Secondary Position Research Articles

Field of view-independent detection of secondary mirror position errors in coaxial reflecting space telescopes using deep learning

Field of view-independent detection of secondary mirror position errors in coaxial reflecting space telescopes using deep learning

Spiral microchannels with concave cross-section for enhanced cancer cell inertial separation.

Inertial microfluidic technologies have proven effective for particle focusing and separation in many microchannels, typically the channels with the rectangular and trapezoidal shapes. To advance particle focusing in complex channels, we propose a spiral channel combining rectangular and concave cross-sections for high-resolution particle and cell focusing and separation. Numerical simulations were conducted to illustrate the effects of channel geometry on secondary flow distribution and particle focusing positions. The simulation shows the concave cross-section generates two asymmetrical Dean vortices skewing towards the inner and outer channel walls, resulting to stronger flow velocity magnitudes near the walls than the channel center. Consequently, larger particles focus near the inner wall, while smaller particles are trapped closer to the outer wall under the influence of the stronger velocity magnitude near the walls. A microfluidic chip with the proposed channelgeometry, along with a traditional rectangular channel, was fabricated by 3D printing and PDMS casting. Fluorescent microbeads were used to investigate inertial focusing and separation behaviors in the microfluidicchips. Experimental results show that the concave channel facilitates particle focusing or trapping much closer to the walls than the traditional rectangular channel, achieving better separation resolution. Finally, the proposed channel was applied to separate lung cancer A549 cells from human blood, achieving a cancer cell recovery rate of ~ 84.78% (enrichment ratio over 820-fold) and a blood cell rejection rate of ~ 99.88%. This innovative channel design in inertial microfluidics offers new insights for enhanced particle focusing and holds significant promise for cell manipulation with improved separation resolution.

Positional differences in the micro- and ultra-structural variations of ray parenchyma cells during the transformation from sapwood to heartwood.

Ray parenchyma cells are involved in the initiation of heartwood formation. The position within a ray influences the timing of ray parenchyma cell differentiation and function; however, there is little information concerning the positional influence on the cellular changes of ray parenchyma cells from sapwood and heartwood. In this study, radial variations in morphology, size, and ultrastructure of ray parenchyma cells were studied by combined transmission electron microscopy and optical microscopy. Results showed that cellular traits of ray parenchyma cells in Populus tomentosa were all affected by both radial position in the secondary xylem and position within a ray. Specifically, radial variations in cellular traits were more evident in isolation cells, which were not adjacent to vessel elements. Both cell length and cell width/length ratio of isolation cells were bigger than contact cells, which contacted adjacent vessel elements via pits. Moreover, the secondary wall thickening and lignification of contact cells developed in the current-year xylem, much earlier than isolation cells. Secondary walls in contact cells were in a polylamellate structure with a protective layer on the inner side. No alteration in the ultrastructure of contact cells occurred in the sapwood-heartwood transition zone, except that most contact cells died. By contrast, in the transition zone, isolation cells still lived. A thin secondary wall began to deposit on the thick primary wall of isolation cells, with two isotropic layers on the inner side of the primary wall and secondary wall respectively being characteristic. Meanwhile, starch grains in isolation cells were depleted, and dark polyphenolic droplets lost their spherical shape and flowed together. Furthermore, the intercellular spaces of isolation cells became densified in the transition zone. Overall, cellular changes suggested that the positional information of ray parenchyma cells appeared to be an important factor in the transformation from sapwood to heartwood. Unlike contact cells, isolation cells were more elongated, specialized in radial transport, had a delayed formation of secondary walls, and were involved in the synthesis of heartwood substances. Our result promotes the elucidation of the involvement of xylem rays in heartwood formation.

Correlation of Player and Imaging Characteristics With Severity and Missed Time in National Football League Professional Athletes With Hamstring Strain Injury: A Retrospective Review

Background: Hamstring strain injuries (HSIs) are prevalent in US National Football League (NFL) players, but there is a paucity of information regarding imaging characteristics, injury severity, and player factors associated with time missed and risk of recurrent injury. Purpose: To describe player, football activity, clinical, and imaging characteristics of NFL players with HSIs, as well as determine player characteristics, clinical examination results, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings associated with injury occurrence, severity, and missed time. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A retrospective cohort of NFL players with acute HSI (n = 180) during the 2018-2019 season was identified. Injury data were collected prospectively through a league-wide electronic health record system. Three musculoskeletal radiologists graded MRI muscle injury parameters using the British Athletics Muscle Injury Classification (BAMIC) system. Player, football, clinical, and imaging characteristics were correlated with HSI incidence and severity and with missed time from sport. Results: Of the 1098 HSIs identified during the 2018-2019 season, 416 (37.9%) were randomly sampled, and 180 (43.3%) had diagnostic imaging available. Game activity, preseason period, and wide receiver and defensive secondary positions disproportionately contributed to HSI. The biceps femoris was the most commonly injured muscle (n = 132, 73.3%), followed by the semimembranosus (n = 24, 13.3%) and semitendinosus (n = 17, 9.4%) muscles. The most common injury site was the distal third of the biceps femoris and semitendinosus muscles (n = 60, 45.5% and n = 10, 58.8%, respectively) and central part of the semimembranosus muscle (n = 17, 70.8%). Nearly half of the injuries (n = 83, 46.1%) were BAMIC grade 2; 25.6% (n = 46), grade 3; and 17.8% (n = 32), grade 4. MRI showed sciatic nerve abnormality in 30.6% (n = 55) of all HSIs and 81.3% (n = 26) of complete tendon injuries. BAMIC grade correlated with both median days and games missed. Combined biceps femoris and semitendinosus injuries resulted in the highest median days missed (27 days). Conclusion: Among NFL players with acute HSIs, the most common injury was a moderate-severity injury of the distal biceps femoris. BAMIC grade was associated with missed time.

Identity positioning of experienced school principals when facing critical incidents

The study focused on experienced school principals' identity positions when facing critical incidents that arise over the course of a school year with the aim of better understanding their identity positioning. Ultimately, we intended results to inform on training proposals and school principals’ professional identity development. We used a dialogic framework and a longitudinal design to analyze the positioning processes that allowed four experienced school principals to solve the incidents they faced during their regular activity. Results confirm the dynamic nature of identity and suggest that the positive resolution of critical incidents involved interventions from main positions (core positions, promotor positions, and meta-positions) coalitions with prominent secondary positions, and creation of new positions. Such results indicate to what extent dialogue helped principals deal consciously and strategically with the incidents that configure their professional practice and ultimately contribute to the construction of their identities.

Minority Narratives: The Voices of Women Architects from the School of Madrid in Early Democratic Spain (1975-1982)

Since the mid-19th century and until the 1964 study programme, students at the Madrid School of Architecture had to undergo various entrance exams for university. Women architects in Francoist Spain represented a mere 5% of the profession, a gender gap only overcome many years after the democratic restoration. Yet most of them did not consider feminism as a matter major concern, since the lack of freedom in Spain held greater importance for women that gender issues, which were relegated to a secondary position in public discussions. Starting in 1985, with the development of the Autonomous Regions in Spain and its accession to the European Economic Community, the country underwent a propound transformation. Former generations of women architects would then play a relevant professional role. This paper aims to expose, through the chronological sequence of their graduation—initially in a testimonial and isolated manner and later forming small networks—how their professional careers developed. This chronological approach, as well as a study of their links from a series of conversations with several women architects that studied and/or set their practice during the years of the democratic transition allows us to conclude that they were not only pioneers but also role models and mentors to each other. Their status as a determined minority is reflected in the relationships they established, with friendships and student complicity that accompanied them throughout their lives, as confirmed by their professional collaborations, comments, and vivid memories of their belonging to a group or community.

Devaluing and Revaluing Women: A Feminist Approach to Chandra Prakash Baniya's Maharani [Queen

Chandra Prakash Baniya's Maharani [Queen] is a telling tale of women's exploitation and their glass ceiling in a male dominated society. The novel depicts how women are either risen to the pedestal of ‘Goddess’ or devalued to the position of a ‘whore’, but never given a genuine respect. By aggrandizing or derogating the status of women, the patriarchal society has always subordinated, subjugated, and exploited them. The scenario of deprivation of women from attaining their rights is the main concern of the novelist. He suggests that the prevalence of biased treatment for women in every sphere - social, economic, political, literary - is rampant, and from getting secondary position to being thwarted to grow is an unfortunate fate meted out to women in this male-dominated society. Patriarchy, therefore, has become a clog in the route of women's progress. The present paper aims at exploring the pathetic condition of women in the novel, discussing how women become the victim of glass ceiling in a social labyrinth created by males. To address this objective, the study has employed feminism as a tool to examine the condition of women, especially drawing the concept of glass ceiling of women from Judith Butler to interpret the text.

Imino(dialkylamino)isoindolines: Structures and dynamic behavior

In 1956, Elvidge and coworkers investigated the synthesis of a series of isoindoline compounds derived from phthalonitrile. They produced a series of secondary amine-modified isoindolines known as the imino(dialkylamino)isoindolines, and in this report, we revisit this chemistry. In addition to confirming the previously observed reactivity, we structurally characterized three examples and observed a double bond character between the isoindoline carbon atom and the secondary nitrogen atom position. This results in a rotational barrier about this bond, which we observed by NMR spectroscopy and probed using computational methods. The barriers are comparable to those seen in bis-substituted amides.

Positive predictive value and sensitivity of cancer-associated venous thromboembolism diagnoses in the Danish National Patient Register

IntroductionHospital discharge diagnoses from administrative registries are frequently used in studies of cancer-associated venous thromboembolism, but the validity of International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes for identifying such events is unknown. Materials and methodsUsing patient samples from the Danish National Patient Register, we calculated positive predictive values (PPV), i.e., the proportion of registered ICD codes, which could be confirmed after manual search of the electronic health record. Sensitivity was estimated in a sample of patients with imaging-verified venous thromboembolism but without prior knowledge about their ICD coding status. Sensitivity was calculated as the proportion of these patients, who were discharged with an ICD code for venous thromboembolism. ResultsThe overall PPV of an ICD-10 diagnosis of cancer-associated venous thromboembolism was 75.9 % (95 % confidence interval 71.3–80.0). In subgroups, the PPV was particularly low for recurrent venous thromboembolism (44.2 %), diagnoses in a secondary position (55.7 %), outpatient diagnoses (65.3 %), and diagnoses given at surgical (66.7 %), emergency wards (48.4 %), or via hospices/palliative teams (0 %).The overall sensitivity was 68 %, meaning 32 % of patients with cancer diagnosed in hospital with venous thromboembolism were discharged without any registered ICD code for venous thromboembolism. ConclusionsThe positive predictive value of an ICD diagnosis of cancer-associated venous thromboembolism in the Danish Patient Register was overall adequate for research purposes, but with notable variation across subgroups. Sensitivity was limited, as 1/3 of patients with venous thromboembolism were discharged without any relevant ICD code. Cautious interpretation of incidence of cancer-associated venous thromboembolism based on administrative register-based data is warranted.

Validation Study of Cardiovascular International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Edition, Australian Modification (ICD-10-AM) Codes in Administrative Healthcare Databases (ANZACS–QI 77)

Administrative healthcare databases can be utilised for research. The accuracy of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Edition, Australian Modification (ICD-10-AM) coding of cardiovascular conditions in New Zealand is not known and requires validation. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Edition, Australian Modification coded discharges for acute coronary syndrome (ACS), heart failure (HF) and atrial fibrillation (AF), in both primary and secondary diagnostic positions, were identified from four district health boards between 1 January 2019 and 31 June 2019. A sample was randomly selected for retrospective clinician review for evidence of the coded diagnosis according to contemporary diagnostic criteria. Positive predictive values (PPVs) for ICD-10-AM coding vs clinician review were calculated. This study is also known as All of New Zealand, Acute Coronary Syndrome-Quality Improvement (ANZACS-QI) 77. A total of 600 cases (200 for each diagnosis, 5.0% of total identified cases) were reviewed. The PPV of ACS was 93% (95% confidence interval [CI] 89%-96%), HF was 93% (95% CI 89%-96%) and AF was 96% (95% CI 92%-98%). There were no differences in PPV between district health boards. PPV for ACS were lower in Māori vs non-Māori (72% vs 96%; p=0.004), discharge from non-Cardiology vs Cardiology services (89% vs 96%; p=0.048) and ICD-10-AM coding for unstable angina vs myocardial infarction (81% vs 95%; p=0.011). PPV for HF were higher in the primary vs secondary diagnostic position (100% vs 89%; p=0.001). The PPVs of ICD-10-AM coding for ACS, HF, and AF were high in this validation study. ICD-10-AM coding can be used to identify these diagnoses in administrative databases for the purposes of healthcare evaluation and research.

Optimal design of an LCC-S WPT3 Z1 SAE J2954 compliant system, using NSGA-II with nested genetic algorithms for simultaneous local optimization

Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) for electric vehicles is one of the most promising methods that, given its advantages, will drive the deployment of electric vehicles. This paper presents a mathematical optimization method applied to the complete design of an LCC-S WPT3 Z1 11 kW system that complies with the SAE J2954 standard (Wireless Power Transfer for Light-Duty Plug-in/Electric Vehicles and Alignment Methodology, 2020). A design method based on three phases is proposed, allowing the complete inductor system, including ferrites shielding and compensation circuit components, to function in any relative primary and secondary position. In Phase 1, a multi-objective NSGA-II algorithm is designed, utilizing three nested genetic algorithms. The goal is simultaneously searching for the local optimum between the primary and secondary systems in three positions. This is achieved by modeling the circuit’s electrical and electromagnetic parameters with equations, enabling an iterative process with reduced computational time. The NSGA-II algorithm yields three scenarios: primary copper volume minimization, secondary copper volume minimization, and a compromise solution that optimizes the total volume. The result is then modeled in Phase 2 using a 3D finite element program that includes ferrite and optimal shielding, obtaining the values of inductances and mutual inductance in the three positions, as well as design data for manufacturing. This result is introduced in Phase 3 to optimize compensation circuit components using a second NSGA-II algorithm with three nested genetic algorithms. Again, three scenarios are obtained based on the desired system behavior and the optimal cost of the components. The result is validated through simulation with Matlab-Simulink and experimentally using a prototype constructed for this purpose.

Magnetic Field Distortion Analysis and Suppression for the Minimum Unit Winding Segmented Moving-Magnet Linear Motor

Segmented power supply is frequently utilized for long-stroke moving-magnet linear synchronous motors to lessen the issue of large loss and heating brought on by long-stroke power supply. However, the driving mode of partial excitation in segmented power supply brings some problems, such as unbalanced parameters of three-phase, the transient inductance of winding changing with secondary position, and distortion of armature reaction magnetic field. This paper proposes a new topology with the minimum unit winding segmented to solve the problems of unbalanced inductance parameters and distortion of armature reaction magnetic field in winding segmented permanent magnet linear synchronous motors (WS-PMLSM). An analytical model of inductance distortion in the end coils of a moving-magnet PMLSM is established and compared with the non-end coil inductance to summarize the mechanism of inductance unbalance in WS-PMLSM. Based on the model of winding transient inductance changing with secondary position, the changing law of transient inductance is expounded. An analytical method of the air gap magnetic field based on virtual winding is proposed, and the formation mechanism of magnetic field distortion caused by partial excitation is revealed. Aiming at the topology of the minimum unit winding segmented moving-magnet PMLSM, an optimized drive strategy of n+3 is proposed.

Best Practices for Identifying Hospitalized Lower Respiratory Tract Infections Using Administrative Data: A Systematic Literature Review of Validation Studies.

Estimating the burden of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) increasingly relies on administrative databases using International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes, but no standard methodology exists. We defined best practices for ICD-based algorithms that estimate LRTI incidence in adults. We conducted a systematic review of validation studies assessing the use of ICD code-based algorithms to identify hospitalized LRTIs in adults, published in Medline, EMBASE, and LILACS between January 1996 and January 2022, according to PRISMA guidelines. We assessed sensitivity, specificity, and other accuracy measures of different algorithms. We included 26 publications that used a variety of ICD code-based algorithms and gold standard criteria, and 18 reported sensitivity and/or specificity. Sensitivity was below 80% in 72% (38/53) of algorithms and specificity exceeded 90% in 77% (37/48). Algorithms for all-cause LRTI (n = 18) that included only pneumonia codes in primary position (n = 3) had specificity greater than 90% but low sensitivity (55-72%). Sensitivity increased by 5-15%, with minimal loss in specificity, with the addition of primary codes for severe pneumonia (e.g. sepsis) while pneumonia codes were in secondary position, and by 13% with codes from LRTI-related infections (e.g. viral) or other respiratory diseases (e.g. empyema). Sensitivity increased by 8% when pneumonia codes were in any position, but specificity was not reported. In hospital-acquired pneumonia and pneumococcal-specific pneumonia, algorithms containing only nosocomial- or pathogen-specific ICD codes had poor sensitivity, which improved when broader pneumonia codes were added, in particular codes for unspecified organisms. Our systematic review highlights that most ICD code-based algorithms are relatively specific, but miss a substantial number of hospitalized LRTI adult cases. Best practices to estimate LRTI incidence in this population include the use of all pneumonia ICD codes for any LRTI outcome and, to a lesser extent, those for other LRTI-related infections or respiratory diseases.

Optimum active power tracking based control of brushless doubly-fed reluctance generator tied to renewable microgrid

Among all the existing wind energy generators (WEG), a brushless doubly-fed reluctance generator (BDFRG) is the better option in terms of maintenance cost and constructional simplicity. For more adaptability, the efficiency of the BDFRG can be improved through proper control mechanisms. Therefore, this paper presents an optimum active power tracking-based control technique for BDFRG for minimum losses. Copper loss of the machine is considered to be the objective function for the proposed optimization technique. However, one issue found to be the major in all the existing controllers is the accuracy of sensor less control of the BDFRG. Therefore, this paper proposes an accurate model reference adaptive system (MRAS) based sensor less mechanism for computation of BDFRG secondary winding flux position. The no sensitivity of the proposed technique to the machine parameter variation and hence the accuracy, catch-on-fly, and non-inclusion of integrator and differentiators and hence less burden on the processor makes the proposed scheme robust. The control scheme is practically implemented with a 2.5 kW BDFRG using MATLAB/Simulink platform.

CFD simulation of a forced draft biomass cookstove for different airflow conditions

Households in developing countries rely on traditional cooking methods despite low-efficiency and high risks of air pollution and health. Various improved biomass cookstove technologies have been developed to address this issue, but there is still room for improvement in biomass cooking technology. This research aims to enhance the biomass cookstove by investigating its performance under different air inlet conditions using computational fluid dynamics analysis. The impact of air flow rate and the position of the secondary air inlet on the thermal efficiency of the biomass cookstove is examined. The eddy dissipation combustion model and k-epsilon turbulence model are utilized in ANSYS Fluent to simulate the combustion process. The cookstove's performance is assessed at three different air flow rates (0.01, 0.02, and 0.03 kg/s) and at two different secondary air inlet positions. The highest thermal efficiency is observed at secondary air inlet located 50 mm below the outlet at a flow rate of 0.03 kg/s. The computational findings from this investigation show a significant connection between the air inlet conditions and the thermal efficiency of the biomass cookstove. Repositioning the secondary air inlet to a location with more available space for complete combustion improves thermal efficiency compared to traditional designs.

Silyl-Group Boosted Internal Redox Reaction: Hydride Shift from an Aliphatic Secondary Position for the Formation of Six- and Seven-Membered Carbocycles.

We report a hydride shift/cyclization reaction at the aliphatic secondary position (methylene group). The key to accomplishing this reaction was the employment of benzylidene malonate having a silyl group β to the hydride donor carbon. When the corresponding malonates were treated with a catalytic amount of Al(OTf)3, the [1,5]-hydride shift from the simple aliphatic secondary position proceeded smoothly to afford silyl-group substituted tetralin derivatives in excellent chemical yields (up to 98%). This reaction system was applied to the formation of seven-membered carbocycles via the [1,6]-hydride shift mediated process.

UTILIZING CLUSTER EVALUATION APPROACH TO MEASURE THE COLLECTIVE IMPACT OF MULTIPLE IDENTICAL PROJECTS WITH MINIMUM RESOURCES

Evaluation is an emerging approach of study with concomitant growth of the development sector to respond to crises and fill development gaps. The scope of the evaluation is to measure accountability and provide evidence-based suggestions to improve the results of operations. Evaluation studies are technical, time-consuming, and require financial resources. Hence the goal of the development sector is to cover vulnerabilities. Therefore, the review exercises have a secondary position due to limited funds versus needs. The situation of having limited resources could not cause compromising evaluation practice. Therefore, the cluster evaluation approach may support in this regard. The cluster evaluation approach provides an opportunity to study a group of projects together to see collective impact. The cluster evaluation approach is better when used to study identical operations or results in a location. However, defining identical operations, developing the collective theory of change, and utilizing the cluster evaluation approach are contextual. This paper is written based on practical experience of utilizing a cluster evaluation approach to conduct an emergency response evaluation in Sri Lanka.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/lit/0758/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Identifying the Legitimacy of the Taliban Government and the Resurrection of Peace in Afghanistan

A government’s legality and its recognition need to be tested through the lenses of international law where the government changes through unconstitutional measures. The Taliban’s coming to power in Afghanistan is through unconstitutional and undemocratic means. Its control over Afghanistan raises questions about the fundamental nature of international law, politics, the State’s internal governance, and issues crucial for international peace. These matters although of primary concern, however, compromised to a secondary position as their accomplishment is contingent on peace being restored and guaranteed by the class of people in the ruling hierarchy. Since the Taliban government is not recognised by many States, it puts to test, the international law criteria for recognizing the government of the State. The reluctance shown by the comity of nations in recognizing the government, further raises the related issue of international law, that how the comity of nations can create an inroad for human rights and peace in Afghanistan. The objective to establish peace in Afghanistan, by identifying the legitimacy of the Taliban regime, touches the core aspect of de jure government as recognized by international law and is also a key concern for setting the trust of Afghan people in international law and international institutions. This article sets the premise to know the position of international law, for recognising a government in a State where the change of government is not established by legal measures and therefore not recognised by other nations. Besides, the author attempts to explore the possibilities of setting the foundation and establishing human rights and related objectives for sustainable peace in Afghanistan. The author sets the dialectical discourse, for setting a roadmap to achieve peace in Afghanistan by applying international law provisions through international institutions.

COST-DRIVERS OF HEALTHCARE EXPENDITURES IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE

Abstract INTRODUCTION Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are gastrointestinal (GI) conditions associated with significant costs. Effective management of IBD should focus on improving patient symptoms and outcomes while containing healthcare costs. To develop high-value treatment strategies and influence policy on high-value care, we must first have a better understanding of the primary drivers of cost in this population. METHODS We conducted a real-world descriptive cohort study using data from IBM Watson, which is a nationwide insurance claims database covering millions of commercially insured individuals across the US. We identified adult patients aged 18 to 65 years with encounters associated with a diagnosis of IBD in the primary or secondary position from January 2019 to January 2020 based on ICD-10-CM codes for Crohn's disease (555.x) and ulcerative colitis (556.x). Analysis of IBD prevalence, costs, and service utilization was based on ICD, CPT, and NDC codes related to IBD conditions and services. All other codes without an associated GI diagnosis in the primary or secondary position were attributed to all-cause costs. Measures of cost and utilization were calculated as a per member per year (PMPY). RESULTS 105,496 patients with IBD were identified (Table 1). The mean PMPY total costs were $40,842 of which $31,051 (76%) were directly related to GI-related costs. Mean PMPY total costs in this population ranged from $1,178 to $144,945, with 15% of members experiencing costs > $76,346 PMPY. The main drives of GI-related costs can be divided into the following three categories: Inpatient costs ($8,206 [26%]), outpatient medical service costs ($11,306 [36%]), and drug costs ($11,539 [37%]) (Table 2). Per member utilization includes: 0.22 inpatient admissions, 0.10 surgeries, 1.02 GI visits, 2.87 non-gastroenterologist GI visit (which could include a visit to a primary medical doctor, rheumatologist, dietician, etc), 4.57 GI-testing, 0.48 GI imaging, 0.61 GI endoscopy, and 1.07 biologic medication prescriptions. CONCLUSIONS IBD care carries a significant financial burden on the US healthcare system. Unplanned emergency service and medication utilization continue to make up the majority of costs of IBD care and need to be the focus of value-based interventions. While appropriate high-cost pharmaceutical utilization should not be reduced, innovative strategies leveraging more cost-effective medication delivery may provide an important opportunity to curb costs. Furthermore, the high rate of non-gastroenterologist GI visits suggests that there is a potential for optimizing care pathways, by incorporating multidisciplinary care including, PCPs, mid-level providers, and other ancillary services into the IBD care model.

A Comparative Analysis of the Peritextual Features of the English-Urdu Translated Versions of ‘Salome’: Utilizing the Poly-Systemic Approach

This study employed poly-systemic approach to Urdu-English translated version of the seminal text “Salome” where the researcher tried to find out the peri-textual feature in both the versions while comparing them. Furthermore. This study aimed to explore the cultural influence on language spoken within a specific area. The method used in this study was descriptive-qualitative in nature. It used two different versions of the same text. The textual analysis established, while taking into consideration the initial, preliminary and operational norms (taken from the peritexts), that majority of the translators and translation critics aligned with the target-oriented or acceptability paradigm and reflected as well as conformed to the secondary position of translation in literary (poly) systems of Pakistan. However, the study found that found that people usually share their culture with other while using language. Moreover, the two versions have specific terminologies representing same ideologies or concepts but they have different sentence constructions. The study was significant as it not only offers contextual information about the process of translation provided by the translators and critics but also because of being first of its kind in Pakistan. Keywords: Salome; compative translation analysis; poly-systemic approach; peri-textual feature