Secondary Sources Of Information Research Articles

Identify children's rights in the juvenile justice system

The study's objective was to identify children's rights in Juvenile Justice System. The research has been done on the assumption that there are gaps in juvenile laws. The study was based on a desktop research method where both primary and secondary sources of information were utilised. Children in conflict with the law are protected under various legislations both domestically, regionally and internationally, which provides for their rights within the administration of justice. However, Kenya's legal framework has not adequately protected juveniles who come into contact with the law as is a requirement. In conclusion, the study has discovered that laws enacted have gaps, and thus this forms the main reason behind the violation of children's rights within the justice system; if this is not addressed in time, children in conflict with the Law will continue to suffer in several ways. The judicial Service Commission should develop clear guidelines for the courts on how children in conflict with the Law should be handled. There should also be specially trained Legal officers responsible for hearing and determining children's cases. Law Society of Kenya should encourage Advocates and Activists to represent children who are unable to cater for legal fees on a pro bono basis. This should be a requirement for renewals of practising licenses.

To uncover instances of abuse of juveniles in the juvenile justice system

This study explores instances of abuse of juveniles in the juvenile justice system. Children in conflict with the law are protected under various legislations both domestically, regionally and internationally which provides for their rights within the administration of justice. However, Kenya’s legal framework has not adequately protected juveniles who come into contact with the law as is a requirement. The research has been made on the assumptions that there are gaps in juvenile laws. There are also specific instances of juvenile abuse within the juvenile justice system. The study was based on desktop research method where both primary and secondary sources of information have been utilised. The study revealed that children in conflict with the Law faces a number of human rights abuses and violations at various stages once they come into contact with the law and this is counterproductive to the international requirements, objectives and standards of an efficient. The study recommends that there should be a special police unit, trained on how to deal with children in conflict with the Law to reduce cases of police brutality and violence against juveniles. The study also recommends that further research should be done on the topic.

Legal Framework for Sustainable Conservation of Fishery Resources in the Marine Environment of Nigeria

It is impossible to overstate the value of effective fisheries sector management in a society like Nigeria. This will guarantee enough food at affordable prices and a source of social and economic advancement for the populace. Living ocean resources are in danger of becoming extinct due to the high harvesting rates. Over time, the legal measures enacted to safeguard the maritime environment and actions taken by the institutions tasked with upholding them have been shown to be insufficient and ineffectual. In this study, the management of fisheries and marine life resources and the difficulties it faces was evaluated using both primary and secondary sources of information. This was geared toward creating a framework that guarantees the sustainable conservation of marine living resources in Nigeria, particularly fisheries. According to the study, fisheries must be conserved if they are to remain productive for a very long time. It describes the opportunities and difficulties facing the Nigerian fishing regime and suggests ways to achieve long-term preservation of the fishery resources in the Nigerian marine environment.

STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN PHARMA SECTOR WITH FOCUS ON "EMPLOYEE RETENTION”

The pharmaceutical sector in India currently holds a dominant position in the market for generic pharmaceuticals around the world. The industry is characterized by a one-of-a-kind mixture of both opportunities and limitations. It has achieved the global excellence standards in the mass manufacture of high-quality branded generics, which was driven by its capabilities in formulations that are of world-class standard. This achievement was driven by the fact that it has attained the mass manufacturing of branded generics. These are the result of prolonged expenditures in infrastructure and research & development on the part of industry leaders, who were also responsible for their creation. In addition, there are a huge number of small and medium-sized firms, which contributes to the industry's highly fragmented nature. The purpose of this study are to investigate the factors that contribute to employee turnover in the Indian context generally and in the pharmaceutical industry and to outline a deeper understanding of the strategies that are used for talent management and employee retention in the pharmaceutical industry.The pharmaceutical industry in India has the greatest employee turnover rate, and each industrial unit within the sector uses a unique combination of criteria and procedures to choose its talent, deliver its training, and take its various capacity-building steps. There is also a significant financial reward connected with work performance in the form of salaries and other benefits. Even with all of the necessary efforts, the retention of highly skilled employees to grass root functionaries continues to be a repeated pattern; nevertheless, the causes and impact of this phenomenon are not disclosed to aid the companies. As a consequence of this, the collecting of primary material became obligatory in order to investigate the subject in depth and evaluate the impact of the attrition problem. The secondary sources of information that were utilised in the research study have been appropriately acknowledged, and the primary data that the research scholar gathered, organized, and assessed on their own have been appropriately analyzed. The pharmaceutical sector relies on an extensive network of medical representatives, each of whom is individually tasked with driving sales of their company's wares in the marketplace. The grass-roots functionaries encompass a vast number of individuals in this category. The suggestions for lowering the rate of employee turnover are, for the most part, based on the field response from the respondents as well as management from the firms. The study was conducted in Chennai city during the month of January 2022. The primary data was collected using Google forms.

International Migration: Perspectives from Origin and Host Countries

This paper attempts to describe the trends as well as opportunities and challenges of international migration from the side of both origin and host countries. International migration and remittances are being important as well as debatable issues in current context. Secondary sources of data and information are used in this paper. The opportunities and challenges are analyzed from both sending and host countries. There is no unanimous views among the scholars about opportunities and challenges of migrants in the context of sending and host countries. Remittances have been contributed to reduce poverty level of migrants’ households and migration has been contributed to replace the ageing work force of the developed countries. The decreasing working age population due to decreased fertility rate in the context of economically developed countries has been a major policy concern.

Socio-Cultural Indicators of Development and Nigeria’s Developmental Challenges

The general objective of this study was to use the socio-cultural indicators of development in interrogating Nigeria’s developmental challenges. The Nigerian nation is the seventh most populated country on earth. The development of such a location consequently continues to attract research attention. The paper’s theoretical framework is combinatory, embedding the modernization and elite theories. The documentary method of research was adopted for the work involving the reexamination and amplification of secondary sources of information, on the bases of which the paper’s findings were made. The paper found that on the grounds of the considered socio-cultural indicators, Nigeria remains underdeveloped. It is concluded and recommended in the paper that to defeat the existing developmental challenges in the country, the national political elite must follow the lines of leadership dependability in governance

Myocardial revascularization surgery with bilateral internal mammary artery

Introduction: The internal mammary artery is the only graft with a long-term impact on mortality in patients with coronary artery disease. Some questions limit the use of both arteries simultaneously, such as prolonged surgical time, risk of sternal infections, especially in diabetic and obese patients. This study sought to describe the 5-year experience in patients revascularized with bilateral internal mammary artery (BIMA). Methods: Descriptive cohort follow-up study. 42 patients underwent myocardial revascularization with BIMA between 2015-2020, Manuel-Uribe-Ángel Hospital, Envigado-Colombia. Secondary and primary information sources. Univariate analysis was developed for the description of variables. Results: Mean age of 55.2 years, 19% were diabetic, mean body mass index (BMI) 24.5 kg/sq.mt; severe coronary artery disease 90.5%, 95.2% with complete revascularization. No patient presented surgical site infection. Median follow-up of 5.1 years during which 5.4% suffered an acute myocardial infarction, 13.5% required percutaneous coronary intervention, 16.2% died, 33.3% of which were attributed to a cardiac cause. Discussion: The participants had a normal average BMI, 19% were diabetic; they had adequate metabolic control, presenting mean glycosylated hemoglobin of 7.09%. In the studied population there were no cases of surgical site infection and 16.2% of the cohort presented angina, which is lower than that described in other studies. Incidence of acute myocardial infarction and percutaneous coronary intervention was similar to the ones reported in other studies. Conclusion: In the studied population, patients with BMI in the normal range and glycemia with adequate metabolic control, myocardial revascularization with BIMA was a safe technique with acceptable medium-term cardiovascular outcomes.

Tourism Products and Tourist Satisfaction in Nech Sar National Park, Ethiopia

Nech Sar National Park is one of the potential sites for tourism & conservation of wildlife including the endemic and flagship specie. The objective of the study was to investigate the tourism products and tourist satisfaction in the Park. For the better success of the study design that integrates both quantitative and qualitative research methods. Primary & secondary information sources have also been used; the primarily data collection was made using direct observation. Potential tourist attraction site was recorded with Canon digital camera & Garmin 64 GPS based field observations were used. Questionnaires were used to investigate tourist satisfaction in the park. Secondary data were collected from review of relevant different related publications and document reviews. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, MSEXCL programs, QGIS software. According to the finding of the study, majority of tourism products of the park are: Forty springs, God’s bridge, Degabule viewpoint, Chamo view point, Nech Sar Plains, Sermaly River valley, Mountains chains, Ayemero Selassie Cave, Emporer Haile Selassie, Colonial Mengistu Hailemariam, Hot spring & tourism wild animals. Overall tourist satisfaction indicated, majority 84.5 % & 15.5 % visitors were satisfied & highly satisfied, respectively. Visitors source of information were 34.5%, 23.5%, 15%, 14%, 8% & 4.5% from friend, Internet, Tour Operators (Travel agents), written books, Ethiopian airlines & catalogs, respectively. Tourists Tourism product preference 33% Forest admirers, 19% wild animals18.5% Land scenery, 11.5% Trekkers, 10.5% Boat recreations & 7.5% Bird watchers. Infrastructures problems for visitors from 44.3% faced road problems, 21% waste disposal, 10.7% security, 9% Boat trip, & 9% professional local guides. Tourist Flow and income generated status in National Park increasing before the outbreak of covid-19 pandemic virus from 1987-2011 E.C. May - August, 2012 E.C tourist flow and revenue collection was zero, due to the occurrence of the pandemic covid-19 virus. 2014 E.C 800,000 ETB has been collected from National Park visitors that were collected from the entrance fee. Major tourism products problems in the park include grazing plain; illegal fishing two lakes, settlement and illegal farming, natural resource extraction, & Invasive and encroaching Plant Species. The government should promote the National Park & provide appropriate support for its conservation. Keywords: Tourism products, Tourist satisfaction, Tourism animals DOI: 10.7176/JTHS/33-02 Publication date: October 31 st 2022

Internationalization versus de-internationalization: Lessons from Aeroméxico

The main objective of the present study was to analyze the internationalization and de-internationalization strategies of the Mexican airline Aeroméxico to establish a relationship between the two phenomena, the novelty of this paper being to study internationalization and de-internationalization together and not separately. To achieve the aim of this research, a qualitative case study approach was adopted, using secondary sources of information, and a model was developed to explain the relationship between the two types of policy. The results indicate that internal and external factors influenced the company’s decisions in both respects. The main finding shows that internationalization and de-internationalization behaved together and that, under certain circumstances, this relationship became stronger and therefore the two became more dependent on each other. The main conclusion is that internationalization and de-internationalization are closely related since the latter was a consequence of the former. Recommendations for future research were included.

Absolute Globalization: The Way to Confront the Global Challenges

The world is currently confronted with multidimensional challenges which are cause of concern for the earth’s all living creations. The most remarkable challenges are global warming and global climate changes, tremendous poverty, environment pollution, warfare, antibiotic resistance, migration problems, and the spread of contagious and deadly diseases etc. The adverse effects of these are very devastating. They will affect hydrology and biology of earth, everything including economy, eco-system, and the substances. The challenging factors are interconnected, and acceleration and minimization are interlinked. The study is to analysis the challenges the world is currently confronting with and their potential impacts, the reasons behind the challenges and the potential way to overcome the challenges. The study is based on secondary sources of data and information including scientific and academic journals, scholar articles, research papers, books, and other relevant sources to make a deep analysis, interpretation and re-interpretation and describe and explain the issue of this proposed study. The study recommends ‘Absolute Globalization’, an absolute integration of global economic, education, political, and social institutions where regionalism will be the cornerstone of the integration, as the way to confront the challenges.

Implementasi Kebijakan Tentang Kawasan Tanpa Rokok di Kabupaten Bandung

Implementation of the Policy on No Smoking Areas in Bandung Regency with a Study of the Bandung Regency Regional Government Office Complex in this study was conducted to determine the implementation of the policy by exploring various primary and secondary sources of information using a descriptive qualitative approach that describes a certain situation of the facts that occur in the research process, both in the form of behavior, perception, motivation, action and others without manipulating the observed phenomena. The dimensions that become a measuring tool for implementation are: Content of Policy and Context of Policy. The results showed that the Implementation of the Policy on Smokefree Areas in Bandung Regency with a Study of the Bandung Regency Regional Government Office Complex carried out by the Bandung Regency KTR Task Force was not quite optimal. Actually, in terms of the content of the policy itself, it is quite complete and detailed, which includes all the rules that limit negative smoking activities, especially in areas that have been determined in the policy content. It's just that in terms of the policy environment there are still weaknesses that make this policy not well implemented, such as still not taking firm action and imposing administrative sanctions, especially legal sanctions on policy violators.

Implementasi Kebijakan Tentang Kawasan Tanpa Rokok di Kabupaten Bandung

Implementation of the Policy on No Smoking Areas in Bandung Regency with a Study of the Bandung Regency Regional Government Office Complex in this study was conducted to determine the implementation of the policy by exploring various primary and secondary sources of information using a descriptive qualitative approach that describes a certain situation of the facts that occur in the research process, both in the form of behavior, perception, motivation, action and others without manipulating the observed phenomena. The dimensions that become a measuring tool for implementation are: Content of Policy and Context of Policy. The results showed that the Implementation of the Policy on Smokefree Areas in Bandung Regency with a Study of the Bandung Regency Regional Government Office Complex carried out by the Bandung Regency KTR Task Force was not quite optimal. Actually, in terms of the content of the policy itself, it is quite complete and detailed, which includes all the rules that limit negative smoking activities, especially in areas that have been determined in the policy content. It's just that in terms of the policy environment there are still weaknesses that make this policy not well implemented, such as still not taking firm action and imposing administrative sanctions, especially legal sanctions on policy violators.

A Literature Review on Recent Advancements in the Treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Abstract: The aim of this study is to conduct an extensive literature review on recent advancements in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This is because in extant studies, the care of the HIV infected patient has changed dramatically in the last few years. Potent new antiretroviral drugs combined with updated treatment strategies have now achieved efficient inhibition of HIV replication in most patients. Classes of drugs include both nucleoside and non-nucleoside inhibitors of the viral enzyme reverse transcriptase (RT) and inhibitors of the viral protease and integrase enzymes. The methodology used in this study was reviewed from secondary sources of information including journals, articles, newspaper, and textbooks. In this study, authors found that a major drawback of the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is the selection of resistant mutants under suboptimal dosage, in advanced stages of disease or after pre-treatment with mono- or double-combination regimens. In addition, monitoring of antiretroviral therapy is achieved by measurement of viral load using nucleic acid amplification techniques. Strict adherence to HIV drug regimens was reported to be essential for reaching and maintaining therapeutic levels of anti-retro-virals and avoiding development of drug-resistant HIV strains. This strict dosage-taking adherence makes HIV therapies among the most challenging treatments with which to adhere. Future researchers are encouraged to adopt a scientific approach in investigating the various constructs that have emerged in this study in other to provide more generalized findings for the research community and public policy makers. Keywords: Antiretroviral Drugs: Combination Therapy: Medication: Transmission: Inhibitors: Immune System.

A Review of the Microbial Biopesticides: Types and Applications

The aim of this study is to carry out a detailed review of the literature on microbial pesticides, types and applications. This is because the term microbial biopesticides is a broad array from micro-organisms and other natural sources, and processes involving the genetic incorporation of DNA into agricultural commodities that confer protection against pest damage (plant-incorporated protectants). Some microbial pesticides, such as Bacillus thuringiensis, have a long history of safe and effective use as a biological insecticide. More recent developments in microbial pest control include the utilization of other bacterial and fungal species that may competitively inhibit the growth of pathogenic and toxigenic micro-organisms on important agricultural commodities. The study adopts an extensive review of literature such as conference papers, journal articles, internet sources, books to find out the effects of microbial biopesticides, types and applications as reported by past authors with the help of standard literature procedures in their research work. These secondary sources of information were reviewed to understand the microbial biopesticides, types and applications. Authors in this study found that the use of microbes and their gene products introduces additional considerations to the toxicological dose-response relationship, including a need to determine the plausibility of infectious and immunological effects in association with human exposure to these biopesticides in food or the environment. Studies of substantial equivalence suggest that foods currently derived from plant-incorporated protestants are not likely to differ from conventional foods. However, there is general consensus that the scientific methods to assess risks from genetically modified foods and micro-organisms will continue to evolve in the future. Keywords: Microbial Biopesticides: Types: Applications: Pest Control

Urban Accessibility in World Heritage Cities. Accessibility Considerations in Pedestrian Routes in Historic City Centres.

In Spain, fifteen cities have been declared World Heritage Cities by UNESCO. This implies a responsibility to conserve all the heritage wealth of these places. However, what is the point of heritage if it cannot be known and visited? In order to be able to do this for all people, in equal and inclusive conditions, it is essential to consider Accessibility and Universal Design principles. This is a challenge that requires a personalised study in places that were precisely built with the idea of being inaccessible. In particular, the study of the urban fabric and pedestrian itineraries are the determining spaces that this article develops. The aim of this study is to determine the keys and possible guidelines for the definition of urban accessibility indicators in the routes of historic city centres. For this purpose, significant routes have been sought in historic centres from the accessibility point of view: areas of high pedestrian traffic (in many cases for tourist reasons). Thus, six of the fifteen historic quarters of the World Heritage Cities in Spain have been selected for the study, with examples of good accessibility practices and difficulties that can be identified in their itineraries. For this analysis, an initial study of the existing documentation on the subject (secondary information sources) is carried out, in addition to a direct analysis (primary information source) of the graphic documentation compiled in each of these places. Subsequently, a complementary analysis will be made of some examples of good practice in pedestrian routes in historic city centres in cities in other countries. On the basis of this preliminary analysis, a comparison will be made to establish common points and singularities among the different case studies first, and then with other cities. This diagnosis provides results that are identified as "keys to consider in the intervention on pedestrian routes in historic centres". These keys not only address issues of mobility, but also location, orientation, understanding, etc., thus addressing a holistic consideration of accessibility as a fundamental principle for all people, and in particular for the elderly sector, which is one of the groups that is clearly growing and which, without necessarily having to have a severe or recognised disability, needs an accessible environment that is easy to use. As a main conclusion, it can be said that the results of this study do not only have an internal application for these cities but can be perfectly extrapolated as a basis for the elaboration of specific indicators for any historic city centre in any city in the world, considering the necessary adaptation to the specific characteristics of each city.

Regional Integration and Institutional Capacities: an Exploratory Analysis of their Impact on Development in Central America and the Dominican Republic

Central American integration is a process that has brought benefits to its members in various areas. An expected product of this process is the strengthening of the institutional capacities of its participants and their consequent economic and institutional development. However, although the members of the Central American Integration System, especially Costa Rica, have shown progress in different areas of the concept of institutional capacities, the evidence points to divergences. Based on the operationalization of the concept of institutional capabilities -with some indicators of interest and secondary sources of information-, this paper argues that a possible process of clustering of institutional development and, therefore, of human development in the region has been avoided, differentiating between the countries of the Northern Triangle, those that do not belong to this zone and those that are outside the Isthmus. As a consequence, the importance of integration as a provider of anchors for institutional development and how the process in Central America can help member countries to improve their institutional capacities and their prospects for human development is discussed.

Religiosity and civic activism of youth in Kazakhstan: potential link and possible contradictions

The role of religion as a mean of promoting the growth of civic engagement, both positive and negative, is generally recognized throughout the world. The growing interest of young people in religion actualizes the problems of interaction of the religiosity of Kazakh youth with modern trends in the development of civil society, determining the civic position of the younger generation and its participation in socio-political transformations.  The potential link and possible contradictions between youth religiosity and civic activism are analyzed using data from a representative survey and available secondary sources of information using methods of descriptive statistics, conjugacy tables and chi-square tests. The study revealed that young people do not set out to deeply comprehend religious knowledge, as they perceive religion as a tradition and part of culture. In Kazakhstan, it is rather imposed by external trend hobbies and attitudes, and is not the basis for an active civic position. The study of the relationship between religiosity and civic activity of young people in Kazakhstan shows that religion and politics are not differentiated in the understanding of the majority of young people. The analysis of secondary data made it possible to assess the influence of religion on civic engagement and political participation at the discursive level. Based on the conducted research, the article assumes that the observance of all religious rites is a behavior that demonstrates discipline, responsibility, respect for the traditions and culture, which can be considered as an explicit and implicit resource in public life. The article provides recommendations for a better understanding of the active civic potential of religious youth in a secular Kazakhstani society. Keywords: youth, religiosity, religious identity, civic activism, political participation.

Defeating the 21st century demon “Cybercrime” on corporate bodies in Nigeria: Is security intelligence a weapon? A quantitative study

Background: This paper unveils the role of security intelligence in facilitating the war against cybercrime in organizations. it introduces the term cybercrime and security intelligence with financial organizations in Nigeria. Since the invention of information and communication technology in Nigeria, citizens have become fascinated and engrossed. Unfortunately, this opened the door for people with malicious intent to attack individuals, organizations, and nations. Thus, this paper examines the problem of information vulnerability, identifies the level of cybercrime in financial entities, establishes the type of cybercrime, and assesses security intelligence awareness among staff and customers. Methods: The paper employed the simple-random sampling technique, using a primary and secondary source of information, analyzing frequency counts, percentages, and charts for the demographic variables, and used chi-square through SPSS data processing. Results: The results state the ubiquity of cybercrime among financial organizations and reveals that phishing scams, website spoofing, piracy, ransomware, and hacking are the top cyber-crime types commonly used. Conclusions: Thus, the administration of security intelligence can reduce internal and external threats in an organization. Furthermore, the paper states that security intelligence intervention is independent of the nature of cybercrime across the organization. However, the paper recommends that organizations need to enlighten their staff and customers with measures to safeguard information against cybercrime with the usage of security intelligence techniques and other proactive measures.

Adapting education to industry 4.0: a comparative study

Objective: this study conducts a comparison among three countries (i.e., Colombia, Germany, and South Korea) on the adaptation process of their educational systems within the framework of Industry 4.0. Method: a comparative study of multiple cases to analyze the differences between these countries, which are considered as ideal types of events in central and peripheral countries to understand the differences and similarities among their educational strategies. Analysis is based on secondary sources of information that enable comparability among the three countries. In addition, a documentary analysis intends to shed light on the educational systems and strategies proposed for each country. Results: evidence is obtained of various educational policies implemented in the three countries, which leads to doubts about the capacity of peripheral regions to remain up to date in this area. Discussion and Conclusions: many aspects, such as the level of economic development and central or peripheral position, directly influence the type of strategy applied by each country and its success rate.

The Presidential Candidacy Threshold in Indonesia and Its Implications

The Presidential Election System in Indonesia is equipped with a unique mechanism that is not applicable in many other countries, namely the presidential nomination threshold by political parties or popularly known as the "Presidential Threshold". According to the Election Law, political parties need to have a minimum of twenty per cent of the Legislative House seats or twenty-five per cent of the votes cast in the most recent legislative member elections. Since this system was unconstitutional, it raised controversies because it limited the rights of established political parties and prevented new political parties from nominating presidential candidates. The purpose of this study is to ascertain the application of the Presidential Threshold process and its implications for the Indonesian general elections. This research is normative in nature. Three different approaches—the conceptual, legislative, and comparative ones—are employed. Legal primary and secondary sources of information were employed. A literature review was conducted to obtain data. Analysis of the data or legal materials is carried out by analytical prescriptive. The study concludes that raising the bar for presidential nominations results in several implications, including restricting political parties' ability to nominate candidates; weakening the essence of people's sovereignty; and contradicting the notions of justice and the presidential system. Because it does not pertain to the clauses outlined in the Republic of Indonesia's constitution, the regulation of the presidential nomination threshold in the Election Law should be deleted.