SISTEM BIOFLOK DI DESA TAWANGBANTENG KEC. SUKARATU KAB. TASIKMALAYA

Household income is all income or receipts in the form of money or goods from all household members obtained, either in the form of wages/salaries, income from household businesses, other income, and income from gifts from other parties. In other words, household income is remuneration for labor production factors, remuneration for capital, as well as income derived from gifts from other parties. One of the sources of household income is livestock sector income. One way to increase household income is to develop a fish farmer group business using a biofloc system. In the village of Tawangbanteng, Sukaratu District, Tasikmalaya Regency, there is a group of fish farmers who need morel and material assistance, especially during this pandemic. The action taken is to provide knowledge about raising fish with a biofloc system as well as assistance that can provide solutions for farmers, namely the implementation of PbM-KP (Service for the Food Security Society). This service aims to increase the knowledge and understanding of fish farmer groups using the biofloc system. In addition, farmers are also given information about the system of selling or distributing livestock products, especially through online media. The method implemented in this PbM-KP activity is gradual guidance and the provision of material assistance that is considered necessary in developing the mushroom farmer group business.

Socio-economic Transformation through RKVY-RAFTAAR in Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka

Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana- Remunerative Approaches for Agriculture and Allied Sector Rejuvenation (RKVY-RAFTAAR) is aimed at augmenting agri and allied sector income. A study was conducted to analyse the socio-economic changes generated by Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana rechristened as Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana- Remunerative Approaches for Agriculture and Allied Sector Rejuvenation (RKVY-RAFTAAR) in the states of Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka in 2022. 160 beneficiary farmers and 80 non-beneficiary farmers from both the states were personally interviewed to elicit the socio-economic changes generated by the programme. The socio-economic transformation was higher for beneficiary farmers in terms of annual income, entrepreneurial opportunity, occupational status, crop diversification, material possession and access to the programme than non-beneficiary farmers of both the states. Comparative analysis of socio-economic transformation of beneficiary farmers of Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh revealed significant changes in the socio economic indicators except entrepreneurial opportunity, education and access to RKVY RAFTAAR. The changes brought about by the programme, before and after its launch revealed significantly higher socio-economic impact on beneficiary farmers.

Understanding Income Inequalities: Study of Inter and Intra Sectoral Income Inequalities in RMG and Leather goods Manufacturing Sectors

Understanding Income Inequalities: Study of Inter and Intra Sectoral Income Inequalities in RMG and Leather goods Manufacturing Sectors

Exploring the Variation of Human Development in SAARC Countries

Human development should be seen as an extensive, innovative, appreciative and community procedure, rather than the simple expansion of health, education and income. The countries in this globe should have strong ‘human development policies and strategies to attained the better outcome in the sector of income, health and education. In this condition all state should focused to build basic human capabilities and should be related to attained peace, security and community participation for resource mobilization and for social dynamics. These necessities can be seen in a range of occurrence in past and present in different location. It is clear that low is the variation about the outcome of HDI with reference to time in a decade better are the strategies for the human development. In SAARC countries some examination of human development and its components were reviewed and use summary statistics found improved in the value of human development index. Similarly the scale of variations in different statistics are found in decreasing order. The value of coefficient of variances were 15.64% in 2014, 14.33% in 2018 and 13.8% in 2020 respectively. Those figures shows increasing in consistency in mean HDI with decreasing pattern in variation in value of HDI and progress in human development. The variation in these three components which is depending on strategies of the respective country. The peace, freedom with societal partnership, might be seen as a social democratic mission. The summary statistics reflect the situation of the variation in the SAARC countries. The variation in HDI is in decreasing order from 2014 to 2020. Similarly five countries are found below the average HDI out of eight countries and found in progress. Among these eight countries Sri Lanka is in top position where as Afghanistan is in the lowest position. These statistics clearly explored the existing scenario of the human development status of SAARC region.

Cost of credit and interest rate caps in a covid-19 pandemic situation

For some years now, the government, mainly from the legislature, and a large part of the population have questioned the application of high interest rates to credits granted to lower-income sectors; considering measures such as the cap on interest rates to curb these high rates called usury and charged by financial institutions. The application of measures like this is not a new economic recipe, since many developed and developing countries - such as Peru - carried it out with mostly disastrous results and to the detriment of the sectors that were precisely intended. to attend. In this sense, the theory of the credit market is exposed, the same that in conditions of perfect competition determines the market interest rate. In other words, applying limits to these rates only lead to credit contraction, harming and excluding from the financial system the lower-income sectors, considered those with the highest credit risk. Finally, alternative measures are presented that can lead to the objective of providing the most vulnerable sectors with better interest rates and contributing to their growth. Finally, a good example of interest rate reduction is presented, particularly in a situation of financial and economic crisis with the measure applied by the government and the Central Reserve Bank of Peru -Reactiva Perú-, which allowed the lower income sectors income to enjoy low interest rates at levels never seen before.

ANALYSIS OF RELATIONSHIP INCOME OF RICE FARMERS (Oryza Sativa) IN AGRICULTURAL AND NON-AGRICULTURAL SECTORS IN VARIOUS LAND AREA IN SUB-DISTRICT AIKMEL KABUPATEN LOMBOK TIMUR

Rice commodity in Aikmel sub-district is one of the main commodities with an area of ​​9,392 Ha of lowland rice farming and geographically. Non-agricultural activities in rural areas began to develop in response to insufficient income from the agricultural sector. Many rural residents engage in non-agricultural activities when the agricultural sector is free. This is what causes a large number of residents to work from the non-agricultural sector, related to employment and income opportunities. Seeing this condition, it is felt that research needs to be done. This study aims to look at the income of paddy rice farming, non-farming and the relationship between lowland rice farming income and non-farming income on various land areas. The method in this study, namely descriptive, data collection by survey technique, determining the number of samples were 30 people was carried out by quota sampling and taking farmers in each village was carried out by proportional random sampling and determination of villages as samples was carried out by purposive sampling. The Results of the study explain: 1) the average total income of lowland rice farming farmers is Rp. 1.207.412/LLG or equivalent to Rp. 5.219.359/Ha. 2) In this study, farmers receive an average non-farming income of rice farmers of Rp. 8,000,000.- planting season 3). Relationship analysis relationship obtained correlation coefficient value of 0,3786 Because it has a positive result with a correlation coefficient value of 0,3786, the larger the land area, the greater the contribution of agricultural sector income to total non-agricultural income.

Kerentanan Sosial Ekonomi dan Resiliensi Keluarga Petani Miskin Selama Pandemi COVID-19: Kasus Dari Madura

The Covid-19 pandemic, in addition its health impacts, also has a serious impact to people's socioeconomic vulnerabilities. Socio-economic vulnerabilities due to the Covid-19 pandemic forced people to adapt, one of which was a poor peasant family in rural Madura. This article presents the results of research focusing on the socio-economic vulnerability of poor peasant family as well as various efforts in dealing with the Covid-19 pandemic. Using descriptive qualitative approach and data collection method through participation observation, interviews, airy records, and documentation, this study revealed that the socioeconomic vulnerability of poor peasant family in Ponteh Village resulted from social restrictions so that the household income sector decreased. Though they have to adaptation meet the cost of household consumption, health threats in the Covid-19 pandemic. Adaptation strategy carried out by poor peasant family in rural areas is, first, building group solidarity according to values and norms that are strong, for example, mutual help in the form of basic needs. Second, every poor peasant family makes use of very strong family ties. Parental assistance as a source of supporting living is now a basic source used to make ends meet during pandemics. Third, poor peasant family in rural areas minimize household in spending and utilizing-social networks for business development. The contribution of this article is to provide views, efforts, accompanied by resilience in keeping the public from the threat of future pandemics.

Do globalization progress and sectoral growth shifts affect income inequality? An exploratory analysis from India

AbstractThis paper examines the effects of globalization (i.e., economic, social, and political) and sectoral growth shifts (i.e., changes in relative shares of agriculture, industry, and services) on income inequality in India from 1976 to 2012. We have used two unique datasets: the Standardized World Income Inequality Database (SWIID) and the KOF Globalization Index – Revisited, and employed the Stock and Watson Dynamic Ordinary Least Square cointegrating regression model for empirical estimation. This study finds that economic globalization reduces income inequality, while social and political globalization increases income inequality in India. Additionally, socioeconomic factors, such as per capita income, fiscal spending, and agricultural dependency are pertinent factors that reduce income inequality. On the contrary, factors such as rapid urbanization, changes in society, international interference in public policy, and rapid services sector growth that have been triggered by the social and political globalization processes show a detrimental effect on income inequality, which merits special attention in future development policies and actions. Additionally, the growth in agricultural value added helps reduce income inequalities in India, which is a desirable trend and justified on the grounds of continued rural dependence on the sector for income and employment. This underscores the need to strengthen the agricultural sector through strategies including crop diversification, value‐added processing, and investments for expansion of rural infrastructure, so that growth in the primary sector is sustained despite the decline in its relative contribution to gross domestic product (GDP).

Analisis Kontribusi Retribusi Pariwisata Terhadap Pendapatan Asli Daerah Sebelum Dan Sesudah Pandemi Covid-19

The research carried out is a study of the level of retribution contributions from the tourism sector to Local Revenue before and after the Covid-19 pandemic. This research was conducted in the tourism sector in Magelang Regency. This study was carried out to know the level of contribution of the tourism sector retribution to local revenue before and after the Covid-19 pandemic in the Magelang Regency government. This research is descriptive quantitative research. The data used are secondary data obtained from BPPKAD Magelang Regency, BPS Magelang Regency, and DISPARPORA Magelang Regency. The results showed a decrease in the contribution of retribution for recreation and sports to Local Revenue receipts after the Covid-19 pandemic. The contribution of retribution for recreation and sports to Local Revenue in 2019 shows a figure of 1.38%, while in 2020 it shows a figure of 0.50%. This figure shows a decrease in the contribution of levies for recreation and sports after the Covid-19 pandemic. This happened because of social restrictions in the community which in the end resulted in a decrease in tourism sector income and the number of visitors to tourist objects in Magelang Regency.
 Keywords: Retribution For Recreation And Sports, Local Revenue, Covid-19

TOURISM VERSUS MINING: CONTESTED SPACE IN TANJUNG PUTAT BEACH AND LEPAR BEACH, BELINYU DISTRICT, BANGKA REGENCY

Tourism is one the sustainable income sectors that is predicted as a post-mining sector. Thus, the area of tourism activities, especially beaches are minimized to be damaged, including juxtaposing it with mining. The aim of the research is to ellaborate spatial contestation that occurred at Tanjung Putat Beach and Lepar Beach, Belinyu District, Bangka Regency. The theoretical basis used in this research is using the concept of spatial production from Henri Lefebvre which consists of 3 concepts related to the production of space, namely spatial practice, representational space, and spatial representation. The method of the research research is qualitative with a descriptive method. In collecting the data, in-depth interviews were used to the informants who were closely related to the research being studied. The spatial contestation has indeed occurred in Tanjung Putat Beach and Lepar Beach, Belinyu District, Bangka Regency. However, the impact of mining activities has an impact on tourism in the vicinity, this is reinforced by protests against these mining activities.

TOURISM VERSUS MINING: CONTESTED SPACE IN TANJUNG PUTAT BEACH AND LEPAR BEACH, BELINYU DISTRICT, BANGKA REGENCY

Tourism is one of the sustainable income sectors that is predicted as a post-mining sector. Thus, the area of tourism activities, especially beaches are minimized to be damaged, including juxtaposing it with mining. The research aims to elaborate on spatial contestation that occurred at Tanjung Putat Beach and Lepar Beach, Belinyu District, Bangka Regency. The theoretical basis used in this research is using the concept of spatial production from Henri Lefebvre which consists of 3 concepts related to the production of space, namely spatial practice, representational space, and spatial representation. The method of the research is qualitative with a descriptive method. In collecting the data, in-depth interviews were used with the informants who were closely related to the research being studied. The spatial contestation has indeed occurred in Tanjung Putat Beach and Lepar Beach, Belinyu District, Bangka Regency. However, the impact of mining activities has an impact on tourism in the vicinity, this is reinforced by protests against these mining activities.

Trade openness and horizontal agricultural income inequality in Korea: focusing on sectoral income differences

In this study, we investigate the impact of agricultural trade openness on horizontal agricultural income inequality in South Korea during the period 1993–2018 using the Kuznets curve hypothesis of the openness-income inequality nexus and autoregressive distributed lag model. We find an inverted-U relationship between agricultural openness and horizontal agricultural income inequality. Further, our results indicate that financial development reduces income inequality within the sub-sectors of agriculture in the country. From these results, the inverted-U relationship between agricultural openness and income inequality should be monitored, and the agricultural sector should be provided with financial support to sustain domestic agricultural production to buffer price volatilities attributed to world agricultural supply shocks.

Contribution of Forestry in Economy and Employment Generation in Nepal

The forestry sector provides a vast array of goods and services to mankind. Goods and services like timber, medicine, fodder, tourism carbon sequestration, and soil and water conservation were used by people from early ages. But its contribution hasn’t been accounted for properly. The study is aimed at collecting data on the contribution of the forestry sector to the national economy and employment generation in Nepal. Data on the economy and employment contribution were collected from reviewing the literature, Nepal government's annual reports. At present agriculture and forestry sector contributes about 27% to the national GDP. Among different forest products timber is regarded as major production to earn royalty inside the country that Nepal government earned a royalty of NRs 279.9 million from annual production of 10.2 million cubic feet timber in the fiscal year 2019/2020. But non-timber forest product is regarded as the main forest product which is exported from the country that Nepal exported medicinal plants of US$6.48 million in 2016. Over 150,000 people are employed in timber-based manufacturing industries. The government institutions have provided around 143,000 employment in the forestry-related sector. Having high potentiality of contributing to job formation and income generation still forestry sector has not been regarded as a major sector of national income. Its contribution has not been accurately calculated which has underestimated the economic value of the forest. Hence, there is a need for the formation of proper valuation techniques and practice of keeping good market records of the utilization of natural resources and employment generation.

The Impact of Of COVID-19 on the Sri Lankan Economy

The recently identified coronavirus causes COVID-19, an infectious disease. Before the eruption in Wuhan, China in December 2019, no one had heard of this new virus (WHO, 2020). All affected nations have taken steps to protect themselves and several countries have already specialized in obtaining the coronavirus vaccine but have been unable to control the problem due to lack of knowledge and management. Although more than six months have passed since the epidemic, Sri Lanka has made significant progress in curbing the spread of COVID-19; However, the threat persists after the third wave of COVID-19 attacks. This article focuses on identifying the impact of the country's major income sectors, especially tourism, apparel and textile industry, small and medium enterprises, agriculture and food, on the Sri Lankan economy. Tea export earnings fell to the US $ 270.1 million. Revenue from other sectors such as fruit and vegetable production and coconut production in March 2020 was significantly lower than in March 2019. Tourism earnings from January to June 2019 were 1,901. USD This was due to restrictions imposed on airport routes and the revocation of visas. Delays or cancellations of orders from local and international clients reduced sales by more than 80% in small and medium enterprises. The impact of Kovid-19 on all these major revenue-generating sectors in the country, however, led to a GDP growth of 3.6%, which could harm the overall economy of the epidemic and lead to appropriate recommendations. It is being implemented to achieve economic growth despite the epidemic in the country.

COVID-19 and Sri Lankan Economy

Among all pandemics which spread out through world wide and ongoing pandemic COVID-19 is most hilarious. This virus is discovered in 2019 Wuhan in China. Symptoms of COVID-19 is variable yet frequently incorporate fever, breathing challenges and loss of smell and taste . Side effects start one to fourteen days after openness to the infection. All the affected country have been looking for safety precaution while few countries are researching the specific vaccine against corona virus . Now the situation is out of hand due to lack of awareness and management even vaccination period also. Sri Lanka made several precautions to control the spread of COVID-1 . This research explores the economic impact of COVID-19 in Sri Lanka. The study is mainly based on unemployment, tourism, export, apparel and textile. These all key words emphasis how Sri Lanka faced and facing the COVID-19 impact on economy and how far it reached to manage the situation. The data are based on research done by scholars and prof ,news papers, WHO statements, annual reports by world bank and Asian reports and articles.No of tourism arrival in January 2019 was highest and decreased in February 2019. As the pandemic started in March arrival of tourist decreased all of a sudden by 71370 (SLTDA2020) due to restriction of air ways, cancellation of viruses and impose of curfew through island wide in Sri Lanka more over other countries also facing the same situation. Earning is reduced to 956 USD (Jan-June 2020) from 1901 USD (Jan-June 2019). And also agriculture is one of the major income sector got affected due to break down of supply chain disrupted. Because of this some products got lack in stock and swung the price low and high. Sri Lanka Export Development Board in 2020 said that revenue is reduced by USD 1250.9Mn from USD 1469.7Mn in 2019. And also approximately more than 10000 people lost their lobs related to apparel and textile industry. (Joint Apparel Textile). The supply of raw materials disrupted and factories in Sri Lanka unable to run as usual. Unemployment is the sector got affected directly and indirectly, many people job become as a question mark while some lost their jobs and some are facing lack of salary specially in private sector. These got affected their families and future too. Government made so many precautions and making so many decisions to overcome the pandemic and to mange the economy level of Sri Lanka.

Lockdown-2020 and Livelihood of Migrant Women Workers in Jharkhand

The entire globe faces a very precarious situation during pandemic Covid-19. During national lockdown in India, it was hazardous for the migrant labourers and more unsafe for women migrant workers. They came across many livelihood challenges like: employment, nutrition, government support, societal security, health facility, etc. which were repeatedly underlined in numerous mass medianews. Therefore, to know the actual problems encountered by the women migrant returnees, this particular study was undertaken in Jharkhand state where most of women workers go on migration for earning. For the purpose, 41 women migrant returnees were randomly selected as respondents from 18 villages covering five blocks of the state. By the use of a survey schedule, data was collected in the arena of socio-economic outline, place of migration, reason of migration, sector of engagement, income, difficulties confronted and support need from government for livelihood enhancement which are pronounced in this study.

Analisis Efisiensi Sektor Pariwisata di Jawa Tengah

Tourism sector as one of the sectors that relied on the government for the reception area of Central Java is required to be able to explore and manage potential owned tourism. This reseacrh was aimed to analyze the level of efficiency and productivity in the tourism sector in Central Java between 2017 and 2019 with a sample of 35 districts/cities. The analysis was carried out using the concept of efficiency based on production theory, the measurement of efficiency and productivity values was obtained using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) analysis methods. The assumptions used are variable return to scale (VRTS) and output oriented model. With a variable input of tourist objects, restaurants, travel agencies and hotels. The output variables in this study are tourists and tourism sector income. The final result of the reseacrh shows that there were 16 districts/cities (45.8%) in 2017, 18 districts/cities (51.4%) in 2019 that achieved full technical efficiency. The total factor productivity change indicates that 22 districts/cities (62.8%) are approaching the frontier in both the production frontier and the efficiency frontier and from the scale efficiency change indicates that there are 17 districts/citi.

Job Insecurity, Work-Related Flow, and Financial Anxiety in the Midst of COVID-19 Pandemic and Economic Downturn.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, every domain of industry has experienced a severe economic downturn with concomitant stress throughout the economy. Employees working in government and private sectors are experiencing different psychological problems. The current study was conducted to investigate the role of work-related flow in the relationship of job insecurity with financial anxiety in the employees working in private and government sectors of Saudi Arabia. The sample comprised 1,195 employees, 886 females, and 309 males. The participants' ages ranged from 25 to 60 years. The Financial Anxiety Scale, Work-Related Flow Inventory, and Qualitative Job Insecurity Measures were found valid and reliable. Structural equation modeling was applied to test the associations. As hypothesized, the results indicated that job insecurity was positively related to financial anxiety, work-related flow was negatively associated with financial anxiety, and work-related flow mediated the relationship between job insecurity and financial anxiety. All these associations were significant regardless of gender, age, marital status, sector of employment, income, self-rated health, and COVID-19 infection status. Further research is needed to understand the impact of job insecurity on financial anxiety in-depth through the paths of work-related flow, especially in the midst of COVID-19.

ANALISIS PENGEMBANGAN SEKTOR PARIWISATA KABUPATEN SUMBAWA

By utilizing exotic resources, making tourism places as known as the tourism sector in Sumbawa Regency that plays an important role in regional economic growth in Sumbawa Regency, not only playing a role in the economy but also the tourism sector as an additional source of income, both regional income and influential. on per capita income, this study aims to determine the strategy in seeking the development of the tourism sector of Sumbawa Regency, hotel tax, restaurant tax, entertainment tax, number of tourist visits, Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) and Tourism Sector Manpower as independent variables. how is the development of Sumbawa district in the tourism sector, where the tourism sector is in the form of tourism sector income (the contribution of the tourism sector) as the dependent variable with the 2015-2019 research period. The research analysis uses panel data analysis with the Fixed-Effects (FE) approach. The estimation results show that hotel taxes, the number of tourist visits, MSMEs, and workers receive H0, which has increased and has a positive and significant influence on Sumbawa Regency in the tourism sector.

Relating agriculture, energy, and water decisions to farm incomes and climate projections using two freeware programs, FEWCalc and DSSAT

CONTEXTThe larger scale perspective of Integrated Assessment (IA) and smaller scale perspective of Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability (IAV) need to be bridged to design long-term solutions to agricultural problems that threaten agricultural production, rural economic viability, and global food supplies. FEWCalc (Food-Energy-Water Calculator) is a new freeware, agent-based model with the novel ability to project farm incomes based on crop selection, irrigation practices, groundwater availability, renewable energy investment, and historical and projected environmental conditions. FEWCalc is used to analyze the interrelated food, energy, water, and climate systems of Finney County, Kansas to evaluate consequences of choices currently available to farmers and resource managers. OBJECTIVEThis article aims to evaluate local farmer choices of crops and renewable energy investment in the face of water resource limitations and global climate change. Metrics of the analysis include agricultural and renewable-energy production, farm income, and water availability and quality. The intended audience includes farmers, resource managers, and scientists focusing on food, energy, and water systems. METHODSData derived from publicly available sources are used to support user-specified FEWCalc input values. DSSAT (Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer) with added arid-region dynamics is used to obtain simulated crop production and irrigation water demand for FEWCalc. Here, FEWCalc is used to simulate agricultural and energy production and farm income based on continuation of recent ranges of crop prices, farm expenses, and crop insurance; continuation of recent renewable-energy economics and government incentives; one of four climate scenarios, including General Circulation Model projections for Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5; and groundwater-supported irrigation and its limitations. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONSA 50-year (2018-2067) climate and groundwater availability projection process indicates possible trends of future crop yield, water utility, and farm income. The simulation during more wet years produces high crop production and slower depletion of groundwater, as expected. However, surprisingly, the simulations suggest that only the Drier Future scenario is commercially profitable, and this is because of reduced expenses for dryland farming. Although simulated income losses due to low crop production are ameliorated by the energy sector income and crop insurance, the simulation under climate change still produces the worst annual total income. SIGNIFICANCEFEWCalc addresses scientific, communication, and educational gaps between global- and local-scale FEW research communities and local stakeholders, affected by food, energy, water systems and their interactions by relating near-term choices to near- and long-term consequences. This analysis is needed to craft a more advantageous future.