Secondary Raw Materials Research Articles

ON THE PROSPECTS OF PROCESSING HEMP HUSK INTO A CELLULOSE PRODUCT

Technical hemp seeds are a source of valuable oil and biologically active substances. With the growth of their production and processing, the volume of secondary raw materials also increases, including the husk remaining after the collapse of hemp seeds. The purpose of this study is to obtain cellulose from hemp husk and characterize the cellulose product. Hemp husk is a mixture of the seed coat and the remnants of the kernel. The studied husk contained 7.7% of the core fraction. The cellulose content in the raw material was 40.8%, lignin – 28.7%. The content of water-soluble compounds varied in the range of 19–20%. The amount of extractives (in ethyl alcohol) was 4.6%. The cellulose product was obtained using peroxide treatment and a combined method combining enzyme and peroxide treatment of raw materials. The yield of the product was 32–37%, the content of cellulose in it was from 80 to 96%, the degree of polymerization was 170–200, the content of crystalline cellulose was 47–57%. It was found that during the peroxide treatment, the product yield after 120 minutes of the process did not change; the degree of polymerization decreased and began to grow steadily after 150 min, which can be explained by the recrystallization of the amorphous fraction. The conducted IR spectroscopic study indicates a low content of non-cellulose components in the target product. The paper shows the possibility of obtaining basic cellulose raw materials for the production of purified cellulose.The cellulose product obtained from hemp husk is characterized by a low content of crystalline cellulose, as a result of which it is a promising raw material for the production of powdered cellulose.

Pursuing the End-of-Life Tire Circularity: An Outlook toward the Production of Secondary Raw Materials from Tire Pyrolysis Oil

Pyrolysis is perceived as the missing link between the management of end-of-life tires (ELTs) and the tire industry because it strikes directly in the transition from a linear to a circular economy model and toward the defossilization of diverse economic sectors. Tire pyrolysis oil (TPO) is one of the most valuable and interesting fractions derived from the pyrolysis of ELTs. It contains valuable chemicals including, among others, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene, as well as limonene, which are some of the building blocks of the petrochemical industry. Within the circular economy framework, traditional practices such as the direct use of TPO in combustion systems seem to exhibit a low circularity degree. Instead, the production of secondary raw materials that can be reused for multiple purposes associated with the petrochemical industry is getting special attention. Based on the above, this work aims at reviewing different pathways currently explored in the scientific community to produce various value-added products from TPO. Due to the similarity of its properties with those of petroleum streams, the coprocessing of TPO using existing units in conventional refineries exhibits a massive potential. In this manner, the properties of the derived products can be fine-tuned according to the hydrocarbons and petrochemical market requirements. As such, discussed are the advantages, recent progress, and challenges in the implementation of conventional refinery practices such as distillation, fluid catalytic cracking (FCC), hydroprocessing, and steam cracking for TPO post-treatment. These processes are seen as the path to integrate TPO in the current hydrocarbon/petrochemical market.

On the feasibility of using Polyester (PE) waste particles from metal coating industry as a secondary raw materials in concrete

Reduction of CO2 emissions and plastic waste are the main environmental problems that modern society is dealing with. Concrete industry is continuously investing in research and development aimed at producing sustainable cementitious materials. In the last decades, it has gained interest the possibility of reusing polymer waste (mainly PET or PP) in partial substitution of natural constituents (aggregates) or as fiber reinforcement. As a matter of fact, because of the poor mechanical characteristic of polymers compared to the one of natural aggregates, the final cementitious composite has reduced mechanical performance. In the aforesaid framework, the experimental research reported in this paper aims at verifying the feasibility of a pathway able to use fine polymer particles, in detail a Polyester resin (PE resin) which is a waste product of the coating industry, as a partial replacement of sand and, in case, of binder particles, upon a gamma irradiation process similar to the one used for the sanification of containers in food industry, also their effectiveness in performing as seeds of the cement hydration. Firstly, intrigued by a study performed by MIT researchers (in which exposure of PET waste particles to gamma irradiation has been investigated as a method to improve their mechanical performance), the influence of different gamma irradiation dosages (10 kGy or 100 kGy) on PE resin particles was investigated. However, results led to the conclusion that, even with a mere 5% by volume substitution of Portland Limestone Cement (PLC) in the mix, the process does not significantly improve the mechanical performance of cement-based composites. In a second stage, the non-irradiated particles have been employed as a replacement of the binder and/or of the sand at different volume replacement ratios (10% and 20% respectively) in mortar mix designs formulated from typical Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) mixes. Finally, once identified the most suitable type and level of replacement as the best compromise between performance maintenance and volume of added particles, the scaling up to the concrete mix-design has been performed and the related performance thoroughly tested. The results have provided limited reduction in mechanical properties, with a 20% by volume level of substitution of cement by PE resin particles, highlighting the possibility of reusing economically viable quantities of PE resins into concrete while still being able to use the material for structural application.

Investigation of water-soluble polysaccharides and pectin substances of fruits and meal of red currant (Ribes rubrum), sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides), and feijoa (Acca sellowiana)

pectin is a polysaccharide found in fruits, vegetables, and roots. It is a gelling agent, thickener and stabilizer (De-Qiang Li etc, 2021). Pectin substances are natural enterosorbents. At the moment, according to the literature analysis (Olufunke D.Akin-Ajani etc, 2021; Paola Foti etc, 2022; Annie Stuart 2021; Yao J. etc, 2022; Welela Meka Kedir etc, 2022) the following pharmacological effects of pectins can be mentioned: they regulate digestion, improve intestinal microflora, have antibacterial effects, are used as prebiotics, regulate blood glucose, help lower blood cholesterol and eliminate toxic substances.
 For the study of pectins, we chose plant materials: fruits and waste products of red currant (Ribes rubrum), sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides), and feijoa (Acca sellowiana).
 The aim of the study was to investigate the water-soluble polysaccharides and pectin substances of the selected raw materials. The technological parameters of the raw materials were determined, the correlation between fresh and dried fruits and waste products, and losses after juice extraction were established. The yield of the finished product - dried waste products - was obtained: red currant (Ribes rubrum) - 12 ± 0.25%, sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) - 15 ± 0.32%, feijoa (Acca sellowiana) - 18 ± 0.38%. It was found that the use of waste products as a secondary raw material can be used as a waste-free, resource-saving production.
 The research methods were the method of determining the swelling index and the fractionation method. it was found that grinding reduces the swelling index, during studying plant materials by determining the swelling index. It was found by the method of fractionation that quantitatively PS are most contained in feijoa: 3.55 ± 0.15% in fruits, and 4.05 ± 0.17% in waste products; red currant fruits contain 2.63 ± 0.07% of PS, and 3.73 ± 0.11% in waste products; and sea buckthorn has the lowest number of PS: 1.07 ± 0.04% in fruits, and 2.38 ± 0.09% in waste products.
 The results of the research give grounds to conclude that the fruits and waste products of red currant (Ribes rubrum), sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides), and feijoa (Acca sellowiana) are a powerful source of pectin.

Fine Fireclay (FC) technological properties and mineralogy by tuning body composition and raw materials particle size distribution

The Fire-Clay (FC) technology is being revised to cope with challenges involving difficulties in the supplying chains and need to optimize the reuse of waste from production. In this view, the effects induced onto the fundamental FC-ceramic reactions by the introduction of waste from Fire-Clay and Vitreous-China productions are investigated, as a function of the secondary raw materials’ particle size (s) in partial replacement of traditional chamotte. Complex interwoven reactions take place upon changing s, pointing to a general improvement of greification with a reduction of s and increase of the glass content. The role of small nepheline syenite contents (<5 wt%) is also analyzed, leading to relevant effects on greification and thermal expansion. All this opens a chance of introducing waste up to 20–25 wt%, thus providing a relevant contribution to a sustainable production and mitigation of natural resources exploitation.

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL STUDIES OF RAW MATERIALS FOR OBTAINING PHOSPHORUS-CONTAINING FERTILIZERS

To date, accumulated industrial waste creates serious environmental problems in the regions. Therefore, their processing in order to obtain valuable products is an urgent task. As a result of the reduction electric smelting of phosphorite raw materials in the Novo-Dzhambul phosphorus plant, about 150-160 kg of cuttrel dust is formed per 1 ton of yellow phosphorus. The resulting cuttrel dust is considered as a secondary raw material, it can be used to obtain phosphoruscontaining mineral fertilizers, since the boiler dust contains a proportion of phosphorus and other useful components. The purpose of this work is the processing of phosphorus production waste - cuttrel dust with the use of sulfuric acid to obtain phosphorus-containing mineral fertilizers. Methodology. For the processing of cuttrel dust under experimental conditions, instrumental test methods were chosen using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) of the Jeol JSM-6490l V brand, a multi-parameter portable cyberscanner (PCD 650 Eutech) and a Q-1500 Derivatograph. Results. According to the results of microscopic studies, it was determined that the content of the main useful component in the cuttrel dust P2O5 in the range of 30-31%. The thermodynamic regularities of the process of decomposition of cuttrel dust with the help of a solution of sulfuric acid have been studied. The standard thermal effects of changes in the enthalpy, entropy and the value of the Gibbs energy of the system at a temperature of 333–363K were determined using the HSC-6 complex program. The methods of mathematical processing are considered in order to determine the reliability of the results of the experimental work. The optimal technological parameters of this process have been established and determined. Conclusion. A technology has been developed for obtaining phosphorus-containing monocalcium phosphate based cuttrel dust from the waste of the Novo-Dzhambul phosphorus plant using sulfuric acid solutions. The advantage of the resulting phosphorus-containing component is that it has a high solubility and absorption of phosphorus to plants. They are also characterized by a high content of phosphorus-containing substances, which ensure the growth and productivity of agricultural plants and plant resistance to environmental stress factors.

ENERGY- AND RESOURCE-SAVING PROCESSES INVOLVING THE POLYMER PHASE

The paper deals with the processes of application and production of various polymer materials. By coating the surface of mineral fertilizer granules with hydrophobic polymer films, fertilizers with controlled release of nutrient components were obtained. Such fertilizers can prevent the leaching of nutrients, prevent the negative impact on the environment and reduce fertilizer consumption. Methods for calculating the particle distribution function by the degree of coating characterizing the uniformity of coating on fluidized bed particles for stationary and non-stationary modes of operation of the apparatus are considered. The process of applying a thick composite coating to the surface of urea granules in a pan granulator was also investigated. A simple method for calculating the size distribution of the obtained granules with a composite shell is proposed. The actual problem of developing a method for predicting the kinetics of nutrient release from polymer-coated fertilizer granules based on a fairly simple mathematical model of the process has been solved. Studies of the combined polymerization and drying process in the synthesis of polyacrylamide and sodium methacrylate copolymer with methacrylic acid amide have shown that its use at the final stage of obtaining water-soluble acrylic polymers is very effective. This technique allows to reduce the total time of the technological cycle. The process of obtaining polyethylene powder by the method of elastic-deformation grinding of polymer gel and a two-stage process of solvent removal from polymer powder with the return of the solvent to the technological cycle has been developed. The rational technological parameters of the electrodialysis process of contaminated steam condensate of mineral fertilizers plant have been identified, which allows to obtain a more concentrated salt solution, which is used as a secondary raw material, as well as a desalinated solution used as process water. For citation: Lipin A.G., Lipin A.A. Energy- and resource-saving processes involving the polymer phase. ChemChemTech [Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol.]. 2023. V. 66. N 7. P. 203-213. DOI: 10.6060/ivkkt.20236607. 6836j.

The rate of use of the Circular Economy in individual sectors

Although the concept of the circular economy as a term was first mentioned in 2015, when the "Action Plan for the circular economy" was adopted at the European level, it is still not possible to speak of a sufficient knowledge base in this area. The Action Plan (COM (2015) 614) can be seen as an initial strategic document that sets out a concrete and ambitious roadmap for implementing the Sustainable Development Agenda 2030. However, the European Green Agreement cannot be left out in this context either (COM(2019) 640). It is seen as a new growth strategy to transform the EU into a fair and prosperous society with a modern, competitive, resource-efficient economy, with net greenhouse gas emissions expected to be zero by 2050 and economic growth independent of resource use. A new EU circular economy action plan - Towards a cleaner and more competitive Europe was also adopted in 2020 (COM(2020) 98). The main priority areas are measures focusing on the value chains of key products electronics and ICT (information and communication technologies), batteries and vehicles, plastics, textiles, packaging, construction and buildings, food, water and nutrients measures covering all links in the value chain from production to consumption, repair and refurbishment, waste management up to the return of raw materials back to the economy and their use in the production cycle in the form of secondary raw materials. The transition to a circular economy also includes a revision of the European waste directives: on waste, on packaging and packaging waste, on landfills, on batteries and accumulators and used batteries and accumulators, and on waste electrical and electronic equipment. In order for all of this to be possible, it is necessary to know the amount of waste produced by individual sectors, which is also dealt with in our article.

STUDY OF THE SAFETY INDICATORS OF OILSEED CAKES

The purpose of this research is the use of secondary raw materials of oil and fat industry enterprises, oilseed cake, for the development of new enriched food products with increased biological and nutritional value. The objects of research were flaxseed, soybean, peanut, and pumpkin oilcake obtained based on an experimental production workshop for the processing of oilseeds. This article presents the results of organoleptic, physico-chemical, and microbiological indicators, the content of toxic elements, the content of heavy metals, and the energy value of the studied cakes for further use in the development of bakery, confectionery, and pasta products was determined. All indicators do not exceed the requirements established by regulatory documents. According to the results of the research, high content of proteins from 29.6 in peanut and up to 37.5 in pumpkin oilcake was revealed; toxicity in rabbits was not detected, cadmium, mycotoxins, Bacteria of the Escherichia coli group BECG (coliforms), yeasts, molds were not detected; other toxic elements, the number of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms (NMAFAM), heavy metals do not exceed the allowable limits.Domesticoilseed processing by products can enable the reuse of materials in the supply chain as they add value to food, reduce costs, promote economic growth, and reduce the risks associated with their disposal in the environment.

Physico-Chemical Study of the Possibility of Utilization of Coal Ash by Processing as Secondary Raw Materials to Obtain a Composite Cement Clinker

A significant amount of energy waste has accumulated in the world, in particular, large-tonnage fine ash from central heating stations (coal ash), which can negatively affect the natural environment and the health of the population. However, at the same time, due to its chemical composition, this waste can be disposed of by complex processing as a secondary mineral component, thus reducing the anthropogenic load on the natural environment. This article presents a physico-chemical study of coal ash for its further use as a secondary mineral component, in particular, a component of a raw mixture with limestone to produce a composite Portland cement clinker. Coal ash and limestone were subjected to granulometric, chemical, differential thermal, scanning electron microscopy, elemental chemical and X-ray structural analyses, as well as modeling to assess the possibility of optimizing the raw material and mineralogical composition of the composite Portland cement clinker. During the research, the chemical and elemental compositions of the coal ash and limestone were determined and SEM images of the coal ash were obtained; it was found that 68.04% of the coal ash was represented by the fraction with granules &lt;0.16 mm. Using X-ray diffraction analysis, the main limestone minerals were identified, which were represented by calcite and silica. Based on the results of mathematical modeling of the utilization of coal ash from a thermal power plant by processing with limestone, a two-component raw material mixture containing 23.66% fly ash and 76.34% limestone was optimized and the optimal mineralogical composition of the composite Portland cement clinker was determined. Utilization of coal ash by processing as a secondary raw material can be carried out at almost any ash storage facility anywhere in the world, taking into account the chemical composition of the processed ash. It was found that the replacement of natural raw materials with man-made raw materials in the form of coal ash contributed to a reduction in fuel consumption for firing (kg of conventional fuel) by 13.76% and a decrease in the thermal effect of clinker formation by 5.063%.

Fast and effective classification of plastic waste by pushbroom hyperspectral sensor coupled with hierarchical modelling and variable selection

Plastic waste management represents a global challenge in the framework of sustainable production and consumption of resources. One of the most critical issues in plastic recycling is polymer separation, necessary to obtain high-quality secondary raw material flow streams. The aim of this work was to build a classification strategy, based on pushbroom hyperspectral imaging, able to recognize the most common polymers found in mixed plastic waste to be applied at recycling plant scale. After exploring polymer spectral differences by principal component analysis, a hierarchical partial least squares-discriminant analysis, based on the acquired full spectra, and a hierarchical interval partial least squares-discriminant analysis, based on selected variables, were tested and their performances were evaluated and compared. High quality classification results were obtained in both cases, demonstrating that the developed multi-class models can be utilized in a flexible way for quality control and/or for on-line sorting actions in recycling plants.

Ready-to-Use Recycled Carbon Fibres Decorated with Magnetic Nanoparticles: Functionalization after Recycling Process Using Supercritical Fluid Chemistry

An innovative simultaneous process, using supercritical fluid (SCF) chemistry, was used to recycle uncured prepregs and to functionalize the recovered carbon fibres with Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), to produce a new type of secondary raw material suitable for composite applications. This specific functionalization allows the fibres to be heated by induction through a hysteresis loss mechanism characteristic for nanoparticle susceptor-embedded systems, for triggered healing properties and a potentially easy route for CF reclamation. Using SCF and hydrothermal conditions for recycling, functionalization of fibres can be performed in the same reactor, resulting in the creation of ready-to-use fibres and limiting the use organic solvent. After cutting the uncured prepreg to the desired length to fit in future applications, supercritical CO2 extraction is performed to partially remove some components of the uncured prepreg matrix (step 1). Then, the recycled carbon fibres (rCFs), still embedded inside the remaining organic matrix, are brought into contact with reactants for the functionalization step (step 2). Two possibilities were studied: the direct synthesis of MNPs coated with PAA in hydrothermal conditions, and the deposition of already synthesized MNPs assisted by supercritical CO2-acetone. No CF surface activation is needed thanks to the presence of functional groups due to the remaining matrix. After functionalization, ready-to-use material with homogeneous depositions of MNPs at the surface of rCF is produced, with a strong magnetic behaviour and without observed degradation of the fibres.

Electrically conductive composite materials with incorporated waste and secondary raw materials

Silicate composites have very low conductivity in general. It is possible to achieve an electrical resistivity decrease by adding an electro-conductive filler. The conductive mixture consists of cementitious binder, various types of silica sand, and graphite-based conductive fillers. One of the research focusses is partial substitution of ordinary raw materials by alternative components (waste materials by-products and secondary raw materials) and its influence on composite properties. The alternative components studied were fly ash as a partial binder replacement, waste graphite from two different sources and steel shavings as a substitute for conductive filler. Resistivity of cured conductive silicate-based specimens was analysed in relation to changes in physico-mechanical properties in context of microstructural changes in the hardened cementitious matrix (by optical and scanning electron microscopy with energy disperse analysis). Partial substitution of cement by fly ash was found to reduce the electrical resistivity of the composite. Some of the waste graphite fillers significantly reduce the resistivity of the cement composite and increase the compressive strength. It was proven, that is possible to replace primary conductive fillers by secondary raw materials.

Investigation of the material composition of technogenic magnesia material after hydration

Of particular interest among various types of technogenic raw materials are highly magnetic wastes, which are promising secondary mineral raw materials for the production of refractory building materials, ceramics and a number of other types of products. Caustic magnesite dust of PJSC «Magnezit Combine» belongs to this group of waste, which has undergone intensive hydration in the dump. Technogenic raw materials are mainly weakly cemented fine-grained sandstones and fine-grained aggregates. The mineral basis of the material is magnesite, brucite and dolomite. The determination of the magnitude of the force required for the destruction of man-made material showed a variation in values from 0,5 to 3,9 kN.

Current Methods of Handling Aggregate from Railway Superstructure and Its Definition as Waste or Secondary Raw Material

Current Methods of Handling Aggregate from Railway Superstructure and Its Definition as Waste or Secondary Raw Material

Fluorosilicic acid: secondary raw material and reagent in technological practice and preparative synthesis (a review)

The present review systematizes and summarizes the results of research on utilization processes of fluorosilicic acid solutions as large-tonnage toxic by-products of phosphate fertilizers, phosphoric acid and elemental phosphorus production. Considering the marked decline in the world's fluorspar reserves, fluorosilicic acid is emerging as the main alternative source of fluoride for the chemical industry. The main ways of H2SiF6 processing are highlighted with obtaining of commercially demanded products: hexafluoridosilicates of metals and ammonium, metal fluorides, anhydrous hydrogen fluoride, hydrochloric acid, amorphous silicon dioxide, aluminosilicates and titanosilicates catalysts, and enriched isotopes of silicon. Examples of H2SiF6 use as a main reagent for drinking water fluoridation municipal programs, in processes of surface modification and removal of trialkylsilyl protection in reactions of organic synthesis are also discussed. Known examples of H2SiF6 use as a raw material and reagent in industrial technologies and laboratory tests largely conform to principles of green chemistry.

PGNAA Spectral Classification of Metal With Density Estimations

For environmental, sustainable economic and political reasons, recycling processes are becoming increasingly important, aiming at a much higher use of secondary raw materials. Currently, for the copper and aluminium industries, no method for the non-destructive online analysis of heterogeneous materials are available. The Prompt Gamma Neutron Activation Analysis (PGNAA) has the potential to overcome this challenge. A difficulty when using PGNAA for online classification arises from the small amount of noisy data, due to short-term measurements. In this case, classical evaluation methods using detailed peak by peak analysis fail. Therefore, we propose to view spectral data as probability distributions. Then, we can classify material using maximum log-likelihood with respect to kernel density estimation and use discrete sampling to optimize hyperparameters. For measurements of pure aluminium alloys we achieve near perfect classification of aluminium alloys under 0.25 second.

OVERVIEW OF THE GLOBAL TUNGSTEN MARKET. PART 2. COMMODITY FLOWS OF RAW TUNGSTEN PRODUCTS

Link for citation: Boyarko G.Yu. Overview of the global tungsten market. Part 2. Commodity flows of raw tungsten products. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering, 2023, vol. 334, no. 5, рр.37-53. In Rus. The relevance of the work is caused by the need to study the problems of quite volatile world market of tungsten raw materials. Objective: to study the dynamics of global commodity flows (production, import, export, consumption) of raw tungsten products (tungsten ores and concentrates, ammonium paratungstate, tungsten waste and scrap); to assess the criticality of the world market of raw tungsten products. Methods: statistical, graphical, logical. Results. The raw tungsten product global market is very complex. The world production of primary tungsten raw materials increased from 4 to 7 kt 100 % W/year in 1913–1915, from 75 to 90 kt 100 % W/year in 2011–2020 with a growth rate of +2,9 %/year. Utilization of secondary tungsten raw materials in the world increased from 2–3 kt 100 % W/year in 1970s to 14–23 kt 100 % W/year in 2008–2020 with an increase rate of +4,3 %/year. The share of global utilization of tungsten waste from the amount of primary and secondary tungsten raw materials increased from 5–6 % in 1970s to 21 % in 2019. In 1970–1980, there was a period of usual low-growth global consumption of tungsten products with the growth rate of tungsten raw materials demand for +3,4 %/year. There was a strong decrease in demand for tungsten products (–6,9 %/year) in the military sphere (the end of the Cold War) and priority shift in the trade of tungsten raw material comodities (increase in the role of ammonium paravolframate trade), reducing the role of Russia in the tungsten market (the consequences of the stagnation of the Russian economy, primarily metalworking) in the 1990s. In the 2000–2010s, there was a rapid growth in global demand for final tungsten commodity products and, accordingly, global demand and supply of tungsten raw materials, with an increase in demand of +6,4 %/year. At the same time, there is a trend of decreasing share in world trade in tungsten raw materials from the amount of extracted primary and recycled secondary raw materials by volume and cost, respectively, 39 and 47 % in 1970 to 21 and 27 % in 2020. The share of raw materials in world trade in tungsten products decreased from 70–80 % by volume and 60–70 % of the cost in 1970–1980s, respectively, up to 42–55 and 15–20 % in the 2010s. China dominates in the global production, processing and consumption of raw tungsten products, therefore, its trade policy to restrain (quota) exports of these goods determines the dynamics of the world market of tungsten raw materials. In international trade, China has changed the strategy of exporting raw materials to importing them, while becoming the leader in importing tungsten concentrates. Other industrialized countries – consumers of tungsten raw materials – the USA, Germany, Britain, France, Japan and South Korea – have become critically dependent on tungsten raw material imports (the share of imports is over 50 % of consumption) and will remain so in the foreseeable future.

Understanding the possibility of using secondary raw materials when smelting copper sulphide concentrates in Almalyk MMC’s Vanyukov furnace

Understanding the possibility of using secondary raw materials when smelting copper sulphide concentrates in Almalyk MMC’s Vanyukov furnace

ECONOMIC FOUNDATIONS OF RESOURCE CONSERVATION IN UKRAINE: FOREIGN EXPERIENCE

Resource conservation is a critical component of sustainable development and is essential for preserving natural resources and ensuring economic development in a country. Underestimating the importance of resource conservation can lead to the loss of most natural resources, exacerbating socioeconomic problems and decreasing the quality of life for the population. Therefore, research in this area provides an understanding and support for implementing resource conservation strategies and policies that ensure sustainable economic growth and preserve natural resources for future generations. The essence of the concept of resource conservation and the main approaches to its definition and assessment are presented. The experience of countries successfully implementing resource conservation and energy efficiency strategies is analyzed. Specifically, the development of renewable energy in Germany, where priority is given to wind and solar energy, with the use of cutting-edge technologies for efficient energy storage; Scandinavian countries, where sustainable development is seen as a national Strategy and supported by comprehensive investment programs in innovation and low-carbon technologies; Asian countries, such as Japan and China, where resource conservation and environmental safety are a priority supported by government programs and incentives for industry. Successful resource conservation is possible through government support, innovation incentives, and renewable energy development. Ukraine has significant experience in resource conservation. However, it is increasingly difficult to financially and technically support resource conservation measures in martial law conditions. Ukraine is taking steps towards resource conservation, which have allowed for resource efficiency ranging from 12 % to 44 %. The most effective is working with secondary raw materials, where successful projects have saved over 44% of waste and resource utilization. However, attention should be paid to using land resources, where efficiency is only 15 %, and additional measures are needed to increase efficiency in this area.