Division Of Section Research Articles

The Role of Visiting Indian Hindu Missionaries in their Attempts to ‘Reform’ Hinduism in South Africa, 1933–1935

This paper aims to add to our understanding of the cultural exchanges that took place between people of far away communities during the early twentieth century by looking at a few visiting Hindu missionaries in South Africa. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, Hindu Arya Samaj missionaries began arriving in the country to propagate Hinduism and promote the reformist message. While the work of travelling Hindu missionaries in other places where Hindus settled in large numbers is well documented, much less is known about their work in South Africa. This paper tries to fill that void by looking at a few missionaries and the ideas that they tried to communicate in a particular period in the history of Hindus in South Africa. These missionaries who travelled across the globe and conducted lectures, formed religious institutions and worked with existing institutions in their attempts to propagate the Hindu religion, were very popular in South Africa and thousands attended the lectures that they conducted throughout the country. They were also crucial in motivating local Hindu leaders to establish bodies to unite the very heterogeneous group of Hindus and overcome sectional divisions. However, once they departed the enthusiasm shown soon disappeared and organisations that sought to unite Hindus fell into periods of inactivity. Looking at one period in which there were a few Hindu missionaries in the country together, this paper looks at the message that they tried to communicate, how they saw the position of Hindus and Indians in South Africa and address some of ways in which South Africans responded to the missionaries.

This Great Struggle: America's Civil War (review)

Reviewed by: This Great Struggle: America's Civil War Brian S. Wills This Great Struggle: America's Civil War. Steven E. Woodworth. New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2011. ISBN 978-0-7425-5184-8, 432 pp., cloth, $29.95. Steven Woodworth's work regarding the American Civil War has been both prolific and impressive. He has authored, coauthored, and edited a prodigious amount of the literature that is available, and he is appropriately considered one of the premier historians of the period. This latest effort consists of an overview of the conflict that allows the general reader and the dedicated scholar to avail themselves of the insights he has gained through the course of that journey. Yet, This Great Struggle represents more than a synthesis of Woodworth's thought and interpretation; it is a narrative of the nation's "great struggle" that reminds readers of the centrality of slavery and emancipation, the significance of Abraham Lincoln's leadership in war and absence of it in peace, and the ability of the young republic to persevere in the face of disunion and bitter conflict. From the first pages of the prologue to the final synopsis of Reconstruction, the author paints a gripping image of the Civil War and the places of soldiers and civilians in it. The most important elements are there, with actions that include the Trans-Mississippi as well as those in better-known theaters of operation to the east of that great waterway. Readers are allowed to follow the emergence of Ulysses Grant, the decline of George McClellan, and the ruthless wartime efficiencies of William Sherman and Philip Sheridan. There, too, are the perplexities of Leonidas Polk, Ambrose Burnside, Braxton Bragg, and a host of political generals that include Benjamin Butler and John C. Frémont on one side and Sterling Price on the other. The narrative touches on the international elements and homefront tensions experienced in a war whose impact could be felt beyond the battlefield. Copperheads and carpetbaggers, confiscation and conscription, rebellion and reconciliation all have their places in the greater story Woodworth weaves. [End Page 273] Largely, the volume benefits from a steady pace and a light step, but the work also omits information that would have enhanced the narrative. Early among these is the reference to an "extremely high" mortality rate in colonial Chesapeake that does not, at the same time, include the specific statistics that would bring the point home dramatically (2). An initial death rate of 75 to 80 percent helps to explain the use of white indentured servants from England before planters turned to another source of "nonfree labor," and at least a passing reference to the threat of social upheaval represented by Bacon's Rebellion would have been in order for this portion of the discussion of slavery as a basis for the coming sectional division and conflict (2). Curiously, references such as the one to an 1822 slave rebellion do not include names to which readers ought to be made aware, such as Denmark Vesey, while some of the more colorful stories, such as the dramatic demise of Elmer Ellsworth in 1861, also do not appear. Woodworth uses Edmund Ruffin on two occasions at the start of his volume but does not include the old fire-eater's choice to end his life rather than submit to Union rule at the end of it as an example that would have served his theme on secession and rebellion very well. In the body of the text there are similarly puzzling omissions. William Sherman's performance earlier in Kentucky could help to explain his subsequent behavior at Shiloh. There is no reference to Allan Pinkerton's role in exacerbating George McClellan's faulty use of intelligence. Jeb Stuart's role in impacting Confederate reactions to McClellan's advance toward Richmond in 1862 does not receive mention until much later. The 1863 Suffolk campaign gets no responsibility for James Longstreet's absence from Chancellorsville, although he is identified as having "most" of his men on "detached duty" in North Carolina at the time, as indeed many of them were (209). Ulysses Grant undertakes an impressive campaign against Vicksburg in 1863, but not...

Modeling of the CFT Column under Cyclic Load Based on OpenSEES

This paper investigates modeling approaches of circular concrete-filled steel tube (CFT) column under cyclic load based on flexibility and fiber model. The effects of model parameters on modeling results is discussed, including constitutive relationship of materials, division of the fiber section, and the number of integration points. The results show that the material constitutive relationships of concrete and steel are prime important to the accuracy of the computational results. Three to five integration points for one CFT column in the flexibility-based analysis can achieve the desired accuracy and computational efficiency. The computational result is not sensitive to the number of sectional fibers. However, the desired accuracy can not be obtained if the number of the sectional fiber is not enough.

A comparative survey of floral characters in Capanemia Barb. Rodr. (Orchidaceae: Oncidiinae)

Capanemia Barb. Rodr. comprises seven species that mostly inhabit the Brazilian Atlantic Rain Forest domain. The genus currently consists of two sections: Capanemia Cogn. and Planifolia Pabst, distinguished on the basis of leaf shape. We compare the floral morphology and anatomy of all species to determine whether separation into sections is supported by floral characters. Both fresh flowers and herbarium specimens were investigated, and column and pollinarium features, together with the presence or absence of floral rewards, recorded. Anatomical features were examined using both light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. With the sole exception of Capanemia therezae, all species shared a distinctive set of floral characters. Flowers were mostly white or yellowish-white and fragrant, and column wings were positioned parallel to the labellum, concealing the stigmatic cavity. Pollinaria had proportionally long tegular stipes and clavate to reniform pollinia, whereas the labellum possessed a conspicuous indument of trichomes, but was devoid of nectar or any other secretion that might function as a food-reward. Capanemia therezae, however, was exceptional in having greenish, unscented flowers with short, rounded and divergent column wings and an exposed stigmatic cavity. Its pollinaria had proportionally short tegular stipes and round pollinia, whereas the labellum lacked trichomes. Droplets of nectar were evident on the adaxial surface of the labellum, adjacent to the callus. Floral features did not support the currently accepted sectional division of Capanemia. If ongoing phylogenetic studies demonstrate that both sections are indeed monophyletic, then these taxa should be distinguished solely on the basis of foliar features.

Musical Structure as Narrative in Rock

In an attempt to take a fresh look at the analysis of form in rock music, this paper uses Susan McClary’s (2000) idea of ‘quest narrative’ in Western art music as a starting point. While much pop and rock adheres to the basic structure of the establishment of a home territory, episodes or adventures away, and then a return, my study suggests three categories of rock music form that provide alternatives to common combinations of verses, choruses and bridges through which the quest narrative is delivered. Labyrinth forms present more than the usual number of sections to confound our sense of ‘home’, and consequently of ‘quest’. Single-cell forms use repetition to suggest either a kind of stasis or to disrupt our expectations of beginning, middle and end. Immersive forms blur sectional divisions and invite more sensual and participatory responses to the recorded text. With regard to all of these alternative approaches to structure, Judy Lochhead’s (1992) concept of ‘forming’ is called upon to underline rock music forms that unfold as process, rather than map received formal constructs.
 
 Central to the argument are a couple of crucial definitions. Following Theodore Gracyk (1996), it is not songs, as such, but particular recordings that constitute rock music texts. Additionally, narrative is understood not in (direct) relation to the lyrics of a song, nor in terms of artists’ biographies or the trajectories of musical styles, but considered in terms of musical structure. It is hoped that this outline of non-narrative musical structures in rock may have applications not only to other types of music, but to other time-based art forms.

Pollen morphology of the genus Salvia L. (Lamiaceae) in Turkey

Pollen grains of 30 taxa of the genus Salvia, belonging to sections Salvia, Horminum, Drymosphace, Plethiosphace and Hemisphace from Turkey were examined by light (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Detailed pollen morphological characteristics are provided for these taxa. Among the studied taxa, S. verticillata subsp. verticillata from sect. Hemisphace has the smallest pollen grains, and S. pachystachys from sect. Salvia possesses the largest ones. The basic shape of the pollen grains in most taxa is suboblate, oblate–spheroidal or prolate–spheroidal. However subprolate pollen grains are recorded for S. macrochlamys from sect. Salvia. The grains are hexacolpate in all taxa, but in S. recognita from sect. Salvia also octacolpate pollen was found. Three distinct exine sculpturing types exist, reticulate–perforate (the common type), reticulate–granulate and bireticulate. The reticulate–perforate and bireticulate sculpturing patterns can be divided into subtypes based on the number of perforations and the number of secondary lumina in each primary lumen. Pollen morphological characteristics of the taxa studied are compared and discussed on the basis of taxonomical concepts. In some cases, these characters are useful in distinguishing the sections. For instance, the presence of 1–2 large central secondary lumina per primary lumen is a significant character of sect. Horminum separating it from the other sections. As well, the presence of holes on colpus membrane ornamentation can be used as a diagnostic taxonomic character for sectional division between sect. Hemisphace and others. S. ballsiana from sect. Salvia is clearly distinct from the other taxa examined by its unique pollen morphology. Further, for several macromorphologically similar taxa pollen structures provide additional evidence to delimite them from each other.

Seed morphology of 17 Dendrobium species from Yunnan

Seed morphology of 17 Dendrobium species from Yunnan were observed under light microscope and environment scanning electron microscope and 16 of them were reported first time. All seeds were yellow and fusiform, but big differences existed in sizes of seeds and embryos, which were not significantly related to the division of sections under Dendrobium. Dendrobium seed consisted of embryo and testa with flocs on its cell walls. The density and length of flocs were different among the sections under Dendrobium.

Old English Maera with Female Reference

IN the Old English poem usually entitled Christ I, major sectional divisions are indicated by an introductory Eala respectively. The passage particularly devoted to Mary’s virginity at conception begins as follows: Eala þu mæra middangeardes seo clæneste cwen ofer eorþan þara þe gewurde to widan feore, hu þec mid ryhte ealle reordberend hatað and secgað, hæleð geond foldan, bliþe mode, þæt þu bryd sie þæs selestan swegles bryttan. (Christ, lines 275–81)1 One textual peculiarity has been pointed out by editors and commentators: mæra may be analysed as the nominative singular of the adjective mre ‘famous’3 of the weak adjectival declension in the masculine, but this seems to clash with the reference to Mary. Thorpe considers mæra ‘undoubtedly, an error of the scribe for maria’ and translates: ‘O thou Mary, of this mid-world the purest woman upon earth’.4 Krapp and Dobbie refer to Thorpe, but rightly do not admit his rather drastic change of the manuscript reading into their edited text and add the following comment: ‘Thorpe suggested that this was a scribal error for maria. We would at least expect the fem. mære instead of mæra’.5 Cook notes the form but does not suggest an explanation.6 Campbell thinks that ‘probably the MS spelling, however, merely represents the weakened tenth century pronunciation in the guise of a hyperform’.7

Core Topics in Thoracic Anesthesia

This book is aimed primarily at trainees gaining experience in thoracic anaesthesia. Admirably, the authors are also motivated by the desire to convey and pass on their own experience to those they teach. The content is divided into broad sections dealing with pre-operative considerations, anaesthesia for specifi c procedures and identifi ed groups of patients (for example, by age, size and emergent/ elective status), and post-operative management. Of the 30 chapters, 15 are solely or partly authored by the editors, which adds to continuity of style. The target audience probably dictates (and even mandates) a rather dictatorial and unevidenced approach. Thus, the contents of each chapter are supported by key references rather than an exhaustive bibliography. Your Reviewer does not practice thoracic anaesthesia but spends a good deal of his clinical practice reviewing patients with problems covered by the pre-operative and post-operative periods. The chapters on thoracic anatomy and respiratory physiology are brief, concise and generally well written. Appropriate emphasis is placed upon chronic respiratory diseases likely to impact upon peri-operative care, particularly pulmonary arterial hypertension, pulmo nary fi brosis and occupational lung disease. Only occasion ally do the authors spill over into the self-evident, such as when advising the reader to employ an anaesthetic technique unlikely to provoke bronchospasm in asthmatics. Your Reviewer consulted colleagues who found the chapters on anaesthesia and the excellent illustrations contained therein of relevant equipment to be particularly robust. The use of decision trees and tables summarising the advantages and disadvantages of various techniques of anaesthesia and monitoring are a defi nite strength. Illustrations (such as those relating to video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery) were helpful but would have been enhanced by the (presumably expensive) use of colour. The division of the anaesthetic section into that dealing with oesophageal surgery, trauma, and pleural and chest wall procedures was helpful, as was the inclusion of a specifi c chapter on the (increasingly prevalent) morbidly obese patient. The section dealing with the management of postoperative respiratory problems was generally well written, although some epidemiology of those conditions most likely to confront the unwary anaesthetist would have been welcome. Acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome is the commonest cause of death in the postoperative period in patients undergoing lung resection, but the section dealing with mechanical ventilation and nonventilatory adjuncts is brief. By contrast, more than a full chapter is devoted to the use of extra corporeal membrane oxygenation and related technologies. This book should appeal to the trainee spending 6 months or so in a cardiothoracic unit but not planning to specialise in this area of practice. In a new edition, the editors should pay some attention to the rather opaque style that dogs one or two chapters, but the fact that this Reviewer thinks that a second edition is likely gives some indication of its probable appeal.

Trichome micromorphology of the East Asiatic genus Chelonopsis (Lamiaceae) and its systematic implications

The micromorphology of trichomes of the leaves of 17 taxa (including two varieties) of the genus Chelonopsis Miq. and of six species representing four additional genera ( Bostrychanthera deflexa Benth., Colquhounia coccinea Wall. var. coccinea, Co. seguinii Vaniot. var. seguinii, Gomphostemma chinense Oliv. var. chinense, G. crinitum Wall. ex Benth. and Physostegia virginiana (L.) Benth.) was surveyed by light and scanning electron microscopy. Two basic types of trichomes can be identified: non-glandular and glandular trichomes. The non-glandular trichomes can be subdivided into two subtypes: simple unbranched and branched trichomes. Based on the cell number, simple unbranched trichomes are further divided into four shapes (unicellular, two-celled, three-celled, and more than three cells), whilst branched trichomes are separated into three shapes (biramous, stellate, and dendroid trichomes). The glandular trichomes can in turn be subdivided into four subtypes: subsessile, capitate, clavate, and sunken. Non-glandular trichomes with two cells (NGTW) and subsessile glandular trichomes (GSU) are most widespread in all taxa examined. The indumentum shows considerable variation among different sections or species. Consequently, trichome micromorphology and distribution have high taxonomic value for Chelonopsis at both infrageneric and interspecific levels. The presence of capitate glandular trichomes (GCA) provides an additional morphological character to clarify the boundaries between subgenus Chelonopsis and Aequidens Wu and Li. Within subgenus Aequidens, non-glandular trichomes with more than three cells (NGMT) and clavate glandular trichomes (GCL) are important characters for sectional division between sect. Aequidens Wu and Li and sect. Microphyllum Wu and Li. Again, three forms of three-celled trichomes can be used as a distinctive taxonomic character at specific level between C. albiflora Pax et K. Hoffm. ex Limpr., C. forrestii J. Anthony, and C. souliei (Bonati) Merr. in sect. Aequidens. This study supports Wu's delimit ation of subgenus and sections and the subsequent review work by Xiang et al. Additionally, distribution of trichome types is correlated with the altitudinal distribution and habitats of some species in Chelonopsis.

Application of ant colony optimization to optimal design of open channels

Artificial open channels are expensive infrastructure in terms of material, construction and maintenance and application of optimization models has a great role in minimizing their cost. Two optimization approaches for the cross-sectional design are compared. In the first stage, an equivalent roughness coefficient is considered without any sectional division according to the Manning equation. Then, in the second stage, the horizontal velocity variation over the cross-section is taken into account by dividing the channel into three segments. Both, ant colony optimization, as a new heuristic approach, and the genetic algorithm method have been used to solve the non-linear optimization problem. Considering the obtained results for different design variables, the optimal and appropriate cross-section is proposed for composite trapezoidal open channels by the second model by considering horizontal velocity variation. Furthermore, the efficiency and capability of the ant colony optimization are examined to solve and analyze the optimal design models.

The Accounts of Deborah (Judges 4—5) in Recent Research

Within the book of Judges, the figure of Deborah receives exceptional treatment in that her actions are presented first in a narrative, comprising chapter four, then in a poem, chapter five. Read together or separately, these chapters elicit scholarly interpretations aplenty. This article surveys recent research on the accounts of Deborah since 1990 by dividing the discussion into three sections: the two accounts as a single unit, Judges 4 alone, and Judges 5 alone. The first section discusses the function of these chapters within the book and their relationship with each other. The second section further subdivides according to the narrative elements of character or event, while the third section's divisions are based on common scholarly concerns like genre, dating, and structure.

Should zinc status be monitored and deficiency treated in critically ill patients?*

Division of Surgical Critical Care & Section of Surgical Nutrition; Department of Surgery; John H. Stroger Jr Hospital of Cook County; Chicago, IL The author has not disclosed any potential conflicts of interest.

Phylogenetic and Biogeographic Patterns in Gaylussacia (Ericaceae) based on Morphological, Nuclear DNA, and Chloroplast DNA Variation

Gaylussacia includes 49 species of understory shrubs in the heath family (Ericaceae) with a disjunct distri- bution in North and South America. Little is known about evolutionary relationships among the species. To investigate phylogenetic and biogeographic relationships in Gaylussacia, three data sets were constructed and analyzed cladistically using parsimony: morphology, nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer DNA sequences, and chloroplast trnL intron-trnF spacer DNA sequences. Molecular data sets were analyzed in two ways to determine the phylogenetic informativeness of insertion/deletion events. Comparison of results from separate analyses of each data set showed some incongruencies be- tween the nuclear and chloroplast data sets, indicating possible past hybridization or lineage sorting. Combined analyses were conducted for ITS and morphology, and for trnL-trnF and morphology. The monophyly of the genus including G. brachycera was not strongly supported. In addition, the traditional sectional divisions of Gaylussacia were not supported in the morphological and nuclear DNA analyses. Finally, a broader perspective on the disjunct distribution of Gaylussacia includes the possibility of a North American origin for the genus, rather than a South American origin as previously hy- pothesized.

Administration and "The Democracy": Administrative Law from Jackson to Lincoln, 1829-1861

Jacksonian America was a country in rapid transition. Intensified sectional divisions, exponential increases in urbanization and immigration, the rise of factory production, and repeated cycles of economic boom and bust helped to fuel an anxious desire for political reform. For Jacksonian Democrats the answer to this popular yearning was the reconstruction of American democracy—including a broadened electorate, offices open to all, and the elimination of monopoly and other special privileges. Government at the national level was to be kept small and returned to the people. But as is often the case, the institutionalization of democracy demanded a corresponding increase in governmental capacities. Destroying the power of the “Monster Bank” gave new powers and capacities to the Treasury for the management of monetary policy and fiscal transfers. Offices open to all through the new system of “rotation in office” created the need for bureaucratic systems of control that replaced status-based restraints and personal loyalties. And the side effects of technological development, in particular the human carnage that accompanied the rapid expansion of steamboat travel, generated public demand for protection that prompted the creation of a recognizably modern system of health and safety regulation. “The Democracy” established by the Jacksonians both furthered the building of an American administrative state and solidified an emerging nineteenth-century model of American administration law. In that model administrative accountability was preeminently a matter of (1) political oversight and direction and (2) internal hierarchical control. Judicial control of administration featured a cramped vision of mandamus review combined with almost unlimited personal liability of officials for erroneous action. Although administrative law structured in this fashion seems peculiar, indeed almost invisible, to the twenty-first-century legal imagination, it fit comfortably within Jacksonian democratic ideology. author. Sterling Professor of Law and Management, Yale University. My thanks to Josh Berman and Ethan Davis for splendid and cheerful research assistance, to colleagues far and wide who commented on earlier drafts, to Patricia Page for her usual excellent manuscript preparation, to the Yale Law School for financial support, to Theresa Cullen for marvelously efficient bibliographic assistance, and to Anne MacClintock for saving me from excessive use of the passive voice and for much else. 1568.MASHAW.1693.DOC 9/21/2008 10:27 PM ADMINISTRATION AND “THE DEMOCRACY” 1569 article contents

Critical Theory and Performance, Revised and Enlarged Edition (review)

Reviewed by: Critical Theory and Performance, Revised and Enlarged Edition Jane Barnette Critical Theory and Performance, Revised and Enlarged Edition. Edited by Janelle G. Reinelt and Joseph R. Roach. Theater: Theory/Text/Performance series. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2007; pp. xii + 596. $85.00 cloth, $32.50 paper. The publication of Critical Theory and Performance in 1992 triggered a seismic shift in North American performance scholarship, the full effects of which can be felt today in the growing number of departments that embrace the methodologies and content of both theatre and performance studies. A new generation of academics was trained under the assumption that the domain of performance facilitates the exploration and application of critical theory, taking for granted the fertile soil that Janelle Reinelt and Joseph Roach cultivated fifteen years ago. This revised and enlarged edition honors that transformation in both organization and scope with nineteen new essays, ten of which were commissioned from authors who did not appear in the first edition. The section divisions are also updated to reflect the nature of academic pursuits in the US today—although some groupings remain intact ("After Marx," "Theater History and Historiography," and "Psychoanalysis"), others are slightly revised. For instance, "Performance Analysis" becomes an umbrella for both "Semiotics and Deconstruction" and "Hermeneutics and Phenomenology," "Gender and Sexualities" replaces "Feminism(s)," and "Postcolonial Studies" and "Performance Studies" divide the territory originally classified as "Cultural Studies." On the other hand, two sections ("Mediatized Cultures" and "Critical Race Theory") are entirely new to this edition. As before, the editors understand the mercurial qualities of dividing a book of this nature, stating that "we are as convinced as ever of the provisionality of these categories" (xi). Yet, while they recognize categorical vicissitudes, Reinelt and Roach remain steadfast in their commitment to the value of theory to our field. "If there was a 'theory explosion' at the time we were assembling the first edition of this book," they relate, "there are now those who think the 'age of theory' is over. We do not" (xi). Given the fact that the majority of contributors to this volume are full professors, many of whom hold endowed chairs or other administrative posts, it seems evident that the influence of critical theory on theatre and performance studies will continue to grow for at least as long as these influential scholars retain positions of power. While a review of this size precludes the feasibility of evaluating each of the twenty-nine essays individually, there are larger patterns and contributor highlights that can be examined here. The index to this volume has expanded significantly from the first edition—from five to twenty-seven pages—enabling cross-referencing as well as a birds-eye view of the scope of topics addressed therein. Of these, four outweigh the rest in number of references: audience, body, race, and representation. The quality of contributions underscores this quantitative snapshot, revealing one of the possible through-lines of the book. Whereas explorations of audience and representation seem obligatory to any study of performance, questions about the body and race, while just as crucial, have been all-too-often overlooked or undertheorized within theatre and performance studies. One of the two new sections explicitly addresses all four of these keywords without succumbing to the self-defeating binaries (us/them, body/mind, black/white, real/virtual) that characterized earlier "identity politics" manifestations. In "Critical Race Theory," which features essays by the only two assistant professors in the new edition (the first included contributions from four assistant professors), the category and concept of race are theorized as performance, defined by Roach as "the phenomenon of copies without originals" (458). While Jill Lane investigates the role of performance in "the constitution of Cuban black and blackface publics in the critical years leading up to the final war of Cuban independence" (142), Daphne Lei argues that Bay-area performances of [End Page 315] Cantonese opera enable a hybrid racial identity, "a racial split, between the new Chinese ethnicity and the virtual Chinatown residents, between performers and audiences, between trans-Pacific horizontal connections and vertical Chinese American memories" (156). Harry Elam, the final contributor to this section, queries the generative power...

A transversal substructuring modal method for the acoustic analysis of dissipative mufflers with mean flow

This work presents a modal approach to evaluate the transversal modes and wavenumbers for dissipative mufflers with mean flow. The method is based on the division of the transversal section of the muffler into subdomains, for which two simple sets of modes are considered. The first set of modes satisfies the condition of zero pressure at the common boundary between subdomains, while the second fulfils the condition of zero derivative in the direction normal to this boundary. From these sets, a substructuring procedure is applied that provides the final modes of the complete cross section, considering the presence of absorbent material, a perforate and mean flow. The technique avoids iterative schemes associated with the nonlinear characteristic equation found, for instance, in the analytical modelling of perforated dissipative circular mufflers. Once the final transversal modes have been calculated, the mode matching technique is applied at the geometrical discontinuities to completely define the acoustic field inside the muffler. The acoustic attenuation is then predicted by means of the transmission loss. Comparison with finite element calculations and results available in the literature show good agreement. The attenuation of some selected mufflers is analysed, including the effect of the perforate and the mean flow.

The Political Style of Conspiracy: Chase, Sumner, and Lincoln (review)

The Political Style of Conspiracy: Chase, Sumner, and Lincoln. By Michael William Pfau. (East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 2005. Pp. 248. Cloth, $59.95.)Reviewed by Frederick J. BlueThe controversy over the Slave Power Conspiracy divided antebellum Americans and has continued to divide historians who write about the ultimate cause of the Civil War. In this volume, a scholar of rhetoric adds his input to the ongoing controversy. The result is a study that will interest those who study the prewar years, but may receive greater attention from those in the field of rhetorical studies.It is Michael Pfau's contention that the claim of a Slave Power Conspiracy passed out of the hands of those on the fringe of sectional division to those in the mainstream during the 1840s and 1850s, in large part due to the efforts of Salmon P. Chase, Charles Sumner, and Abraham Lincoln. The proponents of conspiracy argued that southern slaveholders and politicians conspired with northern Democrats and Whigs to control national politics and permit the expansion of slavery and the increase of their political and economic power in the process. In so doing, the conspirators threatened the basic principles of the Republic established by the Revolutionary founding fathers. Among the earliest proponents of such a claim were the Garrisonians, who argued from a fringe position in society and who were often dismissed as irrational fanatics. Richard Hofstadter and David Brion Davis described their ap- proach as the paranoid style, which used arguments that, if not false, were at least questionable.While some conspiracy theories remained the view only of extremists, others, argue Bernard Bailyn and Gordon Wood, moved from the fringe to the mainstream in America and, as such, entered the two-party system. Such was the direction of the Slave Power Conspiracy. Looking at the opposite poles of fringe and center, Pfau contends that the process of winning minds to the theory was a rhetorical one. Critics suggest that William Lloyd Garrison used lurid and exaggerated imagery to describe a vast and sinister effort that began with a proslavery Constitution. His was a holy war, says Pfau, which not only disdained politics but degenerated into Garrison's withdrawal and the violence of John Brown.While this was taking place, political antislavery activists moved the debate first into third-party politics and then into the two-party system. Some might question Pfau's choice of the three leading Republicans, especially when he suggests that the three were leading contenders for the Republican presidential nomination in 1860; Sumner did not seek the office, nor did he receive serious consideration.Yet the speeches Pfau chooses to analyze are central in the Slave Power Conspiracy evolution. Beginning with Chase, Pfau shows how the Ohioan began to move away from the periphery of Liberty party politics with his 1845 Address of the Southern and Western Liberty Convention in Cincinnati, distancing the party from its more reform-minded religious element in an effort to form a coalition with northern antislavery Democrats. It was a secular approach stressing civic and republican ideology, in which Chase showed how southern aristocrats had strayed from their Jeffersonian roots. By 1854, when Chase joined with five other Free Soilers in authoring the Appeal of the Independent Democrats, the issue had become the Kansas Nebraska Act, the crowning proof of Slave Power Conspiracy. …

Efficient Balanced Code Using Viterbi Algorithm and Section Division for Holographic Data Storage

We propose an error correctible balanced code for holographic data storage. As the transitions of a message word are considered and parity bits that check for errors in the section are appended on encoding, we can decode message words with the Viterbi algorithm and correct errors. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by numerical simulations and experiments. An improvement in bit error rate (BER) is achieved.

A transversal substructuring mode matching method applied to the acoustic analysis of dissipative mufflers

To carry out the acoustic analysis of dissipative silencers with uniform cross-section, the application of the mode matching method at the geometrical discontinuities is an attractive option from a computational point of view. The consideration of this methodology assumes, in general, that the modes associated with the transversal geometry of each element with uniform cross-section are known for the excitation frequencies considered in the analysis. The calculation of the transversal modes is not, however, a simple task when the acoustic system involves perforated elements and absorbent materials. The current work presents a modal approach to calculate the transversal modes and the corresponding axial wavenumbers for dissipative mufflers of uniform (but arbitrary) cross-section. The proposed technique is based on the division of the transversal section into subdomains and the subsequent use of a substructuring procedure with two sets of modes to improve the convergence. The former set of modes fulfils the condition of zero pressure at the common boundary between transversal subdomains while the latter satisfies the condition of zero derivative in the direction normal to the boundary. The approach leads to a versatile methodology with a moderate computational effort that can be applied to mufflers commonly found in real applications. To validate the procedure presented in this work, comparisons are provided with finite element predictions and results available in the literature, showing a good agreement. In addition, the procedure is applied to an example of practical interest.