Sector In Urban Areas Research Articles

Mobilitas dan Survival Penjual Mie Ayam dan Bakso di Kawasan Pinggiran Kota Surakarta

This research examines the mobility and survival strategies of the informal sector in urban areas, particularly chicken noodle and meatball vendors, amidst the pandemic. The research method employed a survey with 158 respondents in the outskirts of Surakarta city. The results indicate that the high economic growth influences the consumption patterns of society and the growth of the informal sector, such as meatball and chicken noodle vendors. The Covid-19 pandemic imposes significant pressure on the informal sector, yet most vendors continue to operate with different strategies. The mobility of informal sector workers is not only from the surrounding areas of Surakarta but also from outside the province, driven by the attractiveness of the destination city, good accessibility, and adequate road conditions. Almost 27% of vendors stopped operating during the pandemic, but the majority persevered with adaptive strategies depending on their situation and creativity.

Tactical Urbanism: An Approach for Transportation Improvement

Tactical urbanism stands as a dynamic and responsive strategy, characterized by its swiftness, cost-effectiveness, and action-orientedness, aimed at instigating meaningful civic transformations within neighbourhoods, towns, and cities. This research paper delves into tactical urbanism as a transformative approach for enhancing the transportation sector in urban areas. The study covers the various concepts of tactical urbanism and looks into various tactics deployed in urban settings. Secondly, case examples are studied under four different criteria, where tactical urbanism interventions left a profound and enduring impact on urban transportation. The analysis of these cases gave insights into the challenges and key actions adopted for the implementation of tactical urbanism in the transportation sector. Finally, recommendations for the effective implementation of tactical urbanism techniques are put forward, to tackle problems and bring a long-term impact on the transportation sector. It emphasizes the role of tactical urbanism in shaping the future of urban transportation

The Burden of Treatment Among Delhi’s Homeless: An Analysis of Street Medicine Consultations

Background: The health challenges faced by the homeless are widely unaccounted for in the global south. In India, the lack of a primary healthcare sector in urban areas has led informal healthcare providers, such as Street Medicine, to step in. Methods: By compiling data collected by the Centre for Equity Studies’ Street Medicine teams from June 2016 to October 2018 (n =16,635), this study provides the first empirical assessment of the homeless disease burden in a global south country, while limited to only the people experiencing homelessness that the teams treat, hence being a burden of treatment. Our analysis quantifies this burden among those who seek care from Street Medicine teams and identifies variations in this burden’s distribution across demography and time. Results: The majority (n = 13,557; 81.5%) of Street Medicine cases can be attributed to 19 diagnoses or symptoms, which are mostly therapeutically-simple conditions. The distribution of disease seems to be affected by different configurations of three characteristics: demographics (age and sex), urban geography (where homeless reside), and season. Conclusion: The Street Medicine teams must reflect on the balance they wish to achieve by addressing the relatively common and mild conditions documented in the dataset, and more severe and established diseases within homeless communities. Rapid diagnostic tests for resource-constrained settings could be integrated into Street Medicine practice in order to strengthen the data on which resource allocation decisions are made and improve assessments of homeless disease burden.

Informal Worker Access to Formal Social Protection in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from Kenya and Tanzania

Based on a combination of detailed survey data and in-depth interviews with informal workers in the construction, micro-trade, and transport sectors in urban areas of Kenya and Tanzania, this article explores the extent to which informal worker associations facilitate member access to formal social insurance schemes. The article provides unique insight into what characterises informal workers, and the circumstances under which associations may ensure social protection for their members. The analysis shows that members of informal worker associations are significantly more likely to participate in formal insurance schemes compared with non-members, albeit with some variation across location, sector, and worker types. These divergences relate partly to sector-specific and institutional constellations, as well as the ways in which informal worker associations function. Moreover, the article shows that informal worker associations often play a dual role by providing both direct short-term social cushioning and enabling enrolment in formal social insurance schemes. Their part in ensuring the achievement of universal social protection must therefore not be underestimated.

Analysis of Inequalities and Inequities in Maternal Mortality in Chocó, Colombia.

We used a mixed design study to analyze the inequalities and inequities in Maternal Mortality (MM) for Chocó (Colombia) between 2010-2018. The quantitative component consisted of an analytical ecological design, where proportions, ratios, measures of central tendency and rates ratios, rate difference, Gini and concentration indices were calculated to measure inequalities. The qualitative component had a phenomenological and interpretive approach. One hundred thirty-one women died in Choco between 2010-2018. The Maternal Mortality Ratio was 224/100.000 live births. The Gini coefficient was 0.35, indicating inequality in the distribution of the number of MM with respect to live births. The health service offers have been concentrated in the private sector in urban areas (77%). The exercise of midwifery has played an important role in maternal and perinatal care processes, especially in territories where the State has been absent. Nevertheless, it occurs in complex circumstances such as the armed conflict, lack of transportation routes, and income deficits, affecting the timelines and care quality for these vulnerable groups. MM in Chocó has been a consequence of deficiencies in the health system and weaknesses in its infrastructure (absence of a high level of maternal-perinatal care). This is in addition to the territory's geographical characteristics, which increase vulnerability and health risks for women and their newborns. In Colombia, as well as in other countries, many maternal and newborn deaths are preventable because their causes are due to social injustices.

Income poverty and sectoral income differentials in Chilean agricultural (1935–1968)

The main aim of this study is to analyse sectoral income differentials and income poverty in Chilean agricultural between 1935 and 1968. The food share method of the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) is used as a methodological approach. The conclusions are as follows: (1) contrary to what the existing literature suggests, the Chilean agricultural sector was not entirely an agrarian subsistence economy; (2) the cost of agricultural labour began to increase in the mid-1930s, but less than in the industrial and manufacturing sectors in urban areas; (3) maintaining tenants above the poverty line in rural areas from 1935 to 1955 was as expensive as paying the average wage of blue-collar workers; and (4) if days worked per year and household size are considered, agricultural wages rose but remained below the poverty line for rural areas.

Implementation Model of Regional Spatial Planning Policy in Realizing Sustainable City Development in Banjar City

The main problems in this study are directed at the model of the implementation of the Regional Spatial Planning policy in practice has not run effectively in realizing sustainable urban development in Banjar City. The research method used by researchers is descriptive analysis, while the type of approach used in this study is qualitative. Descriptive analysis method aims to describe complex social reality by applying concepts that have been developed in social science / public administration. Whereas the qualitative approach was chosen with the consideration that this approach is expected to obtain true data and be able to examine research problems in depth so that the expected results can be obtained. The results of the study can be stated that there are factors that lead to the implementation of the Regional Spatial Plan (RTRW) policy in realizing sustainable city development in Banjar City can run effectively, namely Policy standards and objectives, Resources and incentives, The quality of inter-organizational relationship , The characteristics of implementation agencies, the economic, social and political environment and the 'dispositon' or response of the implementers. However, based on the results of the research, these factors have not been entirely effective. The factors that have not been implemented effectively are the Policy standards and objectives and the "dispositon" or response of the implementers. Therefore there are still problems faced with regard to the Regional Spatial Planning (RTRW) policy, so that it has not been able to provide the best way to regulate, make the best use of spatial planning in the region by considering the level of needs, especially the development sector in urban areas. Disamaping also the results of the study suggest that there is a model in implementing the Regional Spatial Plan policy in realizing sustainable city development in Banjar City, namely synthesis / hybrid models by elaborating the interests of the Central Government, Provincial and Community Participation. This means that the RTRW policy both in planning and in its implementation elaborates by involving the Central Government, West Java Province and the participation of the Banjar City community. Although the policy is decentralized, the central and provincial governments still have a stake in controlling and overseeing the policies of the regional layout plan in realizing sustainable urban development in Banjar City.

Assessment of the greenhouse gas, Episodic air quality and public health benefits of fuel cell electrification of a major port complex

Communities located adjacent to goods movement hubs (such as major ports) experience degraded air quality (AQ) because of emissions from on-road and off-road diesel equipment, including heavy-duty diesel trucks (HDDT), cargo, and materials handling equipment (CHE), ships, and rail technologies. In response, California is pursuing transitions to efficient and cleaner freight systems by introducing zero-emission technologies as the alternative to conventional technologies. Equipment and vehicles powered by hydrogen fuel cells represent a potential zero-emissions pathway for freight technologies at ports, including HDDT, CHE, ships, and rail applications, referred to collectively as fuel cell electric technologies (FCET). This work is the first to assess the AQ and human health impacts of deploying FCET to provide goods movement services at ports. Specific focus is given to southern California due to existing AQ challenges and the presence of significant activity from the San Pedro Bay Port Complex, which includes the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach. Sets of future vehicle and equipment cases are developed spanning a range of FCET penetrations and assessed to quantify how FCET provides improvements in primary and secondary pollutant concentrations and the value of corresponding public health benefits. If fuel cells are used in all technologies considered, the results show significant improvements in maximum 8-h ozone (−2.69 ppb to −5.09 ppb) and maximum 24-h PM2.5 (−0.59 μg/m3 to −2.57 μg/m3) can be achieved with FCET deployment, and the valuation of health benefits is estimated to range from $3.21 to $7.11 million per day depending on the level of penetration reached in each technology category. Reducing emissions from ships and HDDT is found to attain the highest health savings. Heightening the importance of these benefits, socioeconomically disadvantaged communities are found to experience larger health savings from FCET deployment in contrast to the population as a whole. As a co-benefit, FCET deployment is shown to result in greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions which will further increase with the sourcing of hydrogen from renewable sources. These findings demonstrate the importance of addressing environmental quality associated with the goods movement sector in urban areas and validate support of zero-emission projects through incentives and other policy mechanisms. Furthermore, policies designed to support zero-emission strategies within HDDT and ships powered by renewable fuels represent a promising pathway for air quality and GHG co-benefits.

Issues of Internal Migration in India: An Overview

Migration arises due to socio-economic, political reasons. It is the movement of individuals for better opportunities and growth in terms of economic strength, access to medical facilities, education, or political stability. Migrant workers are widespread across the country and often engage themselves in the informal sector due to their weak education background and economic backwardness. These informal sector workers are engaged in works of low-paying or perilous jobs in crucial sectors in urban areas like the manufacturing industries, construction, hotel industry, textiles, transportation, domestic workers, etc. According to the Economic Survey of India,2017, India's inter-state migration during 2011-16 was about 9 million annually and as per the Census2011 report, the internal migrants(including intra and interstate migrants) was around 139 million. This paper is an attempt to present an overview about migration, issues of Internal migration, IMPEX as a tool to understand the inter-state migrant policies and the way ahead for migrant workers to augment in reaching the Sustainable Development Goals designed by the United Nations.

Analisis Keberhasilan Implementasi Program Pertanian Perkotaan di Kelurahan Lakarsantri Kota Surabaya

The city of Surabaya has a complex problem, namely the poverty rate and the narrowing of productive land, so to deal with it, the City of Surabaya implements an Urban Farming policy program. This research aims to analyze the factors that influence the successful implementation of the urban farming program in Lakarsantri Village by using theory from George C. Edward III. Some of the factors examined were factors of communication, resources, disposition, and bureaucratic structure. This study used a descriptive qualitative research method. Data collection was carried out by interviewing, documenting, and observing. The data analysis process used interactive analysis, namely data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results showed that the success of the urban farming program in Lakarsantri was due to communication factors that went well, clearly, and consistently; qualified resources such as farmer groups, land procurement, seedlings, training budgets and agricultural equipment, open disposition of executor and successful build trust among all parties, as well as directed bureaucratic structures.In general, turban farming programs apart from expanding productive land in the Surabaya area also help the economy of some communities and increase beneficial productive activities. good for the community, government, and also the environment. This condition is expected to serve as an example for other areas that have similar obstacles in running an agricultural sector in urban areas.

Peer-to-peer trading optimizations on net-zero energy communities with energy storage of hydrogen and battery vehicles

This study develops peer-to-peer energy trading management and optimization approaches of renewable energy systems integrated with energy storage of hydrogen and battery vehicles for power supply to a diversified net-zero energy community. Typical net-zero energy community models are developed and compared with different storage vehicle types (hydrogen vehicle/battery vehicle) and energy trading modes (peer-to-grid/peer-to-peer). Multi-objective peer-to-peer trading optimizations of the net-zero energy community with both hydrogen and battery vehicles are developed to explore the optimal interactive impact of vehicle numbers and management strategies. An improved peer-to-peer trading management strategy is further proposed considering the peer trading priority and complementary operations of hybrid vehicle storage. The study results indicate that the hydrogen vehicle-integrated system achieves superior supply performances, while the battery vehicle-integrated system performs better on the grid integration, economic and environmental aspects. The time-of-use peer trading strategy should be adopted when the battery vehicle number in office buildings is relatively small, and the strategy without time-of-use management is preferred when the vehicle numbers in diversified building groups are relatively large for a techno-economic-environmental optimization. Obvious improvements can be achieved by the improved peer trading strategy, with reductions on the net grid import by 18.54%, carbon emissions by 1594.13 tons, net electricity bill by 8.31% and lifetime net present value by US$ 458.69 k. This comprehensive feasibility study on the diversified net-zero energy community provides significant references for stakeholders to install and manage renewable energy and green vehicle storage systems towards carbon neutrality in integrated building and transport sectors in urban areas.

Multisector Risk Identification to Assess Resilience to Flooding

Climate trends suggest an increase in the frequency of intense rainfall events and the aggravation of existing conditions in terms of flooding in urban areas. In coastal areas, conditions are aggravated by coexistence with coastal overtopping. Flood risk control is complex, and the interdependencies among the services and sectors in urban areas imply the need for adoption of approaches that embrace the interplay between service providers to ensure critical urban functions. Flooding incorporates several hazards. Assessment of resilience to multiple hazards in complex environments benefits from integrated and multi-sectoral approaches. A common constraint resides in the limited data and tools available for undertaking these complex assessments. This paper proposes a risk-based methodology to assess urban areas’ resilience to flooding by addressing sectors’ interdependencies in a context of limited data and ready-to-use tools. Multisector flood risk identification is pursued with the support of a geographic information system and is applied to Lisbon with a focus on the cascading effects of drainage system failures on buildings, populations, mobility, waste management, and electricity supply. The results demonstrate the potential for combining data and knowledge from different sources with dual modelling approaches, thus allowing one to obtain trends of exposure and vulnerability to flooding for current and climate change scenarios. This methodology facilitates dialogue among stakeholders and decision levels by contributing to capacity building, and it contributes to sustainable development.

Socio-Legal Conditions of Tribal Labourers Working in the Unorganised Sector of Urban Area: A Study in Odisha

Socio-Legal Conditions of Tribal Labourers Working in the Unorganised Sector of Urban Area: A Study in Odisha

Socio-Legal Conditions of Tribal Labourers Working in the Unorganised Sector of Urban Area: A Study in Odisha

Socio-Legal Conditions of Tribal Labourers Working in the Unorganised Sector of Urban Area: A Study in Odisha

Вплив фінансових ринків, що розвиваються, на маркетингові програми: міжнародний аспект

The article is aimed at studying the impact of emerging financial markets on marketing programs in the international dimension only. Indicators influencing the economic component of emerging markets are analyzed, namely: the development of services sectors in urban areas of the countries considered (India and China); a gap in employment and income between organized and unorganized sectors in urban areas; the presence of urban slums. The study has resulted in systematizing the main indicators of infrastructure and comparative capacity in India and China, while emphasizing differences in the national cultures of the two countries. It is highlighted that the sustainability of differences in cultural value is especially relevant for large multinational companies, which are influenced by different national cultures in their daily routines. Factors influencing income inequality within the population are substantiated, and the importance of infrastructure in the state of growth is emphasized. It is noted that large differences in consumer incomes indicate the existence of several segments with very different levels of purchasing power; in turn, segments with different incomes allow some companies to create innovative opportunities. The areas of implementing marketing programs in the situation of emerging financial markets are outlined. It is noted that because all regions differ in requirements, tastes, habits, media, and preferences, price awareness is up to changes, and this can cause the development of marketing programs inside and outside the country. Research perspectives in this area, as we see them, can lie in designing an innovative marketing program, targeted at the Ukrainian consumer market and capable of forming a stable competitive advantage in the face of international competition.

Smart and sustainable cities in the Mediterranean region : The contribution of short supply chains of food

The cities around the world in general, and in the Mediterranean area in particular, are facing tremendous challenges at the environmental, social, economic, and institutional levels, due to the urbanization trend, environmental climatic changes and challenges due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, cities need to be sustainable and smart in the future. An economically important and innovative sector in urban areas is food security. Nowadays, most of the literature explores the concept of smart cities from the point of view of information and communications technology, indeed, the connection with the sustainability aspects of the food supply chain and the ways to operationalize that, remains unsolved. This paper tries to overcome this gap in the literature. The main aim is to analyze the contribution of the short supply chain of food in terms of sustainability in smart cities, regarding current urban trends in cities in general and in Mediterranean areas in particular. The methodology was based on a literature review and includes quantitative and qualitative analysis. The results confirm the existence of positive impacts in the short supply chains of food in urban areas in terms of sustainability. Despite the existence of a considerable number of papers about smart cities and ICT-related topics, the benefits from society of short supply chains of food, and the linkage among the topics and subjects, remain unreferred to or with a limited knowledge exchange.

The long-run effects of energy use, urbanization and financial development on carbon dioxide emissions

PurposeThis study aims to fill the gap in existing studies that have analyzed the drivers of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The author investigate the long-run effects of energy types, urbanization, financial development and, the interaction between urbanization and financial development on CO2 emissions.Design/methodology/approachStochastic impacts by regression on population, affluence and technology model served as the framework for empirical modeling. Using annual time-series data for Tunisia, autoregressive distributed lag bounds test was used to examine the cointegration of the variables. Also, the fully modified ordinary least squares was used to estimate the emission effect of the explanatory variables. Further investigations were done using the principal component analysis and variance decomposition analysis.FindingsIncome, urbanization, trade and financial development exert upward pressure on CO2 emissions. However, the interaction between urbanization and financial development reduces the emission of CO2. Furthermore, primary energy use, energy intensity, electricity consumption and fossil fuel consumption have positive effects on carbon emission, while combustible renewables and waste, and electricity production from natural gas have negative effects on carbon emission.Practical implicationsThe policy implication/recommendation indicates that the financial sector’s authorities can combat carbon emission by properly regulating the development and activities of the financial sector in urban areas in Tunisia. The promotion of the development and usage of cleaner energy is recommended to help reduce carbon emission. Policymakers need to promote environmentally friendly economic growth and development agenda.Originality/valueThe contribution of this study to the environmental degradation literature is that it offers evidence from Tunisia, which has not received much empirical attention. It also examines the effect of various forms of energy usage on carbon emission. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first study to examine the interaction effect between urbanization and financial development on carbon emission. Also, if not the first, this study is among the earliest to use the principal component analysis as a part of the prediction of the carbon emission effect of energy variables.

Urban Air Pollutant from Motor Vehicle Emissions in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

The increasing amount of motor vehicles that emit pollutants are contributing significantly to urban air pollution, be it in industrial or developing countries. This study investigates the emission of particulate matter (PM10) from exhaust and non-exhaust sources and gaseous pollutants, such as carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) from several different classes of motor vehicles in the tropical city of Kuala Lumpur. Air pollutants from fuel consumption were obtained from emission factors, while non-exhaust particulate matter was estimated from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) Compilation of Air Pollutant Emissions Factors (AP-42). The total PM10 emissions from all classes of motor vehicles estimated from the tail-pipe exhaust was 1,029,883 kg, while non-exhaust sources were 1,573,539 kg. Emissions of PM10 from newly registered private cars was the most dominant at 214,427 kg, followed by emissions from motorcycles at 118,582 kg in 2014. Private cars also contributed 14,605 kg of CO and 5,726 kg of NOx in 2014, compared with 9,830 kg of CO and 3,854 kg of NOx in 2010. Comparison with other Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries shows that the total emissions for PM10 and NOx were lower in Malaysia than in most countries, but the CO emissions here were higher than in Asian countries such as Japan and Korea, as well as in other European countries. Various strategies and policies should be implemented by the local authorities and government agencies to reduce emissions from the transportation sector in urban areas to improve the quality of the urban environment, human health, and the urban community.

Interconnection of the electricity and heating sectors to support the energy transition in cities

The electricity, heating, and transport sectors in urban areas all have to contribute to meeting stringent climate targets. Cities will face a transition from fossil fuels to renewable sources, with electricity acting as a cross-sectorial energy carrier. Consequently, the electricity demand of cities is expected to rise, in a situation that will be exacerbated by ongoing urbanisation and city growth. As the supply of electricity to cities is limited by transmission capacity from the national grid, city planning requires a detailed understanding of the options available for: decentralised electricity generation; synergies between the heating and electricity sectors; and flexibility through energy storage technologies. This work proposes an optimisation model that interconnects the electricity, heat, and transport sectors in cities. We analyse the investments in and operation of an urban energy system, using the City of Gothenburg as an example. We find that the availability of electricity from local solar PV together with thermal storage technologies increase the value of using power-to-heat technologies, such as heat pumps. High biomass prices together with strict climate targets enhance the importance of electricity in the district heating sector. At low biomass prices, CHP units fired by biomass are utilized over the whole model year. The model will be developed further in future studies, to include details on electric vehicle charging and other energy carriers.

Finance, law and poverty: Evidence from India

Using state-level data from India over the period 1983–2005, this paper shows a strong negative relationship between financial depth (as measured by credit volume) and rural poverty. Instrumental variable regressions suggest that this relationship is robust to endogeneity biases. Furthermore, financial deepening has a bigger impact on rural poverty alleviation than outreach (as measured by branch penetration). We find suggestive evidence that financial deepening reduced poverty rates especially among self-employed in the rural areas and also supported an inter-state migration trend from rural areas into the tertiary sector in urban areas, consistent with financial deepening being driven by credit to the tertiary sector. Our findings suggest that financial deepening contributed to poverty alleviation in rural areas by fostering entrepreneurship and inducing geographic-sectoral migration.