Uganda's Sector Research Articles

English

Given the increasing private and public cost of university education, households and nations are getting more interested in that type of education which has high potential for employment. This study explores how the expansion of the university sector in Uganda is related to graduates’ employability.  The study was guided by three objectives, namely: To find out whether expansion of the university sector in Uganda is related to available options of employment for graduates; To establish whether the expansion of   the university sector in Uganda is related to adequacy of skills which graduates need in the world of work; To examine whether the expansion of the university sector in Uganda is related to the duration which graduates take before getting employed after graduation. Mainly relying on the constructivist research paradigm, the study used a cross sectional and correlational research design. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches were used in data collection and data analysis. Using a questionnaire and interviews, data were collected from 244 university lecturers, 9 Deans of Faculty, 18 Heads of Department, and 9 Human Resource Managers who represented employers. The study found out that expansion of the university sector in Uganda has a relationship with options for employment of graduates in the world of work. The expansion of the university sector in Uganda is associated with adequacy of skills for employment which are acquired by university graduates. These findings also show that expansion of the university sector in Uganda is related to the duration which graduates take to get employment after graduation.   Key words: Expansion, university sector, graduates’ employability, labour markets.

Access to oxytocin and misoprostol for management of postpartum haemorrhage in Kenya, Uganda and Zambia: a cross-sectional assessment of availability, prices and affordability

ObjectiveTo assess access (availability and affordability) to oxytocin and misoprostol at health facilities in Kenya, Uganda and Zambia to improve prevention and management of postpartum haemorrhage (PPH).DesignThe assessment was undertaken...

Rapid Transformation of the Higher Education Sector and Graduate Productivity in the Ugandan labor Market

This study investigated the relationship between the rapid and continuous growth of the Higher Education Sector and graduate productivity in the Ugandan Labor Market. The study was guided by three objectives, namely; to find out how rapid transformation of the HE sector is related to graduates’ confidence at their places of work; to establish how rapid transformation of the HE sector is related to graduates’ timely accomplishment of tasks and to examine how rapid transformation of the HE sector in Uganda is related to graduates ability to work in a team. The study employed a correlational cross-sectional survey design; both quantitative and qualitative approaches were adopted for data collection and analysis from the targeted sample of 90 university lecturers, 6 deans of faculties and schools, 12 heads of departments as well as 3 HR managers. Results revealed a positive significant correlation between rapid transformation of the HE sector and graduates productivity. The study also established that universities are greatly lacking in the quality of training resources. The study concludes that improving the quality of university facilities will improve teaching and learning efficiency which in turn will enhance the quality of university graduates.

Policy and institutional enablers of public–private partnerships in the electricity sector in Uganda: a multi-level and path dependence perspective

PurposeThis paper explains the evident disproportionality in the levels of adoption of the modality of public–private partnerships (PPPs) in Uganda by tracing the peculiar preconditions and enablers of the model's relative high adoption in the electricity sector.Design/methodology/approachKey conceptual suggestions from historical institutionalism (HI), critical juncture and path dependence are used to orient the data collection and analysis. The direct experiences and perceptions of key informants involved in policy, regulation and operations in the electricity sector are thematically analyzed.FindingsThe primacy of specific policy, institutional decisions and actions sequentially undertaken at the international, national and sectorial levels in shaping the conceivability and possibility of PPP modality is foregrounded. In particular, international advisory for the changed role of the state and the government's subsequent decision to enact and reenact specific institutional frameworks at the national and sectorial levels created important disruptions to the status quo and paved a new and relatively stable institutional path conducive for private sector participation.Research limitations/implicationsTheoretically, the paper demonstrates the ability and power of HI to support the exploration and framing of multilevel and path-dependent explanations of institutional development and policy adoption. Practically, suggestions in terms of policy, legal and regulatory enablers for the adoption of PPP are made to shape practitioners' decision-makingPractical implicationsPractically, suggestions in terms of policy, legal and regulatory enablers for the adoption of PPP are made to shape practitioners' decision-making.Originality/valueThe importance of considering factor combinations and sequences in explaining the emergence, adoption and proliferation of public policy instruments and phenomena is underscored. In addition, the discourse on PPPs is moved beyond rationalization on how to even out their adoption (and subsequently the associated benefits) across sectors.

Ethical Behaviour and Compliance with Donor Reporting Requirements by Non-Governmental Organisations in Uganda: A Proposition

This study seeks to respond to the question of dwindling donor generosity in the face of the UN sponsored sustainable development goals and Uganda’s Vision 2040. Recently, most donors who support poverty alleviating efforts through the medium of Non-Governmental Organisations, have been scaling down on some of their commitments. This seems to persist even as the need for humanitarian and development aid is increasing due to neighborhood immigrations and the resulting resource competitions. Ideally, donor step back should be undesirable at this time, and any cause for the same should be established and checked. Scholars suggest managerial incentives could be at play. This study is set out to examine the relationship that exists between ethical behaviour and NGO compliance with donor reporting requirements in Uganda. The study objectives will identify the various donor reporting requirements and investigate some ethical behaviour that impede NGOs’ compliance with the donors’ reporting requirements. To address the question of why donor fatigue at such a time of need, the researchers propose to engage with donor agencies, national NGO regulators and NGO senior management teams, for their input into the response. The stakeholder views obtained will be available for integration into the national regulatory framework to rejuvenate donor trust and socio-economic participation of the NGO sector in Uganda. Keywords: ethical behaviour, compliance, donor reporting requirements, NGOs, Uganda DOI: 10.7176/RJFA/11-22-07 Publication date: November 30 th 2020

Selected Endemic Zoonoses in Pigs Presenting for Slaughter in Kampala, Uganda.

.Leptospirosis, brucellosis, and Q fever (coxiellosis) are bacterial zoonoses that cause acute febrile illness in people as well as reproductive losses in pigs. Pig keeping is an increasingly important livelihood to millions of smallholder farmers in Uganda because of exponential increases in demand for pork. The prevalence of leptospirosis and Q fever in pigs is unknown, and the few studies of porcine brucellosis have estimated a range of seroprevalence. Therefore, we undertook a prevalence survey of leptospirosis, brucellosis, and Q fever in pigs using quantitative real-time PCR to determine the potential importance of these zoonoses to the growing pig sector in Uganda. Six hundred forty-nine pigs were sampled in 2015–2016 at an urban pork slaughterhouse. Ten percent of pigs (n = 68) had leptospiral DNA in either their kidney or reproductive tissue. In adjusted analyses, variables predictive of leptospiral status included female sex (odds ratio [OR]: 2.37, P < 0.01) and pigs sampled in March 2016 (OR: 2.23, P = 0.02) and October 2016 (OR: 0.30, P = 0.04). DNA fingerprinting revealed circulation of at least four distinct serovars in these pigs. Brucella spp. and Coxiella burnetii DNA were not detected in any sampled pig. This is the first report of widespread circulation of pathogenic Leptospira spp. in pigs in Uganda, suggesting that leptospirosis likely has a greater impact on the health of pigs than was previously recognized. Pig farmers, pig traders, and slaughterhouse workers may be at greatest occupational risk because of their direct contact with infective leptospires in aborted fetuses, bodily fluids, and other tissues.

High Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistant Escherichia coli Serotype O157: H7 among Pastoral Communities in Rural Uganda

Background: Non-prescribed use of antimicrobials in Agriculture incurs a transfer risk of resistant pathogens to humans, complicating treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the potential of Zoonotic E. coli to serve as drivers of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among animals and humans in pastoralist communities in Kasese district, so as to protect the community.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: A laboratory based cross-sectional study was done using archived E. coli isolates previously obtained from humans in pastoralist communities of Kasese district, Uganda. Recovery of the isolates was done by conventional culture, and Identification by biochemical methods, serotyping and PCR. Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method was adopted for AMR profiling. Isolates were screened for resistance mechanisms including Extended Spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), Carbapenemases and AmpC production using disc diffusion based methods.&#x0D; Results: The prevalence of Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) was 16% (28/180). These EHEC isolates belonged to phylogroups; B1 (94%, 26/28), B2 (3%, 1/28) and A (3%, 1/28). All the 28 EHEC isolates possessed the virulence gene stx1, 26 of the 28 EHEC isolates contained the virulence gene stx2e, but none of the 28 possessed the virulence gene stx2. Highest resistance was seen to Cotrimoxazole (89%, 25/28), Tetracycline (71%, 20/28), Ampicillin (65%, 18/28) and Nitrofurantoin (28%, 8/28), these are the most commonly used antimicrobials in the agricultural sector in Uganda. Minimal resistance was observed to the antimicrobials that are commonly used in human medicine especially β-lactams, β-lactam+inhibitors and Carbapenems. Of the 28 zoonotic E. coli isolates, 17%, (5/28) were ESBL positive and among these 1 (3%, 1/28) was a Carbapenemase producer.&#x0D; Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of highly pathogenic, drug resistant E. coli O157:H7 among humans in pastoralist communities in Uganda. We suspect that these were acquired from animals because they mostly contained vero toxin gene vt2e which is animal specific, predominantly swine. Also majority of these EHEC isolates belonged to phylo-group B1 which has been documented to inhabit domestic animals. We recommend future studies to investigate relatedness of drug resistant isolates from humans and animals to ascertain the zoonotic spread of resistant enterohemorrhagic E. coli in pastoralist communities.

The Impact of Financial Literacy on Financial Preparedness for Retirement in the Small and Medium Enterprises Sector in Uganda

The study investigated the direct effects of financial literacy (knowledge, skills, and attitudes) on financial preparedness for retirement and the moderating effect of age among the small and medium enterprises in Uganda. Primary data was collected from a sample of n = 380 selected from the SME workforce. Descriptive analysis was run on SPSS, while validity and reliability of the measurement items yielded satisfactory composite reliability scores and average variance explained (AVE) scores for all items. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to test the hypotheses and multi-group analysis conducted to test for the moderating effect of age on the relationship between financial literacy and retirement preparedness. The results revealed that knowledge and skills were significant predictors of retirement preparedness. However, ‘attitude' was not a significant predictor, and age had no moderating effect on the relationship between the study variables. These findings present practical implications for policymakers and financial educators in a developing country context.

Effectiveness of Official Development Assistance in the Health Sector in Africa: A Case Study of Uganda.

This qualitative explanatory case study assessed the influence of Official Development Assistance on selected health development indicators in Uganda between 2005 and 2013 by reviewing development partners' perceptions. Key health indicators included the following: (a) under 5-year-old mortality rates, (b) infant mortality rates, and (c) maternal mortality ratio. Results indicated slow progress in reducing infant mortality and under-5 mortality rates and almost no progress in the maternal mortality ratio despite the disbursement of a yearly average of nearly $400 million USD in the last 7 years to the health sector in Uganda. Five bottlenecks in the influence of development assistance on health indicators were identified: (a) poor governance and accountability framework in the country, (b) ineffective supply chain of health commodities, (c) negative cultural beliefs, (d) insufficient government funding to health care, and (e) insufficient alignment of development assistance to the National Development Plan and noncompliance with the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness.

Treatment of Sick Children Seeking Care in the Private Health Sector in Uganda: A Cluster Randomized Trial.

.The main objective of this study was to assess whether training of private health providers and community sensitization on the importance of effective prompt care seeking and the need for referral could improve treatment of sick children in the private health sector in Uganda. Private providers were trained to diagnose and treat sick children according to the integrated community case management (iCCM) guidelines. In the control arm, routine services were offered. The outcomes were seeking care within 24 hours of onset of symptoms and appropriate case management for malaria, pneumonia, and diarrhea among children aged < 5 years. A total of 10,809 sick children (5,955 in the intervention arm and 4,854 in the control arm) presented for diagnosis and treatment. The percentage seeking care within 24 hours of onset of symptoms was 45.4% (95% CI 36.0–48.8) in the intervention arm versus 43.9% (95% CI 38.1–49.8) in the control arm (P = 0.04). Adherence to malaria rapid diagnostic test (mRDT) results was high, with 1,459 (94.3%) in the intervention arm versus 1,402 (83.0%) in the control arm (P = 0.04). Appropriate treatment of mRDT-positive children with artemisinin-based combination therapy was seen in 93.1% (95% CI 88.5–97.7) in the intervention arm versus 85.1% (95% CI 78.6–91.7) in the control arm (P = 0.03). Adherence to iCCM guidelines was very high: 89.1% of children with diarrhea in the intervention arm and 80.4% in the control arm were given oral rehydration salts and zinc (P = 0.01). Of the children with a respiratory rate > 40 breaths/minute, 1,596 (85.1%) in the intervention arm versus 104 (54.5%) in the control arm were given amoxicillin (P = 0.01). In conclusion, the intervention improved treatment of malaria, pneumonia, and diarrhea because of provider adherence to treatment guidelines. The policy implications of these findings are to initiate a dialogue at district and national levels on how to scale up the intervention in the private sector. NCT02450630 registered with ClinicalTrials.gov: May 9, 2015.

Human Resource Planning Process and Its Influence to the Performance of Health Sector in Uganda: A Case Study of International Hospital Kampala (IHK)

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the process of human resource planning and its influence to the performance of the health sector in Uganda, considering a case study of IHK. The study adopts a descriptive research design. Data was collected using self-administered questionnaires. The study finds that External Scanning and Determination of Goals are the most important components of human resource planning process that influence performance at IHK. The results nevertheless show that the other components of human resource planning process such as Internal Scanning, Performance Gap Analysis, Decide Human Resource Priorities, Environmental Scanning and as well as Measuring, Monitoring and Reporting the Progress are correspondingly important components of human resource planning process that influence performance at IHK. Therefore, the study recommends that ministry of health should work towards matching human resource planning process with organizational strategic goals, and to achieve this, the ministry should clearly define its vision and mission to the staff and partner organizations in a concise manner, which will help them focus and deliver good results and thus enhance performance of the entire health sector in Uganda. The study further suggests that Human Resource Planning Departments IHK should focus mostly on scanning the External Community and Determination of Goals components of Human Planning Resource Process and IHK should embrace the use of modern technology in the recruitment and selection of staff.

Legal incentives to diversify agricultural production in Uganda (suggesting lessons for the EAC)

This paper describes the East African Community regional integration cooperation in agriculture in a nutshell and gives a brief overview of the status of the agriculture sector in Uganda. The author furthermore considers in detail the relevant legal framework for the Agricultural sector in Uganda and finally discusses the legal incentives offered by the government to the agriculture in Uganda, from which the East African Partner States can draw lessons.

The portrait of Uganda’s informal sector: What main obstacles do the sector face?

In this paper, using primary data collected from business owners, we examine the nature and obstacles in the informal sector of Uganda. We find that education level matters in the selection of enterprises. The bulk of businesses, like eating kiosks, fish selling, shoe shining among others that require no specialized skill to operate were mainly run by primary school dropouts and those with no formal level of education. Furthermore, we find evidence of a strong entrepreneurial spirit among secondary school dropouts than at any other education level. Across all businesses surveyed, secondary school dropouts run a high number of informal enterprises. Evidence suggests that their motivation is driven by two key factors, namely, wanting to take advantage of an existing business opportunity and failure to find employment in the formal sector. The empirical results show that access to finance, crime, theft and disorder, electricity, water, taxes, burdensome inspections, and informal gifts are robust and significant obstacles to the operations of the informal sector in Uganda. Policies should focus on a regulatory framework that supports the sector to create secure livelihoods and generate employment opportunities for the unemployed rather than viewing the sector as a source of “illegality.” Improving access to finance, providing regular power and water supply, and improving the tax regime would mitigate the obstacles faced by informal businesses leading to possible formalization. Informal sector businesses should not be perceived as “illegal entities” but rather complementary effort by an increasingly enterprising population in the country.

Foreign Direct Investors and Affirmative Action in Promoting Equal Opportunities in the Mining, Oil and Gas Sector in Uganda

The activities of extractive industries on the lands of indigenous peoples and communities have had significant human rights impacts, either negatively or positively. Some oil, gas and mining companies, especially MNCs in Uganda have policies and guidelines on indigenous people’s lands and as well provide capacity building to their staff to be cautious about rights of local communities. Key human rights abuses associated with mining, gas and oil extraction include violation of the right to life, forced displacement and destruction of the environment on which local communities depend. In the current era, outsiders seeking to exploit resources on indigenous peoples lands often don’t remain any longer than necessary to complete a specific development project, even brief intrusions can have devastating and long term consequences. Despite universally accepted human rights standards protecting indigenous peoples, national laws that recognize their lands and rights to be consulted as well as a growing body of jurisprudence endorsing these norms, indigenous peoples continue to face unprecedented pressures on their lands and resources most often resulting into conflict and a negation of their rights. In Uganda, the discovery of oil deposits, coupled with government’s push to expedite economic growth and development, has become a breeding ground for conflict. Extractive activities with harmful human rights outcomes are being launched throughout the country and host communities are feeling the heat of the problem. The purpose of this research has been to generate greater understanding of the situation of natural resource extraction and exploitation and the consequent human rights implications upon the most vulnerable and discriminated segments of the society. While Uganda’s Mining Laws require a surface rights agreement to be negotiated with land owners, prior to active mining and payment of royalties to land owners once revenue starts flowing, the law however, does not require any communication or consent from the local community or population during exploration works. These have raised fears of land grabs, loss of access to mineral deposits, water contamination and erosion, forced evictions and failure to pay royalties to traditional land owners by the MNC concerned. The study was conducted in the two regions of the country (Albertine Region and Karamoja). Key informants of the study were local communities in the two regions, local government leaders, CSOs, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development Officials and selective managers of the MNCs operating in this industry. The study used both quantitative and qualitative methods. Data was processed using SPSS Statistical Software program and reference to relevant laws in place. The key findings were that marginalized groups, especially women were often inhibited by cultural norms and social attitudes when they attempt to get employment in the oil and gas sector. The same applies to other marginalized groups such as PWDs, Youths and older Persons. It was also found that there is heightened communal tensions and land conflicts in the neighboring exploration and mining sites. And the majority of respondents expressed dissatisfaction on the criteria used to allocate compensation resources. Lastly, some of the MNCs don’t have and follow corporate code of conduct in their business dealings with the local communities as well as collude with government officials to cover rights violations in their areas of operation

English

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of procurement performance on the profitability of Foam Mattress Firms in Uganda. Cross-sectional research design was used to execute the study. Stratified and simple random sampling techniques were employed to draw a sample size of 40 Departments whose inventory, supply chain, production, marketing, internal audit and accounting department formed the unit of analysis while inventory managers, store keepers, supply chain managers, quality controllers, production managers, accountants, and internal auditors formed the unit of inquiry. Questionnaires were self-administered to 200 respondents. The units of analysis (Departments) were each represented by five (5) respondents. The responses were aggregated to the respective units of analysis (Departments). Correlation and regression statistical analysis were performed by SPSS. The findings revealed that procurement performance is positive and significantly associated to profitability (r=0.857; p<0.01). Overall, the results indicate that procurement performance greatly influences profitability in Foam Mattress Manufacturing Firms in Uganda. The study was cross-sectional with its intrinsic weaknesses. This study was limited to Foam Mattress Manufacturing Firms sector in Uganda. Future study should examine the same in line with other private sector industries. Moreover, the findings were drawn from the study within the setting of Uganda, thus future study should examine the same in different countries. Key words: Procurement, performance, procurement performance, profitability.

An Empirical Evaluation of Data Interoperability—A Case of the Disaster Management Sector in Uganda

One of the grand challenges of disaster management is for stakeholders to be able to discover, access, integrate and analyze task-appropriate data together with their associated algorithms and work-flows. Even with a growing number of initiatives to publish data in the disaster management sector using open principles, integration and reuse are still difficult due to existing interoperability barriers within datasets. Several frameworks for assessing data interoperability exist but do not generate best practice solutions to existing barriers based on the assessment they use. In this study, we assess interoperability for datasets in the disaster management sector in Uganda and identify generic solutions to interoperability challenges in the context of disaster management. Semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions were used to collect qualitative data from sector stakeholders in Uganda. Data interoperability was measured to provide an understanding of interoperability in the sector. Interoperability maturity is measured using qualitative methods, while data compatibility metrics are computed from identifiers in the RDF-triple model. Results indicate high syntactic and technical interoperability maturity for data in the sector. On the contrary, there exists considerable semantic and legal interoperability barriers that hinder data integration and reuse in the sector. A mapping of the interoperability challenges in the disaster management sector to solutions reveals a potential to reuse established patterns for managing data interoperability. These include; the federated pattern, linked data patterns, broadcast pattern, rights and policy harmonization patterns, dissemination and awareness pattern, ontology design patterns among others. Thus a systematic approach to combining patterns is critical to managing data interoperability barriers among actors in the disaster management ecosystem.

Financial inclusion and micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) growth in Uganda

This paper draws on data from Uganda’s 2013 World Bank Enterprise Survey (WBES), which comprises data on 762 firms across Uganda to assess the effects of the business environment, with particular interest on the impact of finance on firm growth by focusing on differences across firm size. Unlike past studies, we use firm level data that allows us to interrogate whether the impact of the business environment is unbiased across firm size. Most importantly, this paper mitigates the risk of the potential measurement error, omitted variable bias, and endogeneity. The results suggest that micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in Uganda benefit more from financial access than large firms. These effects are stronger and more sustained among medium firms. The paper interprets these results as evidence that MSMEs are more credit constrained relative to large firms. The paper also discerns that while informality and poor regulatory environment may help divert economic activity from large firms to MSMEs, informality increases the vulnerability of MSMEs to corruption to sustain their informal and invisible status. The policy implication on size, efficiency, and dynamism of the business sector in Uganda is that there is a need to increase not only financial inclusion of MSMEs but also improve the general business environment, particularly the formalization of micro firms.

Examining the relationship between chain governance structures and chain performance

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the influence of chain governance on chain performance among the chain members.Design/methodology/approachThe survey was conducted in a triadic context with 345 chain members (115 dairy farmers, 115 dairy cooperative managers, and 115 processors) of the dairy sector in Uganda. Data collection was performed through simple random sampling by survey questionnaires with the chain executives. SEM was used for data analysis.FindingsThe results revealed several chain governance structures (spot market, relational, contractual and mini integration) confirmed the hypothesized correlations on chain performance at different chain levels. The authors found a positive influence of relational governance on chain performance for all the chain members; however, the effect is stronger at the first supplier chain level.Originality/valueThis triadic chain approach makes an original contribution to the chain governance structures and chain performance literature in the supply chain context. Studies analyzing all aspects of chain governance structure and chain performance at three chain levels are limited.

Challenges, Distrust, and Understanding: Employing Communicative Action in Improving Trust in a Public Medical Sector in Uganda

We assessed how the everyday work challenges that frontline health workers (FRHWs) face in the government health sector in northern Uganda influence their trust in the Ministry of Health (MOH). We employed qualitative research techniques, including interviews and participant observation, over a 9-month period to examine FRHWs’ viewpoints about how the MOH should address these challenges in service delivery. One hundred and sixty-five FRHWs, of whom 48 were recruited for extensive follow-up, participated in our study. Key findings include distrust in the MOH is prevalent among FRHWs, there is a lack of trust in the organization’s coordination role in service delivery and this affects health care delivery to patients, interrelations, and provider cooperation. Therefore, restoring trust in government hospitals will require a truthful non-violent response by the MOH in its contractual agreement with FRHWs. In our analysis, we employ Habermas’s Theory of Communicative Action.

Tree Seed and Seedling Supply and Distribution System in Uganda

In Uganda, the tree seed sector is largely centralized, limiting access by farmers to high quality seedlings due to distant supply locations. This has left suppy of most of the tree germplasm to the informal sector, characterized by road-side tree nurseries and seed dealers who have limited knowledge on seed sourcing and collection and seedling production. Through semi-structured and key informant interviews, a sample survey involving 73 smallholder tree seed collectors, processors and tree nursery operators, this study investigates the role of government, smallholder tree seed collectors, processors and suppliers, nursery operators and the private sector in Uganda’s tree seed and seedling production and supply system. The study also identifies constraints in the seed and seedlings distribution system in Uganda and suggests key policy and institutional reforms. The source of tree germplasm is found to be heavily influenced by ease of access. About 60%) of the germplasm is purchased by individual farmers for their own planting. Low quality seed, limited seed sources and overgrown seedlings remain key deficiencies in the tree seed sector. Potential business opportunities in the tree seed and seedling production and supply value chain are identified, including production and sale of high quality germplasm. These will enhance availability of tree germplasm of high quality to meet the growing need for afforestation and reforestation in Uganda.