Sector In Argentina Research Articles

Budget Impact Analysis of Olaparib for the Management of Patients with Homologous Recombination Repair (HRR)-Mutated Castration-Resistant Metastatic Prostate Cancer in Argentina.

The aim of this study was to perform a budget impact analysis (BIA) of introducing olaparib treatment for adult patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer in Argentina. A BIA model was used to estimate the cost difference between the current scenario (without olaparib) and the new scenario (incorporation of olaparib) for a third-party payer over a 5-year time horizon. The budgetary impact is estimated at the national health system level and by healthcare sectors in Argentina. Input parameters were obtained from the literature and validated by local expert opinion. Direct medical costs were obtained from both the Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS) unit cost database and public data in Argentina. The microcosting estimation was used for key variables of the analysis. All costs are reported in US dollars (US$) as for October 2022 (1 US$ = 152.59 Argentine pesos). One-way sensitivity analyses and scenario analyses were conducted to evaluate the model robustness. The incorporation of olaparib, with a wholesale price per pack of US$3176, was associated with a weighted average of the budget impact per member per month (PMPM) of US$0.0191 for the national health system, being slightly higher than the estimated budgeted high impact threshold (US$0.0153). The PMPM budget impact for a 5-year average ranged between US$0.007 (public sector) and US$0.033 (private sector). The duration of treatment with olaparib was the most influential parameter in the budget impact results. The introduction of olaparib for the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer has a high budget impact for Argentina's health system. These findings are informative to support policy decisions aimed to expand the current treatment landscape for prostate cancer.

Budget impact and cost per responder analysis of upadacitinib for the treatment of moderate to severe atopic dermatitis from the perspective of the social security and the private sector in Argentina

ABSTRACT Objectives Our study assessed the budget impact and cost per responder of upadacitinib15mg and 30 mg for moderate to severe atopic dermatitis (MS-AD) treatment from social security and private health sector perspective in Argentina. Methods A budget impact model was adapted to depict clinical and economic aspects of treatment over a 5-years horizon time. Scenario analyses and deterministic sensitivity analyses were performed. A 16-weeks cost per responder model was adapted based on a network meta-analysis. Primary analyses assessed the cost per Eczema Area and Severity Index 50, 75 and 90 at week 16. Results The inclusion of upadacitinib 15 mg and 30 mg in the biological treatment mix for MS-AD was associated with an average budget saving per-member per-month ofU$S0.062 (social security) and U$S0.064 (private sector). Percentage of patients with access to treatment, acquisition cost of upadacitinib 30 mg and prevalence of MS-AD were the most influential parameters in the budget impact results. At week 16, upadacitinib 30 mg was associated with the lowest number needed to treat and the lowest cost per responder for all outcomes. Conclusion The introduction of upadacitinib in MS-AD treatment was associated with modest savings for the social security and private payer budget in Argentina.

Budget impact of upadacitinib in patients with moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis in Argentina.

To analyze the budget impact of upadacitinib (UPA) 15 mg + methotrexate (MTX) for the treatment of moderate-to-severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in patients with an inadequate response to conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (cDMARD-IR) from the perspective of social security and the private health sector in Argentina. A budget impact analysis model was developed for a hypothetical cohort of 100,000 adults with health insurance coverage who were diagnosed with RA over a 5-year time horizon. The model parameters were obtained through literature review and validated by local experts. The costs are expressed in 2024 US dollars (USD). The introduction of UPA 15 mg + MTX for the treatment of moderate-to-severe RA and cDMARD-IR resulted in minimal increase, with a five-year total cumulative incremental cost of USD 1,855 for social security and USD 1,812 for the private health sector, representing 2% of the total budget. The acquisition cost of UPA was the most influential variable in the sensitivity analysis. The introduction of UPA 15 mg + MTX for the treatment of moderate-to-severe RA and cDMARD-IR can provide an effective treatment option with a minimal increase in costs for the healthcare system in Argentina, which is especially important in developing countries where health system budgets are more limited. Providing evidence-based estimates is a valuable tool for informing healthcare policies and can help policymakers make informed decisions about the allocation of healthcare resources to improve patient outcomes while also managing costs.

Trabajadoras domésticas remuneradas del Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires: experiencias de organización y reconocimiento mediadas por plataformas sociodigitales

The domestic service sector in Argentina is significant for many women workers. It is a highly feminized sector, closely tied to caregiving, and extremely diverse due to the variety of tasks, work modalities, and hours involved. Performed behind “closed doors”, this profession inherently faces challenges in unionization and collective organization. This article analyzes the experiences of organization and collective participation sustained through digital mediation by paid domestic workers. The study ethnographically examines two organizations in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires mediated by digital technologies: a small traditional union holding online assemblies via Facebook and a non-unionized workers’ WhatsApp group. The common thread is that engagement and participation were made possible through the use of socio-digital platforms. Several questions are explored through participant observation in these spaces: How do workers experience participation in collective spaces mediated by digital technologies? What are the scope and limitations of using these platforms in their daily lives and union participation? What other forms of political-union participation exist in virtual interstices? The creation of political-union networks has great potential as they can alter workers’ material conditions and defend their labor rights. They can also serve as spaces for recognition and self-valuation that transform how workers perceive themselves and their fellow workers as a collective.

Budget Impact Analysis of Olaparib in Combination with Bevacizumab for Maintenance Therapy for Ovarian Cancer in Argentina.

To perform a budget impact analysis (BIA) of introducing olaparib as maintenance therapy in women who have BRCA mutations (BRCAm) with platinum-sensitive recurrent ovarian cancer (PSROC) in combination with bevacizumab in Argentina. A BIA model was used to analyse over a 5-year time horizon the change in the health system's budget following the adoption of olaparib as maintenance therapy in BRCAm patients with PSROC. The BIA for each year was estimated by comparing the cost difference between the current scenario (treatment with bevacizumab) and the new scenario (the addition of olaparib) for a third-party payer. The BIA is estimated at the national health system level, and by healthcare sectors in Argentina (public sector, social security and private sector). International and national epidemiological data were used to determine the target patient population. Clinical efficacy, safety outcomes and duration of treatments were obtained from the pivotal clinical study report. Relevant direct medical costs were obtained from public data in Argentina and expert consultation. All the costs are reported in US dollars as of October 2022 ($1 = 152.59 Argentine pesos). A scenario analysis assessed the full coverage of the homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) test in Argentina. In addition, one-way sensitivity analysis was conducted to evaluate the model robustness. For a third-party payer with a cohort of 1,000,000 women covered, the estimated target population was 2 individuals in year 1 and 6 individuals in year 5. The incorporation of olaparib, with a wholesale price per pack of $3176.32, was associated with a weighted average of the budget impact per member per month (PMPM) of $0.062 for the national health system, being above the estimated health system budget impact threshold ($0.0153). By healthcare sector, the results of budget impact PMPM for year 5 ranged between $0.08 (public sector) and $0.114 (private sector). For all perspectives, the variables that most influenced the budget impact was the incidence of ovarian cancer, the drug acquisition cost and the treatment duration. The introduction of olaparib for the treatment of BRCAm women with PSROC has a high budget impact for all three health systems in Argentina.

Policy legacies and energy transitions: Greening policies under sectoral reforms in Argentina and Chile

Under what conditions do greening policies lead to a fast deployment of solar and wind energies? Environmental economics assume that market factors and technological innovations are the main drivers of energy transitions. While these assumptions sometimes hold for well-functioning markets; in emerging economies, the combination of scarce capital, weak institutions, and market distortions creates specific challenges that make their paths to clean energies different from those of developed states. I analyze greening reforms of the electricity sector in Argentina and Chile, exploring instances of success and failure. Using archive data and interviews to stakeholders, I explain how previous sector structures created different market distortions that hindered an effective electricity transition even in the context of significant cost-savings from investment in new technologies. Successful greening policies entailed broader electricity-sector reforms that removed previous binding constraints and restructured incentives for key private-sector stakeholders. I corroborate this argument by employing synthetic control methods to evaluate policies’ impact. I show that broad greening policies led to a significant penetration of renewable energies: by 2020 the share of solar and wind energies in Argentina and Chile were about 7.3% and 13.6% higher than in the counterfactual scenarios in which the greening reforms had not occurred.

Minería, dinamismo y despojo

El acelerado crecimiento del sector minero en Argentina en los últimos 15 años, así como en otros países de la región, estuvo acompañado por una intensa oleada de conflictos sociales. A partir de este contexto nos preguntamos por qué este crecimiento de la minería es particularmente conflictivo. La idea principal que desarrollaremos en este artículo es que, debido a las características específicas que reviste este crecimiento de la actividad, se producen dos procesos íntimamente relacionados: la transformación de la minería en una de las actividades más dinámicas de la economía argentina y un reforzamiento de la violencia de los mecanismos de despojo capitalista sobre las poblaciones de los territorios donde se instalan los proyectos mineros.

Budget impact analysis of venetoclax for the management of acute myeloid leukemia from the perspective of the social security and the private sector in Argentina.

This study aimed to estimate the budget impact of the incorporation of venetoclax for the treatment of patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) over 75 years of age or those with comorbidities and contraindications for the use of intensive chemotherapy, from the perspective of the social security and the private third-party payers in Argentina. A budget impact model was adapted to estimate the cost difference between the current scenario (azacitidine, decitabine and low doses of cytarabine) and the new scenario (incorporation of venetoclax) for a third-party payer over a time horizon of three years. Input parameters were obtained from a literature review, validated or complemented by expert opinion using a modified Panel Delphi approach. All direct medical costs were estimated by the micro-costing approach and were expressed in US dollars (USD) as of September 2020 (1 USD = 76.18 Argentine pesos). For a third-party payer with a cohort of 1,000,000 individuals covered, incorporating venetoclax was associated with an average budget impact per-member per-month (PMPM) of $0.11 USD for the social security sector and $0.07 USD for the private sector. The duration of treatment with venetoclax was the most influential parameter in the budget impact results. The introduction of venetoclax was associated with a positive and slight budget impact. These findings are informative to support policy decisions aimed to expand the current treatment landscape of AML.

Real exchange rate and export surge episodes: What sectors take advantage of the real exchange rate stimulus?

What are the main characteristics of sectors that take advantage of the real exchange rate stimulus after a large and long-lasting devaluation? We aim to answer this question by analyzing the development of export sectors in Argentina during 2003–2008, after the crisis and large devaluation of 2002. This six-year period shows the highest number of sectors with export surge episodes from 1980 to 2015. We find, first, that the probability of export surge episodes increased 2.5% by each standard deviation of the higher labor intensity index during the large and long-lasting devaluation period because non-tradable costs prevail in their production function. Second, we show that export surges are more likely to occur in sectors related to already competitive sectors (mainly upstream sectors). Finally, the new export volumes in those sectors show persistent dynamics despite the end of the period of currency competitiveness, a signal of trade hysteresis.

Stakeholder-based modelling in climate change planning for the agriculture sector in Argentina

ABSTRACT The development of long-term scenarios to outline pathways for achieving carbon neutrality by 2050 has become a standard practice in climate change policy planning. In Argentina, a modelling process was initiated in 2019 in the agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) sector utilizing three tools: FABLE calculator, Dinamica EGO and Nature Map. In order to generate technical inputs for the modelling exercise a stakeholder dialogue was launched. A 2050 Carbon Neutrality scenario was developed, alongside several intermediate scenarios based on stakeholders´ visions of the future. The modelling results demonstrated the biophysical feasibility of achieving carbon neutrality in the Argentinean AFOLU sector by 2050. However, alignment with current sectoral priorities was identified as a challenge, leading stakeholders to propose less ambitious scenarios as more attainable targets. This experience underscored the significance of constructing multiple policy scenarios, facilitating the evaluation of diverse potential future trajectories for policymaking. These different pathways provided contrasting perspectives between political objectives, such as achieving carbon neutrality, and the practical feasibility of local implementation. Moreover, the process highlighted the vital role of integrating the private sector and environmental non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in long-term climate planning, emphasizing the need for inclusive collaboration to address climate challenges effectively.

Using the Futures Triangle to Infer Images of the Future of Food and Agriculture in the Southern Cone: The Case of Argentina

The different perceptions of food and agriculture stakeholders about the future is a key input to design future-oriented public policies and to build a shared vision of the future. By applying the futures triangle to the results of a qualitative study concerning the future of food and agriculture innovation system in Argentine, five archetypes of images of the future were inferred. The archetypes reflect a distinct combination between the weight of history, the pushes of the present and the pulls of the future, corresponding to the perception of the future of nine distinct stakeholders of the food and agriculture system in Argentine. The archetypes are named: stuck in the present, the future is not ours, the future never comes, the future is being built and the future is ours. The analysis show that the stakeholders can envision the future of the world’s agriculture with a certain degree of creativity. However, they find it difficult to imagine the future of the Argentine agricultural industry in new ways: they repeat the old ideas or notions they have about it. All those visions lead to a demand for changes that are more connected to the present than to the future. This foresight study offers a first approach to explore the different views regarding the future of food and agriculture and it reveals how such views influence the type and characteristics of the new stakeholders demands to the public agriculture sector in Argentina to the year 2030.

Employment and Teleworking in the Argentine Tourism Sector: a Case Study Based on the COVID-19 Pandemic

We analyze the viability of teleworking in the tourism sector in Argentina by using the COVID-19 shock on employment as a case study. We pay special attention to the tourism sector and its sub-sectors because they comprise activities with low teleworking potential and high informality rates, which could further condition the effective implementation of new work arrangements, such as remote work. By using estimates of teleworking potential at the sectoral level, we study its relationship with the evolution of employment during the quarantines implemented in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina. We find a positive effect of teleworking potential on employment in the tourism subsectors, such as food and accommodation and travel agencies activities, but more pronounced in the other services subsectors (sports, cultural, and entertainment service activities). This suggests that, despite having a low telework potential, certain tourism activities could be performed remotely. Surprisingly, we find that teleworking potential had a positive effect on employment in some tourism subsectors only for informal workers.

Women's mode of birth preferences and preparedness of hospitals to support vaginal birth in the public health sector in Argentina

AbstractBackgroundThis paper reports on postpartum women's mode of birth (MOB) preferences across five public maternity hospitals in Argentina, the variables and motives associated with those preferences, and hospital services preparedness.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was conducted with postpartum women aged 15 years or older in geographically diverse public hospitals in Argentina between November 2018 to June 2019. Data on obstetric history, companionship, and MOB preference and motives were collected from mothers using a semistructured interviewer‐administered questionnaire. Hospital and participant characteristics, MOB preferences, and perceived advantages and disadvantages were described. Associations between vaginal birth preference, participant characteristics, and hospitals were assessed using odds ratios generated from mixed‐effect logistic regression analyses.ResultsThe sample included 621 postpartum women, 60% of whom had a vaginal birth. In three of the participating hospitals, most women indicated vaginal birth as their preferred MOB (90%); however, the preference for a vaginal birth was lower in the remaining two hospitals (67%). Differences in preferences across hospitals remained after adjusting by women's age or obstetric history. Cited motives for vaginal birth preference included faster recovery, feeling ready for a vaginal birth, and considering it a more natural process. Preference for a caesarean birth was based on perceptions of increased safety and avoiding pain.ConclusionsThe characteristics of obstetric services revealed they are prepared for obstetric emergencies but have limited resources and support to sustain the process of vaginal birth. Despite the limited support, women giving birth in public maternity hospitals preferred vaginal delivery to a caesarean section. This study could not identify hospital variables associated with women's birth preferences across hospitals.

Strategic Position and Trade Union Power: An Analysis of Trade Union Strategies in the Automotive, Chemical and Edible Oil Sectors in Argentina, 2003-2015)

The aim of this paper is to analyse empirically the importance of union strategies as a moderating variable between unions’ structural and associational power and their bargaining and mobilisation power. To this end, we selected three unions, one from each of three strategic industrial sectors in the Argentinian national economy – automotive, chemical and edible oils – and analysed their dynamics of collective bargaining and labour conflict in the 2003–2015 period. The research is based on a review of secondary sources (collective bargaining agreements and conflict databases) as well as primary sources (semi-structured interviews with managers, trade union leaders, worker representatives and activists). Whereas workers in each of these sectors have a similarly high degree of structural power, we observed differences among the sectors in working, wage and organisational conditions. These differences are associated with three different union strategies for building union power, which we identify as partnership, confrontational and combative. KEYWORDS: strategic position; trade union power; union strategies; sectoral analysis; Argentina

Strategies to enhance energy availability in Mozambique: A comparison of national electricity market regulations and strategies to encourage grid-integrated distributed renewable energy generation

The energy sector in Mozambique faces huge challenges that include low generation capacity and efficiency, affordability, unstable and unreliable energy supplies, low access rates, amongst others. The situation is being worsened by high environmental, social vulnerability and extreme events influenced by climate catastrophes. With the demand of energy consistently on the rise, there is critical need to address policy, investment, market and technical barriers to energy sector development. Mozambican government has made tremendous effort in developing electricity sector regulatory frameworks. However, progress has been uneven across the country. Thus, the aim of the study was to identify potential opportunities to promote the introduction of new distributed generation policies and technologies from renewable sources in Mozambique by analyzing technological and regulatory components of the energy sector in Argentina, Italy and Mexico. Methodologically, the study uses a comprehensive literature review, several national policy frameworks and statistical data from various official sources, with public policy and sectoral performance, as well as organizational and regulatory changes in consideration. Understanding national electricity market regulations and strategies, it will enable to gain a sense of perspective of the major determinants of the sector performance, and both the potential for and constraints on regulatory reform. It was observed that for achieving efficiency in energy provision, fair pricing, equality of access and environmental sustainability, it is important to strengthen the independence of the regulator.

When the attributive becomes relational. A look at the innovative sector in Argentina based on regional customer and supplier networks by activity branch (2012-2018)

This paper compares the relations between certain branches and companies of the innovative sector in Argentina with the regions of the map with which they maintain commercial ties. Data from the National Survey on the Dynamics of Employment and Innovation (ENDEI- MINCyT and MTEySS) were used, which contain anonymous information on innovative companies. From these data, relational matrices were constructed in 2-modes between nodes (companies), suppliers and clients (at the regional level), segmented by company size and activity branches. We focused on identifying differences and similarities according to the company's activity branch and size and the composition of regional exchanges between clients and suppliers for the periods 2010-2012 and 2016-2018, which corresponded to the ENDEI I and II bases. 2-mode networks were built, linking companies with the regions where they have customers and suppliers, resulting in multiplexed bimodal networks. Specific branches were selected, and one-mode networks were built, obtaining symmetric matrices from the technique of co-occurrence and affiliation. Cohesion and centrality calculations yielded higher density for customer networks than supplier networks in food sectors. Regarding centrality, a higher nodal degree of exports was observed for the Mercosur region and the rest of Latin America and, to a lesser extent, for the regions of the northern hemisphere (Europe, USA and Canada) and Asia, Africa, and Oceania. Regarding the nodal degree and density, a drop was observed between periods when comparing the two surveys, except for clients in the case of the pharmaceutical industry, showing an improvement for the Mercosur, Latin America and Asia regions.

Experts, aliens, and everyone in between: Agriculture committee assignments and sector embeddedness in the Argentine Congress

AbstractAgriculture is one of the most important sectors in Argentina's economy. Although most of the time congressional committees play a secondary role regarding agricultural policy, they become crucial in certain situations. In this article, we analyze the political economy of agriculture committee assignments in the Argentine Congress and the embeddedness of their members in the agricultural sector from 2001 to 2019. Conventional wisdom holds that in Argentina—a strongly presidential country with a congress full of amateur legislators and party‐oriented career paths—the standing committee's composition reflects party leaders' preferences rather than constituencies' interests or legislators' backgrounds. Through descriptive analysis and a binary logistic regression, we show that many committee members are in fact experts in agriculture and are highly embedded in the sector, whereas others have no bonds whatsoever. Moreover, constituency preferences have some influence on committee appointments. These findings contribute to understanding better the legislative organization of Congress and the overlap between politics and this fundamental economic sector. They further help to expand the theoretical approach for studying economic committee composition in Argentina.

The nurturing role of the local support ecosystem in the development of the Agtech sector in Argentina

PurposeThe objective of the paper is to learn about the enabling factors that fostered the development of the Agtech sector in Argentina. The authors analyze how the local ecosystem (S&T institutions, incubators and accelerators, domestic clients, venture capitals and other actors) contributed to the emergence, consolidation and early internationalization of Agtech ventures.Design/methodology/approachThroughout 2020 the authors held 16 semi-structured interviews with experts, CEOs and managers of Agtech firms, incubator and accelerator managers, as well as with other stakeholders of the Agtech sector. All the interviews were recorded and then transcribed. The authors also undertook two case studies, one on a consortium of agricultural producers that created an Agtech incubator, and another on a successful Agtech venture. The selection of the case studies was based on the information collected during the interviews with local stakeholders (“snowballing technique”).FindingsLinkages with the actors of the local ecosystem allowed Agtech ventures to validate their services and value proposition, identify business opportunities, improve and develop technologies, obtain funding, and reach out to new national and international customers.Research limitations/implicationsWhile a case study methodology does not allow for direct generalization to other experiences, the authors’ findings shed light on relevant factors behind the development of the Agtech sector in Argentina which cannot be easily captured through quantitative methods.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to achieve a better understanding of the factors that allow the emergence and consolidation of young ventures based on disruptive technologies in Latin America. Hence, it contributes to the advancement of knowledge in an emerging field: the generation and dissemination of 4.0 technologies in developing regions.

POSB43 Budget Impact Analysis of Venetoclax for Management of Acute Myeloid Leukemia from the Perspective of the Social Security and the Private Sector in Argentina

This study aimed to estimate the budget impact of venetoclax incorporation for treatment of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (a rare disease) over 65 years of age or those with comorbidities contraindication for the use of intensive chemotherapy, from the perspective of the social security and the private healthcare sector in Argentina.

Obstacles to linkage-based diversification in the oil and gas sector

Participation in global value chains seemingly offers prospects for resource peripheries to achieve linkage-based diversification through strategies of ‘thinning’ and ‘thickening’. The viewpoint presents insights from field research on the oil and gas sector in Argentina, Bolivia, Ghana and Namibia. Each case study reveals a particular challenge: downgrading of local suppliers, entry barriers to high-value added tasks, insufficient scale of exploration activities and rent seeking related to local content legislation. Although this list is not comprehensive, the viewpoint helps to better understand the poor economic performance of resource peripheries. The author concludes that it may be reasonable to consider development paths beyond extractive industries.