Secondary Predication Constructions Research Articles

Adjetivos stage-level e individual-level em construções depictivas

Neste trabalho, revejo a proposta de análise apresentada em Ferreira (2017) para construções de predicação secundária depictiva, como O João leu a carta cansado. Mais especificamente, rejeito a hipótese de Ferreira (2017) de que, em tais sentenças, nas quais ocorreria adjunção de uma small clause aspectual à oração matriz, uma categoria funcional Asp atribuiria a propriedade stage-level a um adjetivo como cansado. Neste artigo, defendo que a relação entre Asp e o adjetivo não seja de atribuição de propriedade, mas de compatibilidade de traços semânticos na seleção, e que o adjetivo entraria na derivação carregando a informação de que veicula uma propriedade transitória ou permanente. Nesse sentido, suponho que essas construções de predicação secundária possam apresentar um dos dois tipos de Asp: um que entra na derivação com um subconjunto de traços semânticos [+pers], que denota persistência temporal e seleciona adjetivos individual-level, ou um que entra na derivação com o subconjunto [–pers], que denota eventualidade temporária e seleciona adjetivos stage-level. Em minha argumentação, recorro a McNally (1993) e a Cinque (2010): a primeira, para tratar de predicações secundárias com predicados individual-level e da influência da pragmática nesses contextos; o último, para tratar brevemente de adjetivos stage-level e individual-level no âmbito do DP.

The changing functions of competing forms: Attraction and differentiation

AbstractThe relation between functionally similar forms is often described in terms of competition. This leads to the expectation that over time only one form can survive (substitution) or each form must find its unique niche in functional space (differentiation). However, competition cannot easily explain what causes functional overlap or how form-function mappings will be reorganized. It is argued here that the changes which competing forms undergo are steered by various analogical forces. As a result of analogy, competing forms often show attraction, becoming functionally more (instead of less) alike. Attraction can maintain and increase functional overlap in language. At the same time, competing forms are analogically anchored to a broader constructional network. Cases of differentiation typically follow from the relations in that network. Evidence is drawn from the literature and from three corpus-based case studies, addressing attraction and differentiation in English aspectual constructions, English secondary predicate constructions, and in a pair of Dutch degree modifiers. Evidence is provided of a phenomenon competition-based accounts could not predict (attraction), and a solution is offered for one they could not very well explain (differentiation). More generally it is shown that the development of competing forms must be understood against their broader grammatical context.

Secondary predication and the distribution of raising to object

In Den Dikken (2017b) arguments are presented for a predicational approach to hyperraising and copy raising constructions in which the ‘raised’ DP serves as the subject of the matrix clause. In this sequel, I show that hyperraising and copy raising also occur in secondary predication constructions embedded under propositional attitude verbs such as consider. An examination of the properties of these hyperraising and copy raising to object constructions leads to the conclusion that overt subject-toobject raising (‘object shift’) definitely exists in English but is obligatory only for subjects of small-clause complements of verbs. Apart from yielding a clearer perspective on the distribution of overt object shift in English, the study also delivers a unified account of a variety of restrictions on the subject of the non-finite complement of propositional attitude verbs.

THE INFLUENCE OF “METAI” BY KRISTIJONAS DONELAITIS ON SIMONAS DAUKANTAS’ TEXTS

The article analyses Simonas Daukantas’ autograph “Donelejtisa poratuj kolejno“ which consists of 200 words from Kristijonas Donetaitis’ poem “Metai” (The Seasons) and has never been studied by linguists. The author of the article brings forward and tries to prove the hypothesis that Metai is the main Lithuanian prototext of Daukantas. The purpose of the article is to discuss the influence of Donelaitis’s Metai on the language of Daukantas early historical texts. It introduces the manuscript of Daukantas “Donelejtisa poratuj kolejno“, never studied before, inquires its history and determines the nature of influence exerted by Donelaitis’ Metai on the language of Daukantas’ historical texts. Since the heritage of Daukantas’s publications is relatively large, the article commences with the earliest of his works: Darbay senuju Lituwiu yr Zemaycziu (about 1822–1825), Istoryje Ƶemaytyszka (prieš 1834), BUDĄ Senowęs–Letuwiu Kalnienu ir Ƶamajtiu (1845). In their analysis, the text lignuistics and some principles of intertextual theory are applied.In the article, the following questions are discussed: why could Daukantas be considered as an exemplary reader of Donelaitis’s Metai, what writings formed his attitude towards the history, religion and culture of Prussia. Daukantas knew the writings of the 17–19th century Prussia’s historians and the theoreticians of early German Romantism. It is supposed that the study of Prussia’s history and 18th century German authors’ ideas concerning the value of the native language and significance of the national spirit greatly influenced Daukantas’s worldview. He believed that the Lithuanian language had an equal right to exist along with the languages of big nations. His attitude towards the Lithuanian language coincides with that of Donelaitis. Both authors based their creativity on the examples of the Lithuanian language and were in opposition to the policy of Russification and Germanisation correspondingly. Daukantas and Donelatis were similar to each other in many aspects.In the beginning, the article analyses and comes to conclusion that it was written before 1838; then it investigates the influence of Metai on Daukantas’ historical texts. In the Darbai (Works) and Istorija Žemaitiška (Samogitian History), both written before 1838, there are many words found in the autograph. This fact allows us to conclude that the above mentioned collection of words was intended not so much for the composition of some text but rather for a new dictionary. Moreover, the study shows that Daukantas not only borrowed amply from Donelaitis’ lexicon but also developed it making neologisms. He frequently used secondary predication constructions characteristic of Donelaitis. The rhythmical structureof his sentences and word intonation was influenced by Donelaitis’ hexameter. Metai determinedthe nature of artistic and rhetoric means used by Daukantas in his historic works.

Le prédicat résultatif adjectival en français médiéval

The goal of this article is to show that adjectival resultative secondary predication was a syntactic possibility in Medieval French. From a diachronic point of view, the presence of this construction is surprising given that it is attested neither in Latin nor in Modern French. From a typological point of view, the presence of adjectival resultative secondary predicates in Old French is somewhat expected given the presence of other resultative secondary predication constructions during that period. This study takes a predominantly descriptive point of view with the aim of contributing to our knowledge of this stage of the French language and its evolution with respect to other languages.

A Study on Syntax and Semantics of Korean Secondary Predicate Constructions, Depictives and Resultatives

A Study on Syntax and Semantics of Korean Secondary Predicate Constructions, Depictives and Resultatives

Secondary predication and default case

This paper compares secondary predication constructions (including small clause complements, resultatives, and/or depictives) in English and Korean and argues that these two typologically different languages employ different modes of satisfying the Case Filter (Chomsky 1981) with regard to the Case of the subjects of secondary predication constructions. More specifically, we argue that the subject of the secondary predicate in English is Accusative Case-marked by the higher governing verb, while that in Korean is Nominative Case-marked by default. Evidence for default Nominative Case will be provided from Korean and other languages.

Empty verbs in Chinese predicatives and complex predicates

This paper investigates syntactic properties of verbless constructions in Chinese. Verbless constructions differ from constructions with overt verbs in three major respects. First, there is a VP-internal nominal raising in Chinese, which is optional if an overt verb shows up, and obligatory if there is no overt verb. Second, while an overt verb can select various kinds of argument, the internal argument of a verbless construction cannot be indefinite. Third, there are two types of object depictive secondary predication constructions, and only one of them allows for a null verb.

Secondary Predicate Constructions in English : Resultative Predicates & Depictive Predicates

Secondary Predicate Constructions in English : Resultative Predicates & Depictive Predicates