Secondary Sjögren's Syndrome Research Articles

Estimating the prevalence of Sjogren’s syndrome in the world using systematic review and meta-analysis

Introduction: Sjogren’s syndrome is an autoimmune disorder with variable prevalence in different parts of the world. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of Sjogren’s syndrome worldwide using a systematic review and meta-analysis. Materials and Methods: For this study, we searched the databases of PubMed, ProQuest, Cochrane, Web of Science, and the Google Scholar search engine without any time limit until February 17, 2024. We used STATA 14 software for data analysis, and the significance level was set at P<0.05. Results: Combining the findings of 24 observational studies with a total of 211349 participants, we concluded that the overall prevalence of Sjogren’s syndrome in the world and the female population was (13%; [95% CI: 10%, 16%]) and (15% [95% CI: 4%, 26%]), respectively. The worldwide prevalence of Sjogren’s syndrome in cohort studies and cross-sectional studies was (14% [95% CI: 10%, 19%]) and (10% [95% CI: 7%, 14%]), respectively. However, the prevalence of primary Sjogren’s syndrome was (7% [95% CI: 5%, 9%]) and the prevalence of secondary Sjogren syndrome was (9% [95% CI: 6%, 13%]). Additionally, the prevalence of Sjogren’s syndrome among the age groups of 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, and 70-79 years was (31% [95% CI: 30%, 42%]), (4% [95% CI: 1%, 6%]), (7% [95% CI: 5%, 10%]), (24% [95% CI: 15%, 33%]), (22% [95% CI: 2%, 42%]), and (5% [95% CI: 1%, 9%]), respectively. Conclusion: Sjogren’s syndrome has a high overall prevalence in the world, and considering the adverse outcomes of this disease, there should be measures taken to control and screen the prevalence of Sjogren’s disease. Registration: This study has been compiled based on the PRISMA checklist, and its protocol was registered on the PROSPERO (ID: CRD42024513783) and Research Registry (UIN: reviewregistry1793) website.

Epidemiology of Sjogren's syndrome in a sample of the Egyptian population: a cross-sectional study.

To investigate the prevalence of Sjögren's syndrome (SS) and the associated factors in a sample of the Egyptian population. This cross-sectional study obtained data by screening subjects from several hospitals in different governorates across Egypt. Demographic and health data were collected including symptoms and type of Sjögren's syndrome, associated autoimmune diseases, the presence of specific autoantibodies and associated malignancies. The study analysed 7960 participants and 64 (0.80%) had SS. Of these, 22 (34.38%) had primary SS and 42 patients (65.63%) had secondary SS. For the total study cohort, the prevalence of primary and secondary SS was 0.28% and 0.53%, respectively. There was a higher prevalence of SS in females compared with males and SS was more common in the fifth and sixth decades. All patients with SS complained of oral and ocular dryness. The most common concomitant autoimmune disease was rheumatoid arthritis. Anti-SSA (Ro) and anti-SSB (La) antibodies were the most frequently associated autoantibodies. Only two patients had non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. This was the first study to describe the prevalence of SS in Egypt. SS is not a rare disease in Egypt, so raising awareness of SS in both patients and healthcare professionals is very important.

Performance of salivary glands ultrasonography, shear wave elastography and their combined use for the diagnosis of primary and secondary Sjögren's syndrome.

Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a common rheumatic disease for which finding the right imaging tool remains a challenge. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of salivary gland ultrasonography (SGUS), shear wave elastography (SWE) and their combined use for the diagnosis of primary and secondary SS (pSS and sSS). This retrospective study included patients with dry symptoms who underwent routine examinations between May 2019 and December 2023. Patients were categorized into the pSS (n=41), sSS (n=26), and control (n=27) groups based on the American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism classification criteria (2016). A comparison of SGUS and shear wave velocity (SWV) results was conducted among the three groups. The diagnostic capabilities of different ultrasound methods for SS were evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and the area under the curve (AUC) for specificity. Compared to the control group, both the pSS (1.80±1.03vs. 0.67±0.48, p<0.001) and the sSS (1.85±0.88vs. 0.67±0.48, p<0.001) groups exhibited significantly elevated SGUS scores. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the pSS and sSS groups (p=0.849). The SWV values in both the pSS and sSS groups were significantly higher than those in the control group (all p<0.001). The AUC for diagnosing SS using only SGUS scores was 0.823 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.731-0.894). Combining SGUS scores and SWV values resulted in improved diagnostic accuracy (AUC: 0.883, 95% CI: 0.801-0.940). SGUS and SWE are pivotal in the diagnosis of Sjögren's syndrome, with their synergistic application poised to bolster diagnostic precision. This combined approach also furnishes substantial backing for the clinical assessment and management of Sjögren's syndrome.

Rare presentations of Sjogren syndrome

Sjögren’s syndrome is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of exocrine glands. It most commonly presenting with sicca symptoms. Sicca refers to dryness most often involving the eyes and mouth due to inflammation and resultant pathology of the lacrimal and salivary glands. Up to one-half of affected individuals also develop extra-glandular involvement in organs such as the joints, skin, lungs, gastrointestinal (GI) tract, nervous system, and kidneys. This condition is frequently associated with other autoimmune disorders including rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) - called the secondary Sjogrens syndrome. Evaluation of a patient with suspected Sjogren syndrome should include an evaluation of oral and ocular dryness and function. In addition to the history, this may include the performance of a Schirmer test, slit-lamp exam with vital dye staining, salivary flow rate, and/or nuclear scintigraphic evaluation of the salivary glandular function. Assessment of autoantibodies (ANA, RF, SS-A, and SS-B) should also be performed. Of these, SS-A is probably the most sensitive and specific antibody for Sjogren's but alone is not diagnostic since it may be present in other autoimmune disorders and may be absent in up to a third of Sjogren cases. The most specific single test is a minor salivary gland (lip) biopsy which will demonstrate focal lymphocytic sialadenitis (FLS). Therapies are directed toward replacing moisture at affected glandular sites and suppressing the autoimmune response locally as well as systemically. This activity reviews the evaluation and management of Sjogren syndrome and explains the different rare presentations in which it can present.

The study of serum muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype 3 (m3AChR)-Specific autoantibodies level in rheumatoid arthritis patients with secondary sjogren syndrome

BackgroundDry eyes and mouth are symptoms of Sjogren syndrome, which can occur on its own and be referred to as primary Sjogren syndrome or in conjunction with other rheumatic diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and be referred to as secondary Sjogren syndrome. Anti-muscarinic type 3 receptors have been linked to neurological issues as well as secretory dysfunction in Sjogren patients. Consequently, the purpose of this study is to determine the serum level of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype 3 (m3AChR)-specific autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and evaluate its relationship to disease activity, functional disability, and to study its role in the development of secondary Sjogren syndrome manifestations in those patients.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, 30 RA patients with secondary Sjogren syndrome signs and 30 RA patients without secondary Sjogren syndrome manifestations were included, along with 30 healthy volunteers who were aged, and sex matched as controls. All participants underwent thorough clinical examination, evaluation of disease activity using the DAS28 score, assessment of functional status using the modified health assessment questionnaire (MHAQ), and evaluation of the serum level of (m3AChR) by (ELISA).ResultsWhen compared to RA patients without secondary Sjogren syndrome and healthy controls (20.09 ± 4.24, 18.36 ± 3.59 ng/ml respectively), the serum level of m3AChR antibodies among 30 RA patients with secondary Sjogren syndrome considerably increased (mean 25.98 ± 4.81 ng/ml).Analysis of the m3AChR’s (ROC)-curve revealed that the three groups under study differed significantly (P < 0.001), with the AUC (0.806), cutoff (> 22.63ng/ml), sensitivity (73.33%), and specificity (86.67%) all exceeding the threshold. Additionally, there was a significant positive connection between the serum level of m3AChR and the following variables (P < 0.05): DAS scores, MHAQ score, number of tender & swollen joints, and acute phase reactants.ConclusionAutoantibodies against m3AChR may be one of the serum components involved in the pathophysiology of secondary Sjogren syndrome in RA patients, and because of their high sensitivity and specificity, they can be utilized as a diagnostic marker in these individuals.

Antimitochondrial antibody-negative primary biliary cirrhosis with secondary Sjogren syndrome: a case report

Introduction and importance: Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a rare immune-mediated liver disease characterized by the destruction of intrahepatic bile ducts and a positive antimitochondrial antibody (AMA), which is considered a serological hallmark for the diagnosis. Rarely, AMA can be absent/nondetectable in a few cases and is referred to as ‘AMA-negative’. Case presentation: The authors present such an uncommon case of AMA-negative PBC in a 39-year-female with Sjogren’s syndrome who presented with fatigue, pruritus, and dry eyes. Clinical discussion: Previously published studies state that approximately only about 5% of patients with PBC are ‘AMA-negative’. For patients negative for AMA, the diagnosis has to be based on typical pathological features of this disease. Once a diagnosis of PBC is established, regardless of whether it is positive or negative for AMAs, ursodeoxycholic acid is a widely accepted treatment. Conclusion: The presence/absence of AMAs is associated with similar clinical, biochemical, and histopathological characteristics in PBC. The identification of AMAs alone should not impact the diagnosis or treatment of PBC.

Oral Disorders in Sjögren’s Syndrome

Abstract Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) is a complex, chronic, systemic, autoimmune disease that mainly affects the exocrine glands, especially the salivary and lacrimal glands, leading to the dryness of the mouth and eyes, along with fatigue, joint and muscle pain. The prevalence of SS is estimated to be between 0.05% and 1% in European population. Diagnosis of SS is based on the revised criteria of the American-European consensus group (AECG). Sjögren’s syndrome can be subclassified into primary disease (primary Sjögren syndrome, pSS) and a secondary disease (secondary Sjögren syndrome, sSS) when present with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and systemic sclerosis. The decrease in salivary flow and qualitative alterations in saliva could explain many of the oral manifestations frequently present in patients with SS. Low salivary flow may affect chewing, swallowing, speech and sleeping in pSS patients. Oral manifestations include dental erosion, dental caries, mucosal infection, ulcers and oral candidiasis. Recent studies reveal that pSS patients experience impaired olfactory and gustatory functions and have higher occurrence of oral complications such as dysgeusia, burning sensation in the tongue (BST) and halitosis. The exocrine manifestations and systemic involvement in SS significantly impact the patient’s perception of oral healthrelated quality of life (OHRQoL).

Impairment of oral health and its impact on the quality of life of patients with Sjögren's syndrome

AbstractObjectivesThis study aimed to describe the clinical profile and the oral health status and their impact on the quality of life of patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS).MethodsThrough a cross‐sectional study, patients with SS were compared with those with dry symptoms with no conclusive diagnosis of SS (non‐SS) and patients without complaints of dryness, matched for sex and age (control group). Data related to classification of SS, focus score, unstimulated whole salivary flow (UWSF), dental plaque index, periodontal screening and recording (PSR), decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT), and clinical signs of candidiasis were assessed. Colony‐forming units (CFU) of Candida spp were assessed and saliva biochemical analysis was also performed. The Xerostomia Inventory (XI) and Oral Health Impact Profile 14 (OHIP‐14) questionnaire were applied to assess the severity of xerostomia and quality of life.ResultsThirty‐three patients with primary SS, 22 with secondary SS, nine non‐SS, and 23 from control group were included. Patients with primary SS, secondary SS and non‐SS had lower UWSF and higher rates of plaque, PSR and DMFT than the control group. Candida spp. count was also higher in SS groups. Osmolality, buffering capacity and protein concentration in saliva were similar between groups. The scores of XI and OHIP‐14 were higher in the SS and non‐SS groups and showed positive correlation with PSR and DMFT and negative correlation with UWSF.ConclusionSS is associated with poor oral health, mainly related to dental and periodontal problems, which exert a negative impact on quality of life.

Prevalence and comorbidities of Sjogren's syndrome patients in the Community of Madrid: A population-based cross-sectional study.

To estimate the prevalence, sociodemographic characteristics and comorbidities of Sjogren's syndrome (SS) patients in the Community of Madrid. A population-based cross-sectional cohort of SS patients was derived from the information system for rare diseases in the Community of Madrid (SIERMA) and confirmed by a physician. The prevalence per 10,000 inhabitants among people aged ≥18years in June 2015 was calculated. Sociodemographic data and accompanying disorders were recorded. Univariate and bivariate analyses were performed. A total of 4,778 SS patients were confirmed in SIERMA; 92.8% were female, with a mean age of 64.3 (standard deviation=15.4) years. A total of 3,116 (65.2%) patients were classified as primary SS (pSS), and 1,662 (34.8%) as secondary SS (sSS). The prevalence of SS among people aged ≥18 years was 8.4/10,000 (95%Confidence interval [CI]=8.2-8.7). The prevalence of pSS was 5.5/10,000 (95%CI=5.3-5.7), and that of sSS was 2.8/10,000 (95%CI=2.7-2.9), with rheumatoid arthritis (20.3%) and systemic lupus erythematosus (8.5%) being the most prevalent associated autoimmune diseases. The most common comorbidities were hypertension (40.8%), lipid disorders (32.7%), osteoarthritis (27.7%) and depression (21.1%). The most prescribed medications were nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (31.9%), topical ophthalmic therapies (31.2%) and corticosteroids (28.0%). The prevalence of SS in the Community of Madrid was similar to the overall prevalence worldwide observed in previous studies. SS was more frequent in women in their sixth decade. Two out of every three SS cases were pSS, while one-third were associated predominantly with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.

A Case Report of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus with Secondary Sjogren's Syndrome

A Case Report of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus with Secondary Sjogren's Syndrome

Comparison of periodontal indices, DMFT, xerostomia, hyposalivation and oral health-related quality of life in Sjögren's syndrome patients versus healthy individuals: A case-control study.

Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a common systemic autoimmune disease that affects oral health, and consequently oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) due to the involvement of exocrine glands. The present study aimed to evaluate the oral health-related quality of life and oral health indicators in patients with SS in comparison with healthy individuals. In the case and control groups (45 patients and 45 healthy individuals), questions about demographic data, other systemic disorders, medications, the years of infection, xerostomia, as well as inquiries about the quality of life (Oral Health Impact Profile-14 - OHIP-14) were asked. The patients were evaluated clinically, and oral health indicators, including the plaque index (PI), the gingival index (GI), the sulcus bleeding index (SBI), and the number of decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) were assessed on the Ramfjord teeth. Unstimulated saliva samples from both groups were obtained and weighed. The data was analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, v. 24.0. Quantitative variables were compared between the case and control groups with the use of the independent t test or their nonparametric equivalent (the Mann-Whitney test). The comparison of the quantitative variables between the study groups showed a statistically significant difference in the OHRQoL scores (p = 0.037) and the unstimulated saliva flow rate (p = 0.002) between the case and control groups. Also, there was a statistically significant difference in the DMFT index between patients with primary and secondary SS in the case group (p = 0.048). The lower OHRQoL of patients with SS requires more attention and follow-up to solve periodontal and dental problems in this group of patients.

Diagnostic utility of a second minor salivary gland biopsy in patients with suspected Sjögren's syndrome: A retrospective cohort study.

To determine whether repeated minor salivary gland biopsy (MSGB) has a clinical diagnostic utility in patients with suspicion of Sjögren's syndrome (SS). Clinical, biological, pathological data and physician's diagnosis after each MSGB from patients with suspected primary or secondary SS who had benefited from 2 MSGB at Brest University Hospital between January 1st, 1990 and January 14th, 2015, were retrospectively collected. We compared the characteristics of patients with and without first positive MSGB, concordance between the MSGB, and analyzed the modifications of diagnosis after the second MSGB. Ninety-three patients were included, first MSGB was positive for 23 and negative for 70. Patients with first positive MSGB had more often renal involvement (P<0.05) and hypergammaglobulinemia (P=0.01), anti-SSA antibodies (P<0.05) and positive second biopsy with focus score≥1 or Chisholm>2 (P<0.01). The mean time between the 2 MSGB was 5.7±4.3 years. The concordance between the results of the 2 biopsies was low (κ=0.34). MSGB influenced diagnostic's change in 10 cases where the second MSGB was always guided by new specific clinical manifestations. We observed a low concordance between 2 MSGB in patients with suspected pSS in our study. Despite this variability, performing a second MSGB changed the initial diagnosis in only a minority of the patients and was particularly useful when clinical manifestations had deeply evolved.

Tear Proteomics Approach to Distinguishing Primary from Secondary Sjögren’s Syndrome for Dry Eye Patients with Long-Term Instillation of Eyedrops

The diagnosis and monitoring of Sjögren syndrome (SS) is often difficult, requiring a multidisciplinary approach with invasive procedures. Our aim is to elucidate the tear protein alterations of dry eye disease (DED) with primary SS (pSS) and secondary SS (sSS) with the long-term instillation of eyedrops. We collected clinical demographics and tear fluid (TF) samples from DED patients with no autoimmune diseases (non-SS-DED), pSS-DED, and sSS-DED patients, followed by TF screening with tandem mass tagging-labeling gel-free proteomics assay. Bioinformatic analysis via Ingenuity Pathway Analysis was used to identify functional pathways and interacting networks. Validation of candidate proteins with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on the tear samples was done. The top functional pathways of the two comparisons (sSS-DED vs. pSS-DED and sSS-DED vs. non-SS-DED) were both associated with inflammation and stress-related signaling. After constructing an interaction network model with the selected candidate proteins, five proteins were identified. A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 10 (ADAM10) was found to be an important candidate biomarker in all groups, followed by epidermal growth factor (EGF) in TF. This study revealed novel DED markers, ADAM10 and EGF, in differentiating between primary and secondary SS patients from tears by in-depth proteomic analysis.

Clinical Study of the Relationship between Sjögren Syndrome and T-Cell Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemia: Single-Center Experience.

The relationship between Sjögren syndrome (SS) and T-cell large granular lymphocytic (T-LGL) leukemia remains unclear. In this paper, we report for the first time a large case series of 21 patients with primary and secondary SS associated with T-LGL leukemia. Our results suggest the importance of considering T-LGL leukemia in the diagnostic evaluation of SS patients, particularly when neutropenia occurs. We also postulate that elevated antinuclear antibody titers in patients with T-LGL leukemia indicate the need for the clinical assessment of SS. To assess whether SS affects the frequency of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) gene mutations in T-LGL leukemia, we examined STAT3 mutations by next-generation sequencing in two cohorts of patients: with SS-associated T-LGL leukemia and T-LGL leukemia in the setting of rheumatic diseases but without SS. While our results suggest that SS, per se, is not associated with an increased frequency of STAT3 mutations in T-LGL leukemia, further studies are needed to better assess the role of the STAT pathway in the development of concomitant SS and T-LGL leukemia.

Clinical profile of patients with aqueous deficient dry eye

The main objective of our study is to assess aqueous deficient dry eye in the study population consisting of various age and gender distribution and to identify the factors which are responsible for aqueous deficient dry eye. : All patients with dry eye presented to the eye care center in Telangana, in South India were examined in detail to know the demographics and risk factors responsible for dry eye. Patients who presented with dry eye were examined with detailed histories such as occupational history, family history, and drug and systemic history. These patients were also subjected to visual acuity, slit-lamp examination, Schirmer's test, fluorescein stain, and tear film breakup time. A prospective observational study was carried out on 100 patients over 12 months from July 2021 to June 2022. : Demographics such as age, gender, occupation, patient symptoms, signs, associated systemic diseases, and investigations results were all evaluated. Dry eye is one of the health problems which is more prevalent in the current digital world. Though it may appear as a minor issue it leads to a lot of discomforts to the patient eyes such as itching. Patients observed in our study were categorized into primary Sjogren syndrome, secondary Sjogren syndrome, and non-Sjogren syndrome. These patients were carefully evaluated and treated according to ocular signs and severity.

CYSTIC LUNG DISEASE IN A YOUNG MALE WITH SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS

CYSTIC LUNG DISEASE IN A YOUNG MALE WITH SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH SJÖGREN SYNDROME

<h3>Objectives</h3> To discuss the association between other autoimmune diseases (AID) and secondary Sjögren syndrome (SSS). <h3>Study Design</h3> A literature search was performed between 2002 and 2017 using the following databases: PubMed, Bireme, and Google Scholar. <h3>Results</h3> Rheumatoid arthritis is more frequently associated with SSS, so these patients should be followed due to the possibility of developing SSS. SSS pathogenesis is different from other AIDs, once it is not related to the severity of associated AID, but probably to how long it has been present. In 2016, a consensus defined new diagnostic criteria for patients with xerophthalmia and xerostomia, and questions were created to screen for patients needing further exams. A score was also developed. It is not possible to determine the main factor leading to AID manifestation, but each AID is related to specific genes that may change the defense cells' mechanism of action. Treatment is symptom-related and consists of stimulating the production of secretion from the injured glands and using various lubricating agents. <h3>Conclusions</h3> SSS oral manifestations added to the symptoms of other AIDs affect the patient physically and psychologically, so multidisciplinary treatment is essential to warrant a better quality of life.

Особливості розвитку панкреатиту на тлі деяких ревматичних захворювань

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the main pathogenetic mechanisms of pancreatic lesions on the background of systemic connective tissue diseases based on the analytical analysis of modern literature data. Materials and methods. Bibliosemantic and analytical methods were used in the research. Results and discussion. The main pathogenetic link of the pancreatitis development in patients with systemic connective tissue diseases is vasculitis of the pancreas. Increased expression of adhesion molecules with activation of leukocytes and endothelial cells, deposition of circulating immune complexes in the vascular wall, production of antibodies to endothelial cells, capillary basement membranes play an important role in this process. In systemic lupus erythematosus, according to various authors, the frequency of arteritis varies greatly: rates range from 6.2-7.4 to 53%. In rheumatoid arthritis, the frequency of arteritis of the pancreatic vessels reaches 50%, in systemic sclerosis – 17%. Secondary Sjogren's syndrome is associated with autoimmune pancreatitis in a quarter of cases, but is not the cause. In diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic scleroderma and systemic lupus erythematosus, antibodies that can attack phospholipids of cell membranes are produced. Antiphospholipid syndrome develops often in systemic lupus erythematosus (70% of cases). In rheumatic fever patients’ changes in the pancreas were studied only in single studies. The main mechanism of pathogenesis of both acute and chronic pancreatitis in nodular periarteritis is the involvement of small and medium arteries of the pancreas in the pathological process. In granulomatous polyangiitis in the pancreas reveals vascular-granulomatous changes, resulting in the formation of extravasations, necrotic foci, foci of atrophy, sclerosis. In IgA vasculitis, changes in the structure of the pancreas are minimal or there are isolated small subcapsular hemorrhages. It is established that metabolic disorders occur in many rheumatic diseases. Thus, reduced glucose tolerance is observed in 7–74% of patients, hypercholesterolemia and triglyceridemia – in 50–75%, hypertension – in 25–50% of cases. Conclusion. Thus, the diagnostic approach to the pancreatitis in systemic connective tissue diseases is very difficult. Its manifestations are masked by damage of the other organs. The availability of more sensitive diagnostic methods, their accessibility can provide an opportunity to detect symptoms of pancreatitis earlier, which will contribute to the appointment of optimal treatment, improvement of the prognosis, quality of life and survival of such patients

Prevalence of Sjögren's syndrome in patients with dry mouth in the region of Central Hungary.

One-third of the Hungarian population suffers from xerostomia. Since there is no evidence of the actual prevalence of Sjögren's syndrome (SS) in Hungary, this study aimed to evaluate the same. Data were collected from the Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University from 2008 to 2015. A diagnosis of SS was established based on the American College of Rheumatology and European League Against Rheumatism criteria. Of the 1076 patients examined with sicca symptoms, 188 patients had confirmed SS. Primary SS (pSS) was diagnosed in 135 patients and secondary SS (sSS) was confirmed in 53 patients. According to the available statistical records of the public health service of Hungary, there were an average of 16 (0.0014%, 5-26) newly diagnosed SS cases in the entire population and 141 SS patient-practitioner consultations (49-232) per 100,000 inhabitants in the country over the past 10 years (based on the past 10 years: 2011-2020). Results revealed that approximately 1/5th-1/6th of patients with sicca symptoms have SS, among whom 72% and 285 have pSS and sSS, respectively. Global Hungarian records simultaneously revealed that the number of both new diagnoses and doctor-SS patient encounters has significantly decreased (by 50%) yearly over the last decade.

Diagnostic value of salivary gland ultrasonography for secondary Sjögren syndrome in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Salivary gland ultrasound (SGUS) is a reliable technique for assessing the salivary glands in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS); however, the role of SGUS for diagnosis of secondary SS (sSS) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was not examined. To assess the diagnostic value of SGUS for sSS in patients with SLE, and to investigate the relationship between SGUS findings with clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients with SLE. This cross-sectional study included 49 patients with SLE. The diagnosis of sSS was confirmed according to the 2016 ACR/EULAR criteria. Salivary gland US was performed for all patients and graded using a validated Hočevar scoring system. A complete clinical and laboratory workup for SLE was assessed. Schirmer's test and the ocular staining were performed. Of the 49 patients with a mean age of 30.2 ± 9.6years, 98% were female. 19 (38.8%) had sSS. SGUS changes consistent with sSS (≥17) were found in 29 (59.2%) of the patients. Patients with higher SGUS score had more sicca findings as well as positive anti-Ro, anti-La antibodies, and poorer psychological stress (p < 0.05). The SGUS (≥17) showed a sensitivity of 84.2% and a specificity of 56.7% for sSS diagnosis, with an area under the curve of 0.77 (95% CI: 0.63, 0.91). We propose salivary gland ultrasound as a non-invasive method in the diagnostic workup for sSS in patients with SLE. Further studies to confirm the diagnostic value of SGUS in a larger sample of patients with sSS will be necessary.