Secondary Source Of Income Research Articles

Branding Produk Label Kamasan Sebagai Upaya Pengembangan Daya Tarik Pemasaran pada UMKM Rengginang di Kelurahan Pakistaji Wonoasih Kota Probolinggo

Lately, Indonesia has been shocked by the existence of a pandemic that has yet to be controlled, namely the Covid-19 pandemic. This certainly has a significant impact on people's lives, especially the people of Pakistaji Village, Wonoasih District, which is one of the areas where the majority of the population works as farmers. However, to meet economic needs, the community also uses Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (UMKM) as a secondary source of income in meeting their household needs. One of them is UMKM which is managed by Mrs. Suryani, which produces rengginang in it. UMKMintervention in developing the community's economy is very necessary considering that the community's economy has decreased people's purchasing power or there are obstacles to the distribution of goods and services from producers to consumers and obstacles are significantly affected due to the effect of the PSBB policy during the current Covid-19 pandemic. The results of this study indicate that the efforts made by Wonoasih District KKN students in empowering Rengginang UMKMare providing guidance related to packaging labels on Mrs. Suryani's rengginang products, the establishment of Rengginang UMKM nameplates, and marketing which are expected to be able to differentiate from other packaging products and increase power. competitiveness in the MSME business. Rengginang Ms. Suryani.Keyword : Pakistaji,Empowerment, Rengginang UMKM, Covid-19, Packaging Labels

ECOTOURISM AND RURAL LIVELIHOOD OPPORTUNITIES IN EAST KHASI HILLS DISTRICT, MEGHALAYA

Meghalaya is one of the states in North-east India that is blessed with beautiful and mesmerising natural scenic beauty. The undulating green hills, pleasant breeze, waterfalls gushing from the mountains, complimented with cool climatic condition is the best combination for nature loving tourists to experience. This paper identifies the livelihood opportunities that ecotourism has provided to the local communities. Three villages i.e., Mawlynnong, Riwai and Mawsmai has been selected for the study. Purposive Sampling was adopted to identify households engaged in ecotourism activities. Primary data was collected from the households that are engaged generating livelihood from Ecotourism related activities. There are a wide range of ecotourism related activities that are being engaged by the local community members to generate income. There are also livelihood activities engaged by the respondents that has a scope for providing employment for other community members as well. In the context of the three villages selected, ecotourism has served as both primary and also secondary sources of income for the local communities. it is evident that ecotourism has played a major role in promoting livelihood and village economy in the three villages. Ecotourism has the potential for the enhancement of rural livelihood through more innovative, sustainable and eco-friendly practices.

Urban backyard swine production: A case study of Kaduna, A Nigerian metropolitan city

A survey to assess the production pattern of backvard pig raising in Kaduna Metropolis was carried out using structured questionnaires. A total of 170 farmers were randomly selected for the study. 42.94% of the respondents were traders, 24.71% civil servants, 19.41% crop farmers and 5.88% were students. More women (61.76%) than men (38.23%) kept backyard pigs with herd size of 2-10 pigs. Most (86.50%) of the pigs were of the indigenous breed and are raised as a secondary source of income for the family. Management system was mostly extensive (71.24%), but majority of the producers (98.2496) fed kitchen wastes, vegetables and agro-industrial by-products as supplement. About 58. 40% of the farmers interviewed used mud-bricks with thatched roof and rammed earth floor to house their pigs over night, while 55.20% used cement blocks with zinc roof. Most of the farmers (98.20%) reported incredible market age of 11/2 years and sold their pigs live. Mortality was generally high, but was higher for young piglets than for adults and was mainly due to diseases and poor management. Only 58.82% of the respondents applied medications to their pigs, mostly against worms. Among the identified constraints to improved production are high cost and non-availability of compound fornula feeds, difficulties in obtaining bank loans, lack of organised Markets for pigs, high incidence of diseases, accidental mortality, poor management, inadequate veterinary services and lack of title to land. About 92.94% of the respondents found pig raising to be profitable. The survey showed that pig productivity into Nigeria's urban settings could be enhanced if adequate attention is paid to the removal of identified constraints to production.

Business Income Dynamics and Labor Market Fluidity

Abstract The share of the U.S. population that receives business income has increased substantially in recent decades. At the same time, worker hire and separation rates declined, with worrying implications for productivity and wage growth. In this paper, we explore the relationship between business income (BI) receipt and labor reallocation. We show that BI recipients are largely excluded from existing measures of labor reallocation. Including BI recipients reduces the measured decline from 1994 to 2014 in the hire and separation rates by 8.3–8.7%, respectively, primarily among jobs that were secondary sources of income or short in duration. We present evidence that worker transitions between wage and salary jobs and BI represent labor reallocation, as opposed to reclassification of employees as independent contractors.

Economic analysis of land management practices among crop farmers in Osun State, Nigeria

Increase in soil degradation has negatively impacted on food production. This therefore necessitates sound land management practices. This study analyzed the economics of the land management practices among crop farmers in Osun State, Nigeria. Data were collected with the aid of structured interview schedule from 80 respondents in four Local Government Areas of the state using a three-stage sampling techniques. Budgetary and multiple regression analyses were the analytical tools employed. About 63% of the farmers were male and 78.4% of them were above 38 years. Seventy-two percent of the farmers had secondary sources of income. The average gross margin of the farms was N48,456.56k. The total value product increases by a value of N4.90K for every N1 increase in the total variable cost. The study concludes that land management practices such as fertilizer application, length of fallow on land and length of tillage on land have a positive effect on crop output in the study area. Therefore, extension services should be intensified to disseminate modern ideas and technology in crop farming for greater productivity. Activities that promote soil tillage for crop production should be encouraged as this would increase crop output.
 Keywords: Economic analysis, Land management, Fallowing, Crop output

Small-Scale Turkey Farming in Bangladesh: Farming Practices, Profitability and Supply Chain Mapping

The study was conducted to know the existing turkey production system, supply chain mapping, and identifying the prospects and problems of turkey rearing in some selected areas of Bangladesh during October 2019 to December 2019. A total of 100 turkey raisers were surveyed following convenience method of sampling technique. The primary data were collected, analyzed accordingly and tabular presentation method was applied with the help of simple descriptive statistical measures e.g. frequency distributions, percentage, sum and means to illustrating the results. Profitability analysis was done on the basis of variable cost, fixed cost, return by using arithmetic means and percentages. The study revealed that 87 male and 13 female respondents were surveyed, of them cent percent found educated. About 56% turkey keeper’s main occupation was business, 27% service and 12% in farming while 88.57% involved with farming as secondary sources of income. Average landholding for homestead, cultivable and non-cultivable was 24.40, 129.71 and 29.47 decimal, respectively. About 59% farms started for commercial purpose, 32% for non-commercial purpose and 9% for both. About 60% respondents kept less than 50 turkeys and only 2% kept 501-1000 turkeys. Among the surveyed farms55% stopped their operation and 45% farms found running their business. Among the running farms cent percent were small-scale group. The average feed intake was 192.13 grams per day per bird at 20 weeks of age. Turkey laid on an average 139 eggs a year irrespective of variety and for hatching poults, the fertility and hatchability rate found between 65 to 100% and 50 to 90%, respectively. About 28% farmers experienced the deaths of turkey because of Cold, Pox, Ranikhet, Bird flu and unknown cases and 69.47% farmers took veterinary advice from Upazila Livestock Hospital and rest from other sources. Farmers to consumers were the most common and widely used marketing channel for egg, chick and adult turkey. The market intermediaries of turkey farm carried out different marketing functions e.g. buying and selling, pricing, transportation, sorting, distribution and market information. The average net return and benefit-cost ratio was BDT 127838.04 and 1.38, respectively for 50 turkeys per year. In the study, turkey rearing found some comparative benefit over chicken and ducks e.g. higher weight gain, forage eater, lower diseases rate and suitability for the country. The main problem of turkey rearing identified as market instability, lack of quality turkey feed, higher feed price, lack of proper marketing facility and training on turkey farming. In conclusion, the small-scale turkey farming could be a viable source of income for the rural people of Bangladesh after taking some remedial steps by the Government of Bangladesh for the aforesaid hindrances faced by the turkey farmers.

The supply and design of different types of venues for business events

Purpose Hosting business events is no longer the preserve of hotels and purpose-built conference and exhibition centres. Today, visitor attractions, theatres, museums, universities and sporting complexes also compete for their share of the lucrative business events sector. However, few of these venues were originally designed and built to accommodate events but are now multipurpose in function and marketed to the events industry to secure a secondary source of income. This paper aims to evaluate the supply and design of venues for business events from both a historical and contemporary viewpoint. Design/methodology/approach As business events have specific venue requirements, ranging from extensive, accessible space for exhibitions to numerous rooms for plenary and syndicate conference sessions, choosing an appropriate venue from those available has become a considerable task. A review of key moments in history demonstrates how different types of venues have emerged and developed. Findings This study reveals how venues that have a similar background typically share features such as architectural design and layout. The paper discusses the characteristics of unusual, academic and sporting venues as well as hotels and purpose-built space to include factors such as availability, cost and location. Originality/value This paper provides an insight into the benefits and drawbacks of using different types of venues for business events and the advantages and challenges that these present to organisers. Case studies are embedded within this paper, illustrating the range of venues that are used to successfully host business events today. As there is limited literature that explores venue development for events, or commonalities of venue characteristics by type, the synthesis of these two important elements of event management makes this study an original and valuable contribution to the developing literature.

Income Assistance Receipt among Off-reserve Indigenous Peoples in Canada

This study demonstrated income assistance (IA) receipt among Aboriginal people living off-reserve using data from the 2012 Aboriginal Peoples Survey (APS), a national survey of First Nations people living off reserve, Métis, and Inuit. In 2011, 12% of Aboriginal people living off-reserve received IA. It focused on socio-demographic, labour market and health characteristics found in different types of IA receipt. For almost half of the Aboriginal IA receivers, IA was their only source of income; it was the main (but not sole) source of income for 27%; and for the remaining 28%, IA was a secondary source of income. The receipt of IA was associated with socio-demographic characteristics such as never having been married; female; younger; less than high school levels of education; and living in lone-parent households. About 20% of IA recipients were employed in 2011. Compared with other Aboriginal workers not receiving IA, they were more likely to have a job with short tenure; to be part-time workers or temporary workers; and to work in the sector of sales and services. Compared to non-recipients, recipients of IA also reported significantly poorer mental and physical health conditions. The associations between health status and IA remained significant after controlling for other demographic factors. These results have important implications for policy makers and other stakeholders interested in IA for Aboriginal people. The complexity of employment, health, and other risk factors of IA need to be considered in further understanding these issues.

Sustainable Transformative Economy: Community-Based Ecotourism

Ecotourism has a high potential impact on remote communities, by improving economic opportunity and natural resources conservation, and is increasingly accepted as an alternative livelihood for rural people. This study examines ecotourism development from the perspective of participation and economic impact for the Bousra people in Cambodia. A total of 237 households were selected as the sample size. Data collection was carried out with face-to-face interviews and analyzed using logistic regression and ordinary least square methods. Results revealed that local households depend mostly on agriculture (i.e., crop plantation and farming) and utilize ecotourism as a secondary source of income. Most households acknowledged ecotourism had a positive impact on environmental, social, and economic perspectives, while some signaled negative backlash due to depleted natural resources and impact on local culture. Household participation in ecotourism was not significantly affected from assistance issued by government or non-governmental organizations. However, causal relationships were found based on household demographic factors, attitude to environmental conservation, and village life. It was shown that the percentage of people involvement in ecotourism is high, but their income percentage is low due to education, skill, and capacity to expand. As a low-impact alternative to standard commercial tourism, community-based ecotourism has potential in becoming a transformative form of economics for local communities.

Evaluation of Factors Affecting Farmers’ Calves Rearing Decision in West Java by Participatory System Analysis Approach

This research aimed to determine factors affecting farmers’ calves rearing decision and further determine which of the factors were categorized as the critical elements on the practice as well. A qualitative method was used in this research, where beef and dairy cattle farmer groups, dairy cooperative staffs, and regional department of livestock and animal health staffs were questioned as the source of information and data collection. The research area covered Tasikmalaya and Kuningan District for beef cattle rearing, while for the dairy cattle rearing covered Bandung and West Bandung District. The obtained data were then analyzed through Participatory System Analysis (PSA) approach. The results showed that factors which affect farmer’s dairy calves rearing decision were high-cost production, long rearing time, calves rearing status as a secondary income source, and reared calves’ quality. Furthermore, the results of this research also showed that the critical elements the decision were calves rearing status as secondary income and calves’ quality.

Farmers’ Perception of Water Quality and Risks in the Mashavera River Basin, Georgia: Analyzing the Vulnerability of the Social-Ecological System through Community Perceptions

Competing natural resources usage that leads to dramatic land use changes can threaten the balance of a social-ecological system. When this is the case, communities are directly exposed to the negative consequences of those land use changes. The Mashavera River Basin is considered one of the hotspots of environmental pollution in Georgia. This is of importance for public health because the food production from this basin meets a substantial proportion of the country’s food demand. The farmers’ perception of the water quality and their perceived risks to the economy, health, and lifestyle reflect the status of the environmental and social conditions. The inclusion of farmers’ risk perceptions is an important stage of water quality governance that could enable active civic participation. The approach of this research study was the convergence model in the triangular design of the mixed method approach. As part of the social data, the research study was conducted with a survey of 177 households, for which agriculture was either a main or partial source of income. A few focus group discussions were also conducted. A binary logistic regression analysis was employed as the main method for the analysis. The results from the pollution load index (PLI) were used as the supportive data to verify some geospatial hypotheses. We found that aesthetic attributes (i.e., color changes observed in the river) and the source of the water contamination (i.e., mining sites) were the main predictor variables for a perceived risk to water quality, health, and livelihoods. The people who work in agriculture as the main income source had more concern about their ability to sell their agricultural products as a result of water contamination in the river, compared with people for whom agriculture is a secondary source of income or for self-consumption. Age, amount of land, years of agricultural experience, and the source of water supply for agriculture did not have a significant effect on any of the risk perception or water quality perception models. The results indicate that the health risk is perceived more strongly in areas with more heavily contaminated water compared to less polluted areas. We propose that conducting a public risk perception assessment is an ideal means to detect people’s concerns regarding water quality governance for future risk analysis in Georgia. Another recommendation of this study is an integrated model of risk assessment that combines the results from a public risk perception assessment and a technical assessment. The benefits of such an integrated assessment include finding new hazard-sensitive areas for further analysis, the possibility to cross-check data for verification, communal communication of hazardous conditions by utilizing local knowledge, and the direct participation of the community in monitoring risks.

Upgrading the Glycerol from Biodiesel Production as a Source of Energy Carriers and Chemicals—A Technological Review for Three Chemical Pathways

Glycerol is a by-product of biodiesel obtained from biomass, accounting for 10% of the biodiesel production. In the context of a green economy, aiming for a reduction of the emission of atmospheric greenhouse gases emissions, the demand of biodiesel is expected to increase vastly, in parallel with a side glut supply of glycerol. Given the high cost of biodiesel compared with its fossil congener, upgrading of glycerol into added-value products can represent a secondary income source and turn the production of such alternative fuels economically sustainable in the long term. The glycerol obtained as by-product of biodiesel from biomass is in a crude form and must be purified. Some industrial solutions and applications were therein geared. The survey presented in this work, based on a reviewing of the existing literature, examines three routes for the valuing glycerol into energy carriers and chemicals, namely, carbonation, acylation, and steam reforming to hydrogen. The latter is embodied of great interest and importance, insofar that hydrogen by itself is considered as straighforward clean fuel for transportation uses, due to its high calorific power and to recent advances in fuel cells. We also have focused on the chain value from biomass to energies carriers through these pathways.

TYPOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL OFFENDERS BASED UPON THE INTENSIVENESS AND STABILITY OF THE CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR

As a result of analysis of the general theoretical knowledge of the criminal personality and the empirical facts the author suggests the typology of people who commit ecological crimes. The article handles the author’s version of typological distribution of the environmental offenders based upon the intensiveness and stability of the criminal behavior. Three types of environmental offenders such as situational, conventional and professional along with several sub-types of them have been marked and described. The situational type includes individuals who are prone to committing an environmental offence under the influence of external factors or an unfavorable situation, being unable to find a legitimate way out of it. Immoral attitudes of persons of this type are insignificantly manifested. More relevant in the process of offence determination are the defects in the mechanism of social environment – personality interaction in a difficult situation, including because such a person is not prepared for it. The conventional type includes individuals who are characterized by significant deformation in the structure of social orientation. As compared to the previous category, the positive component is manifested to a much lesser extend, socio-psychological features of personality are unstable and contradictory. This type has low legal awareness, including in environmental area, lacks distinct limits between moral and immoral, between «the norm» and «the offence». The majority from this type are anti-social persons who have actually dropped out of the system of normal communications and who live in a parasitic manner for a long time. Some of them are engaged in vagrancy, there are also convicted persons, as well as alcohol and drug addicts. The «professional» type includes individuals who commit offences as if it is his/her trade and for whom such encroachments are a primary or secondary source of income. These persons commit ecological crimes as a logical component of their conventional manner of behavior and the crime stems from persistent anti-social attitudes and social views of these persons. Unlike other categories, persons classified into the ‘professional’ type, actively create a situation for committing a crime and are able, if necessary, to adjust a particular situation to their own benefit. Several sub-types of environmental offenders are also marked out, such as family, negligent, practitioner, legal, office and organizational sub-types. As it has been established, from among environmental offenders classified into the «professional» type, the most dangerous category are «office and organizational» offenders who by nature of their official duties should counteract criminal activities, but instead, contrary to public and state interests, they take charge of the illegal business. This type of offenders includes officers of the police, the State Security Service, the Prosecutor’s Office, the Boarder and Customs Service, forest inspection and fishery inspection authorities. It is noted that typological characteristics of persons committing ecological crimes have different levels of manifestation and may be combined in a different way. Therefore, it is possible to refer to significant variability of types in this category of persons, which allows supplementing the proposed typologies with new types and sub-types.

The Great Lakes Charter Fishing Industry: 2002 to 2011

We compare results of Great Lakes charter captain surveys from 2002 and 2011. Charter trips declined 27%, from over 103,000 in 2002 to less than 76,000 in 2011. Revenues between the two years fell 24%, from US$48.0 million to $36.4 million, after values were adjusted for inflation. An estimated 1,696 captains operated as small businesses in 2011: a decrease of over 12% from 2002. Fuel costs and age of the average charter vessel were significantly higher in 2011. Motivations for chartering were basically unchanged since 2002, and fishing continued to be a secondary income source for most captains. The economy and aquatic nuisance species were included among top concerns for the future of the industry in both years. Although the basic nature of the charter industry had not changed, captains were making management decisions to reduce costs and maintain the viability of their business.

A description of smallholder pig production systems in eastern Indonesia

Pig farming is a common practice among smallholder farmers in Nusa Tenggara Timur province (NTT), eastern Indonesia. To understand their production systems a survey of smallholder pig farmers was conducted. Eighteen villages were randomly selected across West Timor, Flores and Sumba islands, and 289 pig farmers were interviewed. Information on pig management, biosecurity practices, pig movements and knowledge of pig health and disease, specifically classical swine fever was collected. The mean number of pigs per herd was 5.0 (not including piglets), and total marketable herd size (pigs≥two months of age) did not differ significantly between islands (P=0.215). Chickens (71%) and dogs (62%) were the most commonly kept animal species in addition to pigs. Pigs were mainly kept as a secondary income source (69%) and 83% of farmers owned at least one sow. Seventy-four percent (74%) of pigs were housed in a kandang (small bamboo pen) and 25% were tethered. Pig feeds were primarily locally sourced agricultural products (93%). The majority of farmers had no knowledge of classical swine fever (91%) and biosecurity practices were minimal. Forty-five percent (45%) reported to consuming a pig when it died and 74% failed to report cases of sick or dead pigs to appropriate authorities. Sixty-five percent (65%) of farmers reported that a veterinarian or animal health worker had never visited their village. Backyard slaughter was common practice (55%), with meat mainly used for home consumption (89%). Most (73%) farmers purchased pigs in order to raise the animal on their farm with 36% purchasing at least one pig within the last year. Predominantly fattener pigs (34%) were given as gifts for celebratory events, most commonly for funerals (32%), traditional ceremonies (27%) and marriages (10%). For improved productivity of this traditional low-input system, research incorporating farming training and improved knowledge on pig disease and biosecurity needs to be integrated with greater access to extension services.

From Faith Healer to a Medical Doctor: Creating Biomedical Hegemony

The present research was conducted in Zandra village of Ziarat district in the province of Balochistan. Anthropological research techniques were used to collect empirical data. In this article, an effort has been made to understand the natives’ cultural beliefs and practices in health care sector. The main focus of this research was to understand the nature of development, internal and external factors responsible for the changes and the actual beneficiaries of the development. An effort has also been made to find out the health care systems working in the village which included both faith healing and allopathic medicines. Initially the natives were using traditional and spiritual healing systems, but now as their economic condition and literacy rate are increasing, they are more inclined towards the modern methods of treatment. During the last 3 decades, many changes have been witnessed. Awareness through media and shift from subsistence to market economy have increased the use of allopathic medicines due to the fact that the natives have started opting for secondary sources of income. Besides, researcher’s endeavor to explore the shift from traditional to modern healthcare and the disparity between natives’ health related beliefs and practices, the impact of which has been analyzed in light of world system theory at micro level.

World System Analysis of Biomedical Hegemony

This paper deals with research findings regarding traditional and modern biomedical healthcare systems prevailing in the Village Zandra, District Ziarat in the province of Balochistan. An effort has been made to find out the medical system working in the village which included both beliefs and perceptions related to health and illness and also the activities which natives have adopted or developed to maintain and restore their health. Initially the natives were using traditional and spiritual healing systems, but now, as their economic condition and literacy rate are improving, they are more inclined towards the modern methods of treatment. During the last 3 decades, few changes have been witnessed. Shift from subsistence to market economy has increased the use of allopathic medicines due to the fact that the natives have started opting for secondary sources of income. Besides, researcher endeavored to explore the shift from traditional to modern healthcare and the disparity between natives’ health related beliefs and practices. The impact of these changes has been analyzed in light of world system theory at micro level. The data presented in this paper have been collected by using qualitative anthropological research techniques.

Demographic and production practices of pig producers trading at saleyards in eastern Australia.

To gather information on the demographics, motivations, marketing strategies and rearing techniques of producers who trade pigs at livestock markets in eastern Australia. A 2-page postal survey was administered to 815 pig producers trading pigs at six livestock markets in eastern Australia. Preliminary demographic and managerial practices were qualitatively and quantitatively determined. Logistic regression analysis was used to provide an insight to those practices that could pose a risk for exotic disease introduction and/or spread. A response rate of 68.7% (505 survey questionnaires) was achieved. Most respondents (73.1%) resided in regional areas and 65.5% of these were classed as 'small-scale' (<100 sows). Herd size was significantly (P < 0.0001) associated with the use of veterinary services, with smaller herds less likely to consult a veterinarian. In addition, peri-urban producers (24.8%) tended (P = 0.051) to contact veterinarians more frequently than regional producers (15.2%). Motivations for keeping pigs differed by herd size, nationality and producer type. One-third of respondents trading pigs used more than one method to market pigs, with marketing strategies differing by herd size. Producers with smaller herd sizes kept pigs as a secondary source of income, as a hobby or for home consumption (P < 0.0001). Key risk areas for exotic disease introduction and spread identified in this study included lack of veterinary contact, motivations for keeping pigs other than financial, marketing pigs privately with no formal transaction documentation and the co-production of pigs with ruminant and domestic bird species.

KANDYAN FOREST GARDEN: AN AGRO-FORESTRY SYSTEM WITH HIGH POTENTIAL FOR LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION

Kandyan Forest Garden (KFG), is a traditional cropping system practiced for centuries.This is considered as the oldest 'agro-foresty'system in Asia. KFG's located in Kandycentered districts with an altitude of 450 - 1050 m, and receiving an annual rainfall of&gt;2400 mm. The topography of the land is sloping with a gradient of 50 - 250. The landholdings vary from 0.4 - 1.75 ha. (mean =0.7 ha), with sufficient idle family labour foralternate income generation opportunities. This perennial, tree-based home garden systemhas high floristic diversity. The perennials are composed of spice, timber, fruit, food,medicinal and shade trees. The density of perennial trees ranged from 60 -340 per ha.(mean = 196), and contains at least 12 different species. The inhabitants are traditionaland conventional farmers with wide experience in farming. Many of them have beenkeeping livestock as a secondary source of income through generations. The climate isconducive for exotic breeds and have high market potential for livestock products. Theperennial trees provide excellent tree fodder. Other than the major perennials, the livefences,supports and shade trees also provide green fodder year round. The annual drybiomass production from perennials range from 2500 -18000 kg, with a crude protein of&gt; 16% and digestibility of &gt;50%. The perennial tree fodder acceptance is high by goatsthan cattle and buffalo. The fodder potential can be further improved by introduction ofsimple agricultural techniques such as 'Sloping Agricultural Land Technology' (SALT).This also improves the soil conservation. This system is stable and highly sustainable.The potentials for income generation using the resources within the system is enormous.The most important factor is that to maintain the stability and the sustainability of thesystem.

Apple Economy of Village Zandra in Light of World System Theory

This paper deals with research findings regarding horticulture, a major sources of income in the Village Zandra, District Ziarat in the province of Balochistan. Initially the natives were earning their livelihood through horticulture only. The main contribution was coming through apple production. The process of tree plantation and the people involved in horticulture economy have been discussed in this article. During the last 3 decades few changes have been witnessed. Shift from subsistence to market economy has increased the lust for money due to which the natives have started opting for secondary sources of income. In horticulture they have started using technology, pesticides and chemical fertilizers to maximize their production and profit. They are also switching over to the cultivation of profitable types of apple. The impact of these changes has been analyzed in light of world system theory at micro level. The data presented in this paper have been collected by using qualitative anthropological research techniques.