Body Sections Research Articles

Theoretical justification of the parameters fle­xible screw conveyor for transportation of grain materials

Goal. Increasing the efficiency of the functioning of flexible screw conveyors by substantiating the parameters of the improved design of the articulated and sectional working body for transporting loose agricultural materials. Methods. Theoretical studies were carried out using the methods of theoretical mechanics and higher mathematics. Theoretical calculations of the obtained analytical dependencies and construction of graphical dependencies were performed on a PC using developed programs in the Delphi and SolidWorks software environments. Results. To ensure the correct functioning of the hinge assembly, a study of its design parameters was carried out, which provides mutual rotation, the necessary angular displacement of the axes and the absence of jamming. An analytical relationship is derived for determining the arc movement of the ball along both friction surfaces, the speed of movement of each ball along the arc of the spherical sleeve, and the coefficient of practical action of the hinge and the torque on the drive shaft. Based on the obtained theoretical dependencies, a Pascal program was created in the Delphi environment, and calculations and analysis of the change in the efficiency of the hinge mechanism were performed depending on the main design parameters: the ratio of the radii of the ball and the cylindrical sleeve at the point of contact, the angle of deviation of the hinge axes, the angle of the conical surface holes To choose rational design parameters of the sections of the screw working body, computer modelling of the influence of power loads on the corresponding deformations depending on their operating conditions was carried out. Conclusions. It was established that the transmission efficiency ratio has a maximum value within the range of 0.89...0.93 at a radius ratio of 0.2...0.4. To determine the working area of a particular joint, it is necessary to use design parameters in which the value of the coefficient of practical action is not less than 0.9. The calculation shows that increasing the angle of the hole’s cone reduces the mechanism’s efficiency. It is advisable to choose the ratio of the radii of the ball and the cylindrical sleeve as large as possible for constructive reasons, not less than 0.3. The angle of inclination of the conical surface of the hole should be chosen as minimally as possible, taking into account the selected design scheme of the hinge. In the case of using long conveying screws with a significant number of elements, it is advisable to reduce the angles of deviation of the axes (increase the bending radius of the screw) to improve the overall efficiency of the entire conveyor. A sharp bend in the pipe of the working body, even in one place, can lead to jamming the whole mechanism.

METAL CONTENTS IN CYPERUS ARTICULATUS AND SEDIMENTS OF ZOBE RESERVOIR, NIGERIA

This study evaluated the iron, copper, zinc and lead contents, and the relationship among these metals in Cyperus articulatus and sediments of Zobe reservoir, Dutsinma, Nigeria. Samples of Cyperus articulatus and sediments were obtained, fortnightly for three months, from three sampling locations sited in up-, mid-, and downstream sections of the water body. Standard methods were used in sample collection and preparation while the metal contents were determined spectrophotometrically. In both sample types, copper and zinc were detected at concentrations below 0.5 mg/kg; the sediment samples contained higher iron contents (5.368±1.174 mg/kg) than the plant samples (2.897±2.031 mg/kg) while lead was not detected. The higher metal contents observed in the sediment samples corroborated the importance of aquatic sediment as a sink for metals in aquatic ecosystems. Cyperus articulatus from Zobe reservoir can be deemed safe for use due to its relatively low metal contents (iron 2.897±2.031 mg/kg; copper 0.291±0.119 mg/kg; zinc 0.067±0.111 mg/kg) which were within the allowable limits of local and international standards. The correlative relationship between iron contents in both sample types (R = 0.509) was significant at a 5% confidence level while a significantly stronger association (R = 0.659; 0.681) was observed between iron content in Cyperus articulatus and the copper and zinc concentrations in the sediment samples, respectively. Hence, Zobe reservoir can be referred to as safe from iron, copper, zinc and lead pollution. Periodic assessment of metals in Zobe reservoir is recommended for adequate monitoring of metal levels in the reservoir.

Rigid Spliced Box Girder Bridge under the Action of Foundation Settlement Difference Analysis of Mechanical Behavior of Splice Section

In a main line viaduct widening project, the old bridge is 35m+55m+35m three-span variable section prestressed concrete continuous box girder, which has the characteristics of large width, long span, variable section of beam body, large cantilever (4.05m), and transverse prestressed steel beams arranged on the bridge panel, etc. The old and new box girders adopt rigid joint scheme. Articles on rigid splicing box girder bridge in foundation settlement under the action of splicing mechanical properties to carry out the finite element analysis, the results show that the new bridge under the action of foundation settlement difference, longitudinal pier fulcrum position splicing under high horizontal stress, transverse middle fulcrum section splicing appeared transverse stress peak period of angular point position, may result in the crack of the concrete; There is a linear relationship between the level of additional internal force and the settlement difference of foundation, which is about 0.95MPa/mm. The calculation stress value of splicing segment can be reduced by reducing the thickness of splicing segment. In practical engineering, control and adjustment measures such as preloading of new bridge structure and selecting adjustable high support can be used to improve the force condition of splicing section[1][2].

Optimisation of the Aerodynamic Shape of a Monorail Suspended Unibus

The aerodynamic optimisation of the shape of a monorail suspended unibus of string transport has been described within the study on the influence of geometric and structural elements on aerodynamic characteristics. The estimate was carried out through a comparative analysis of the features of two shapes of a model with a further change and recalculation of the model being finalised. The comparison was focused on the drag force and the shape drag coefficient. The calculations used a gas dynamics model based on the Reynolds equations using the Menter SST-k-ω (shear stress transport) turbulence model. To solve the equations to find the design functions, an upwind second-order discretisation scheme was used applying the «pressure–velocity» refinement procedure in the framework of SIMPLE algorithm of Patankar–Spalding with the ANSYS Computational Fluid Dynamics Software. The dimensions of the computational domain were chosen considering the geometric dimensions of the 3D model of the shape. Boundary conditions were identified in the solver. The simulation was carried out for the case of motion of a vehicle at a constant speed. The calculations have shown the importance and influence of the geometry of the transition sections of the vehicle body, the mandatory use of wheel fairings and the advantages of the S-shaped tail. The proposed design optimisation made it possible to reduce the drag force and coefficient by 16,9 %. The studies have resulted in selection of the optimal vehicle model which has the lowest aerodynamic drag coefficient, which made it possible to improve the energy efficiency of the system and its environmental friendliness, and consequently, the profit potential of the transportation process.

Development and Analysis of an Innovative Layout Scheme of an Articulated Two-Section Tram Tramcar

Purpose. The main objective of the work is to develop and analyze the optimal layout of an articulated two-section tramcar for the creation of promising competitive models of cars of a significantly higher technical level, as well as to assess the prospects for their mass production provided that the maximum passenger capacity is ensured. Methodology. Based on the analysis of the regulated technical requirements for the dimensional parameters of tramcars, maneuverability parameters and permissible loads on their wheeled bogies, as well as on the analysis of the main technical parameters of existing models of single and two-section tramcars equipped with two biaxial wheeled bogies - body length and curb weight - the permissible length of their bodies and the estimated weight in the equipped state were determined. Two biaxial wheeled bogies were replaced by four uniaxial bogies. Findings. An innovative layout of an articulated two-section tramcar based on the use of four single-axle wheeled bogies and minimization of overhangs of body sections was proposed and developed, provided that the maximum length of a single tramcar and the track of wheeled bogies and the width of the car were preserved. A methodology has been developed for assessing the effectiveness of the proposed design solutions and the comfort of passenger transportation by single and two-section tramcars with two biaxial and four single-axial wheeled bogies, the preliminary designs of which have been developed according to three different layout schemes. Originality. For the first time, a layout of an articulated two-section tramcar is proposed based on an innovative solution - the use of four uniaxial wheeled bogies instead of two biaxial ones. A methodology for analyzing and evaluating the feasibility of using the proposed layout for creating promising models of a two-section tramcar has been developed. Practical value. The choice of an optimal innovative layout scheme with four uniaxial wheeled bogies for the creation of promising competitive models of articulated two-section tramcars with optimized parameters of their body length and nominal passenger capacity with higher passenger comfort compared to existing analog tramcars has been substantiated at the stage of developing draft proposals.

Determination of optimal parameters of hinged operating elements of screw conveyers

The relevance of the research lies in the need to improve, develop new designs and determine the optimal structural and kinematic parameters of the hinged sections of the screw working bodies of the conveyors, in order to obtain better functional and operational characteristics of the process of transporting loose and lumpy materials and granular fertilizers. It is necessary to improve and develop a new designs and determine optimal design and kinematic parameters of hinged sectional operating elements of screw conveyers, which can provide the improvement of functional and operating characteristics of the process of transporting loose materials. Therefore, the purpose of the research was to improve the operational performance of flexible screw conveyors by developing and determining the optimal parameters of hinged flexible screw sectional working bodies for overloading bulk materials along curved transportation branches. The research was carried out using the methods of the theory of mathematical and computer modeling. the method of mathematical planning of the experiment. The article presents new designs of hinged screw working bodies and substantiates their optimal parameters for ensuring the movement of loose materials along curvilinear routes. The relationship between the magnitude of the torque that occurs between the loaded screw sections and their spatial arrangement is determined. Analytical dependences were obtained for the stiffness conditions of a separate section with a hinged connection depending on the load and design parameters of the conveyor. It has been established that the angular displacement of the sections according to the dependence established in the state allows to significantly (up to 4-5 times) reduce the amplitude of the change of the torque of the drive, and also lowers its maximum value. It was proved that in the pushing mode, energy consumption is 1.06...1.4 times higher than in the pulling mode. The practical significance of the results lies in the ability to choose the optimal structural, kinematic and technological parameters of the developed sections of the screw working body for transporting loose or lumpy materials and mineral fertilizers

Application of a thermo-biomechanical virtual manikin used In transient systems

In this paper is developed and applied a thermo-biomechanical virtual manikin used in transient systems. This numerical model, under transient conditions, is applied in the thermal and vibrations of the different sections of the human body. The thermal numerical model, based in energy and mass balance integral equations, considers the first order equations systems, while the vibration numerical model, based in Newton equation, considers the second order equations systems converted in first order equation system. The resolution of the numerical model is made through the Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method with error control. The thermal numerical model is used in the study of the periodical and randomized airflow fluctuations applied to the human body section and the biomechanical numerical model is used in the study of the periodical and randomized vibrations applied to the feet, that a standing person is subjected. The signals of the stimuli, the power spectrum, the equivalent frequencies and the Draught Risk (DR) of the same signals will be presented. In accordance with the obtained results, is verified that: in the thermal component the DR is evaluated and in the vibration component the body structure reduces the power spectra energy frequency and the equivalent frequency analysis.

Electrolyte imbalances and dehydration play a key role in Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans chytridiomycosis.

One of the most important emerging infectious diseases of amphibians is caused by the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal). Bsal was recently discovered and is of global concern due to its potential to cause high mortality in amphibians, especially salamander species. To date, little has been reported on the pathophysiological effects of Bsal; however, studies of a similar fungus, B. dendrobatidis (Bd), have shown that electrolyte losses and immunosuppression likely play a key role in morbidity and mortality associated with this disease. The goal of this study was to investigate pathophysiological effects and immune responses associated with Bsal chytridiomycosis using 49 rough-skinned newts (Taricha granulosa) as the model species. Taricha granulosa were exposed to a 1 × 107 per 10 mL dose of Bsal zoospores and allowed to reach various stages of disease progression before being humanely euthanized. At the time of euthanasia, blood was collected for biochemical and hematological analyses as well as protein electrophoresis. Ten standardized body sections were histologically examined, and Bsal-induced skin lesions were counted and graded on a scale of 1-5 based on severity. Results indicated that electrolyte imbalances and dehydration induced by damage to the epidermis likely play a major role in the pathogenesis of Bsal chytridiomycosis in this species. Additionally, Bsal-infected, clinically diseased T. granulosa exhibited a systemic inflammatory response identified through alterations in complete blood counts and protein electrophoretograms. Overall, these results provide foundational information on the pathogenesis of this disease and highlight the differences and similarities between Bsal and Bd chytridiomycosis.

Dynamic behavior of earth dams under different kinematic impacts

The paper provides a detailed analysis of the current state of the problem. A mathematical model is presented to determine the dynamic behavior of earth dams, considering the viscoelastic properties of soil, using the hereditary Boltzmann-Volterra theory with the A.R. Rzhanitsyn kernel under periodic kinematic impacts. To solve the problems considered, the finite element method and complex arithmetics were used to reduce integrodifferential equations to a high-order complex algebraic equation. The accuracy of the methods was verified by solving test problems. Steadystate forced vibrations of the Pskem earth dam 195 m high are studied considering the real geometry and soil properties under resonant vibration modes. It was stated that the largest stress amplitudes in the body of the dam occur not only under the first resonance, but they can occur under other dense spectra of the eigenfrequencies of the dam, due to the interaction between close natural modes of vibration. The strength of various sections of the dam body was tested under kinematic impact using the Coulomb- Mohr theory of strength; the most dangerous sections of the dam were identified in terms of the highest stress.

Building 3-D Human Data Based on Handed Measurement and CNN

3-dimension (3-D) printing technology is growing strongly with many applications, one of which is the garment industry. The application of human body models to the garment industry is necessary to respond to the increasing personalization demand and still guarantee aesthetics. This paper proposes a method to construct 3-D human models by applying deep learning. We calculate the location of the main slices of the human body, including the neck, chest, belly, buttocks, and the rings of the extremities, using pre-existing information. Then, on the positioning frame, we find the key points (fixed and unaltered) of these key slices and update these points to match the current parameters. To add points to a star slice, we use a deep learning model to mimic the form of the human body at that slice position. We use interpolation to produce sub-slices of different body sections based on the main slices to create complete body parts morphologically. We combine all slices to construct a full 3-D representation of the human body.

Numerical modeling of the processes of irreversible deformation of rings under explosive loading

the quasi-static problem is discussed. The equations of the incremental theory of plasticity are used to describe fast deformation. The numerical simulation method is implemented based on the use of the Arbitrary Lagrange-Euler (ALE) approach, in which the sequence of boundary value problems in the current configuration of the solid is solved using the Finite Element Method. An axisymmetric finite element of a triangular cross-section was used for modeling. The main system of equations is presented, which, when using the Finite Element Method, describes the deformation of axisymmetric bodies in the current configuration. At each stage of the calculation in the current configuration, the initial problem is solved numerically using the finite difference method. When the limiting value of the strain tensor components is reached, according to the ALE algorithm, the finite element model is rebuilt with the implementation of new boundary conditions. To build a computational model, the RD program was used, in which a two-dimensional model of a section of an axisymmetric body is surrounded by a mesh of special elements. A presented approach for the implementation of the specified boundary conditions of an axisymmetric body in finite element modeling is discussed. Calculations of irreversible deformation were carried out in a program developed on the basis of using the FEM Creep software package in the case of finite strains. Comparison of the numerical simulation data with the experimental results of other authors, obtained in the investigations of the explosive loading of aluminum rings set on a sphere, is presented. The experimental data are processed and the constants included in the constitutive equation, using the hardening law, are determined. Satisfactory agreement between the calculated and experimentally obtained values of the radial strain of the rings at different times is shown.
 Key words: numerical simulation, axisymmetric problem, finite strains, FEM, program, explosive loading, aluminum alloy.

비판적 다문화주의 교육을 위한 자전적 그래픽 노블 활용 영미문학수업 모형과 사례

Critical multiculturalism has recently been accepted as a pedagogical framework, which emphasizes diversity and social justice as a way of realizing praxis on the issue of race, gender, sexual orientation, religion, disability, migration, refugee, and so on. This frame is in line with rising of autobiographical graphic novels consisting of two different modes, image and text, which sheds light on the marginalized population’s voices. Based on the close potential connection between critical multiculturalism and autobiographical graphic novels, this paper proposes an instruction model and case with autobiographical graphic novels representing a variety of themes for diversity and social justice in the multicultural era. In the first section of the main body, theoretical backgrounds and key concepts of critical multiculturalism will be introduced including intersectionality, identity, positionality. critical race theory, whiteness studies, (trans)languaging, and microaggression. In the second section, a theoretical framework of graphic novel instruction will be examined closely, where basic elements of graphic novels and the Expanded Four Resources Model (EFRM) will be examined. In the third section, the instructional practice of multicultural autobiographical graphic novels will be presented, using six graphic novels. In the conclusion, ethical and political implications and pedagogical strategies will be proposed, which instructors need to recognize for graphic novel instruction based on critical multiculturalism.

Ergonomic Risk Evaluation to Minimize Musculoskeletal Disorders in SMEs Leather Shoes at Indonesia

This study was carried out at SME for the purpose of making leather shoes in the manufacturing process. Pattern, upper printing, finishing, and 16 other workstations are among the three workstations. Production operations are performed manually in a seated position that includes squatting, bending, or standing position that is repeated, and workers operate at average to rapid speeds for 7 hours each day. This signifies that the action is hazardous and may result in Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs). The Job Strain Index (JSI) and Muscle Fatigue Assessment (MFA) methodologies will be used in this study to identify working posture conditions. The MFA method is used to analyze the level of effort, duration of labor, and frequency of work motions in order to determine muscle tiredness in each section of the worker's body. The 14 activities were subjected to the JSI method investigation, and the high risk was achieved by printing the top right hand SI 20.25 and installing the right-hand sole 13.5. The MFA approach was used to accept high to extremely high-risk body parts, such as the back, neck, and right hand, and make recommendations for how to reduce muscle fatigue in each body part. The findings of this study can be used to improve the upper printing station's design, as well as the table design for designing and drawing patterns and the chair design for sewing activities.

THE PECULIARITIES OF METATEXT ELEMENTS IN PUBLIC SPEAKING «TED Talks»

"This article is devoted to the study of metatext elements in public speaking «TED Talks». Generally, metatext organizes the main text, structures it, helps to understand the main information and has the property of reflection. The reflexivity of metatext is manifested in its secondary nature in relation to the main text. Metatext in its narrow sense can be considered as metatext elements the function of which is auxiliary. Metatext elements are connected with the scientific text and establish a logical connection between its elements. On the basis of the typology suggested by A. Crismore metatext elements are divided into textual and interpersonal. Metatext elements are used at every stage of public speaking. The analysis of 150 metatext elements in public speeches «TED talks» starts with the examination of their introduction, body and conclusion sections. The emphasis is focused on public speeches in the field of modern technology. According to the analysis it is proved that the use of textual and interpersonal metatext elements in public speaking makes it more logical, having a positive impact on every step of preparing a speech, its structuring, and presentation to the audience, improvisation and success. "

Weight Optimization of Chassis of an Automotive Vehicle using ANSYS

The objective of this paper is to find out the most favourable material and immensely fitted cross-section for TATA 11O9 TRUCK ladder chassis. This research aims to optimize the weight of the chassis. For this we have taken three materials like structural steel, carbon fiber and Aluminium silicon carbide metal matrix composite. The automotive chassis is the vehicle's base, providing strength and support to the numerous body sections such as suspension, engine, power train, and so on. Recent advancements in the realm of automobiles have expanded rapidly, particularly in the current context. Problem faced by modern days vehicle is the heavy weight. So here we try to decrease the weight of chassis frame by using various method and increase the strength, efficiency of chassis. Reducing the weight of chassis results in increase in performance of vehicle, reduce fuel consumption, less wear and tear of tire. The designing of the chassis is done on software SOLIDWORKS and further analysis is done on ANSYS19.2. The current chassis mass with traditional material is 1560 Kg which is made up of structural steel, whereas the chassis mass with Aluminium carbide metal matrix composite material is 523.45 Kg. According to the analysis, the chassis mass has been reduced by 66.44%, which would eventually hinder the vehicle's performance.

Analysis of Work Posture and Manual Handling on the Material Transport Activities of Indonesian Traditional Market Worker

This research is about the observation of workers transporting sacks in a traditional market. The worker complained about pain in many body parts like the shoulders, waist, and arms, which are presented in the results of the Nordic Body Map questionnaire. This problem can be solved by massaging the body section to reduce musculoskeletal disorders. Because it is often get massaged, it makes the completion time of sack transport become longer. Work posture must be improved because too much pain piles up over long periods and can impact condition health and decrease productivity. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the working posture while doing manual handling. Evaluate work posture using Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) and Manual Handling Assessment Chart (MAC Tool). As a result, work posture and manual handling have a higher level of risk of injury, so we need to investigate and implement change. The level of risk must be reduced to at least medium risk. Using auxiliaries can improve work posture, reduce health risks, reduce load sacks, and increase work productivity. The recommended outcome is adding a skid box to improve the value of REBA and manual material handling by providing a hand trolley cart.

An inclined tower crane suited to bridge tower construction

A new type of tower crane which could transform its tower body is presented. The inclined tower crane body can be tilted at some angle, which suits the construction of buildings with inclined architectural outlines, especially for the construction of bridge towers. The working principle and the design of the critical components are presented, two adjustable anchorages could pull the tower body section beneath the top anchorage closer to the construction region, and the related section of the tower body could change from vertical to inclined, while the free section of the tower body remains vertical. Finite element analysis is performed to compare with the traditional tower crane, the difference of the reaction force of the top anchorage is minor. Kinematic and dynamic analysis is carried out to simulate the working process of tilting, mechanical and kinematic parameters of key parts are obtained. At last, the experiment of a full-scale tower crane which could tilt 6° is carried out, and the experimental data validate the feasibility of this new type of tower crane.

Experimental and Numerical Study of Collision Attitude Auxiliary Protection Strategy for Subway Vehicles

An auxiliary protection device (rail holding mechanism) was proposed to control the collision attitude of subway vehicles. The dynamics model of head-on collision of subway vehicles was established and verified by the full-scale collision test of the real car; then the force element structure of the rail holding mechanism was equated; finally, the vertical lift and the pitch angle of the three characteristic sections of car body and the wheelsets were used as the evaluation indicators to study the effects of the three design parameters: the gap distance (x1), the linear stage distance (Δ x2) and the stiffness of linear stage (k1). The results show that the linear stage distance has little influence on the collision attitude of the car body, while the x1 and k1 had a greater influence on the collision attitude of the car body. The reasonable reduction of the gap distance x1 and increase the k1 can effectively reduce the vertical lift of the wheelsets and alleviate the nodding phenomenon of the train, and reduce the derailment and jumping phenomenon during the train collision.

Linear Diophantine Fuzzy Fairly Averaging Operator for Suitable Biomedical Material Selection

Nowadays, there is an ever-increasing diversity of materials available, each with its own set of features, capabilities, benefits, and drawbacks. There is no single definitive criteria for selecting the perfect biomedical material; designers and engineers must consider a vast array of distinct biomedical material selection qualities. The goal of this study is to establish fairly operational rules and aggregation operators (AOs) in a linear Diophantine fuzzy context. To achieve this goal, we devised innovative operational principles that make use of the notion of proportional distribution to provide an equitable or fair aggregate for linear Diophantine fuzzy numbers (LDFNs). Furthermore, a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach is built by combining recommended fairly AOs with evaluations from multiple decision-makers (DMs) and partial weight information under the linear Diophantine fuzzy paradigm. The weights of the criterion are determined using incomplete data with the help of a linear programming model. The enhanced technique might be used in the selection of compounds in a variety of applications, including biomedical programmes where the chemicals used in prostheses must have qualities similar to those of human tissues. The approach presented for the femoral component of the hip joint prosthesis may be used by orthopaedists and practitioners who will choose bio-materials. This is due to the fact that biomedical materials are employed in many sections of the human body for various functions.

Investigation of Soft Magnetic Material Fe-6.5Si Fracture Obtained by Additive Manufacturing.

The freeform capability additive manufacturing (AM) technique and the magnetic efficiency of Fe-6.5Si steel have the potential for the development of electromechanical component designs with thin body sections. Moreover, the directional anisotropy of the material, which is formed during growth, improves the magnetic and electrical properties of Fe-6.5 wt%Si. We obtained the range of optimal technological modes of Laser Power Bed Fusion process (volume energy density (VED) of 100-140 J/mm3, scanning speed of 750-500 mm/s) to produce the samples from Fe-6.5 wt%Si powder, but even at the best of them cracks may appear. The optical microscopy and SEM with EDX analysis of the laser-fabricated structures are applied for investigation of this phenomena. We detected a carbon content at the boundaries of the cracks. This suggests that one of the reasons for the crack formation is the presence of Fe3C in the area of the ordered α'FeSi (B2)+Fe3Si(D03) phases. Quantitative analysis based on crack initiation criteria (CIC) showed that the safe level of internal stresses in terms of the CIC criteria in the area of discontinuities is exceeded by almost 190%. Local precipitates of carbides in the area of cracks are explained by the heterogeneity and high dynamics of temperature fields, as well as the transfer of substances due to Marangoni convection, which, as a result, contributes to a significant segregation of elements and the formation of precipitate phases.