Urban Air Pollutant from Motor Vehicle Emissions in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Siti Haslina Mohd Shafie,Mastura Mahmud

doi:10.4209/aaqr.2020.02.0074

Abstract

The increasing amount of motor vehicles that emit pollutants are contributing significantly to urban air pollution, be it in industrial or developing countries. This study investigates the emission of particulate matter (PM10) from exhaust and non-exhaust sources and gaseous pollutants, such as carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) from several different classes of motor vehicles in the tropical city of Kuala Lumpur. Air pollutants from fuel consumption were obtained from emission factors, while non-exhaust particulate matter was estimated from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) Compilation of Air Pollutant Emissions Factors (AP-42). The total PM10 emissions from all classes of motor vehicles estimated from the tail-pipe exhaust was 1,029,883 kg, while non-exhaust sources were 1,573,539 kg. Emissions of PM10 from newly registered private cars was the most dominant at 214,427 kg, followed by emissions from motorcycles at 118,582 kg in 2014. Private cars also contributed 14,605 kg of CO and 5,726 kg of NOx in 2014, compared with 9,830 kg of CO and 3,854 kg of NOx in 2010. Comparison with other Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries shows that the total emissions for PM10 and NOx were lower in Malaysia than in most countries, but the CO emissions here were higher than in Asian countries such as Japan and Korea, as well as in other European countries. Various strategies and policies should be implemented by the local authorities and government agencies to reduce emissions from the transportation sector in urban areas to improve the quality of the urban environment, human health, and the urban community.

Highlights

IntroductionHigh levels of economic growth, rapid urbanization, increasing disposable income, a variety of social and recreational activities, increasing private vehicles, and the distribution of dissimilar materials and resources have directly increased the demand for the transport sector and leading to a deteriorating urban air quality (Saboori et al, 2014; Shahbaz et al, 2015)
The transportation sector is a major source of traffic pollution in the city center
Notwithstanding, this study does not focus on the older motor vehicles, where age is identified as a major contributor to pollution emissions (Caserini et al, 2013), rather, this study examines the fuel consumption in the process of vehicle movement

Summary

Introduction

High levels of economic growth, rapid urbanization, increasing disposable income, a variety of social and recreational activities, increasing private vehicles, and the distribution of dissimilar materials and resources have directly increased the demand for the transport sector and leading to a deteriorating urban air quality (Saboori et al, 2014; Shahbaz et al, 2015). These increasing emissions from the transportation sector are contributing factors to domestic air pollution, global climate change, human health problems, and ground-level ozone formation at both regional and national scales (Saija and Romano, 2002; Azam et al, 2016). A relationship between traffic pollution and other diseases such as cognition, mental health and dementia, and air pollution has been identified (Luyten et al, 2018; Shehab and Pope, 2019; Hu et al, 2020)

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