Secondary Outlet Research Articles

Innovation in non-food retailing in the early nineteenth century: The curious case of the bazaar

Commercial bazaars were a short-lived retail innovation of the first half of the nineteenth century, mainly in London. Rather like fairs had done earlier, they offered a wide range of clothing, household and fancy goods and entertainment. Like fairs they were about both shopping and leisure. But, unlike fairs, they were a controlled environment, permanent and fashionable. The norm was for counters to be let out daily, but some bazaars were essentially large shops. Traders in bazaars were often female, and at least some used bazaars as secondary outlets. Shop retailers complained about the unfair competition offered by bazaars, but many bazaars struggled commercially. Nevertheless they can be seen as precursors of department stores and covered market halls.

Artificial Neural Network model for Intermediate Heat Exchanger of Nuclear Reactor

In this article we illustrated the applications of artificial neural network in a nuclear reactor. We have designed and developed an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model for process modeling of Intermediate Heat Exchanger (IHX) subsystem in nuclear reactor. Based on the theoretical calculations carried out for primary and secondary outlet temperatures of IHX the multi layer neural network is implemented with back propagation algorithm for modeling of the IHX. It has several advantages as compared to the conventionally calculated results. The results show that neural network model gives faster and more accurate prediction of output for a given data.

かけ流し灌漑水田からの農薬排出量の削減

Two methods for reducing the amounts of pesticides discharged from continuously irrigated rice paddies were evaluated by molinate and simetryn. The first method used a secondary outlet installed near the irrigation water inlet on the short side of an experimental paddy (0.5ha). The original outlet on the opposite side of the inlet was closed and pesticides were applied. Runoff from the secondary outlet began 1.25 hours after irrigation (1.7l·sec-1) starting, and the pesticide concentrations were measured at the secondary outlet as well as around the midpoint of the long side of the paddy. The loads from the secondary outlet were 0.114g·ha-1 of molinate and 0.035g·ha-1 of simetryn, whereas the loads from the original outlet were estimated from the concentrations at the midpoint to be 5.48 and 1.44g·ha-1, respectively, that is, a 98% reduction in the pesticide runoff load. In the second method, an experimental paddy (0.07ha) was irrigated for four days with 0.63l·sec-1 after pesticides application. The drainage from this paddy was discharged through a secondary paddy (0.08ha). The inflows of molinate and simetryn to the secondary paddy were 477 and 83.0g·ha-1, and the outflows were reduced to 257 and 32.8g·ha-1, respectively.

Geomorphic evolution of a coastal mudflat under oceanic influences: an example from the dynamic shoreline of French Guiana

The dynamics of the shoreline in French Guiana are characterized mainly by the northwestward migration of nearshore mudbanks. The passage of these features is responsible for significant geomorphic changes at the shoreline, such as the creation and erosion of extensive mudflats and the deviation of estuarine river mouths. Indeed, the hydrodynamic perturbation of the mean alongshore coastal currents generated by river discharge and tidal outflow from these estuaries can result in the immobilization of parts of a migrating mudbank, leading to the creation of a mudflat. Due to the general northwestward direction of coastal oceanic dynamics in this area, such mudflat development always occurs southeast (updrift) of the river mouths and consequently contributes to their northwestward diversion, forming a mudcape. Erosional processes on the marine side of mudcapes often result in a secondary outlet channel that gradually replaces the former main channel. In order to quantify the rate of these geomorphic changes, monitoring of an estuarine area was carried out at different time scales: on a decadal basis, from 1951 to 2001, with airborne sensing data, and over a shorter period covering a complete interbank situation (i.e., between the passage of two successive mudbanks), from 1999 to 2002, by means of field surveys and airborne digital videography. This short-term morphological monitoring was conducted from the early stage of mudflat consolidation and mangrove colonization to the arrival of the following mudbank at the edge of the study area. Various modes of erosion and the diversity of the eroded topography were highlighted by the study. Other aspects brought out by the work are the rate of mangrove colonization and its influence on the erosion processes, the influence of the tide on geomorphic processes, and the role of pioneer fluid mud deposits, related to the proximity of the next mudbank, on the dynamics of the mudflat system.

Spectacular Narratives: Twister, Independence Day, and Frontier Mythology in Contemporary Hollywood

Big-screen spectacle has become increasingly important to Hollywood in recent decades. It formed a central part of a post-war strategy aimed at tempting lost audiences back to the cinema in the face of demographic changes and the development of television and other domestic leisure activities. More recently, in an age in which the big Hollywood studios have become parts of giant conglomerates, the prevalence of spectacle and special effects has been boosted by a demand to engineer products that can be further exploited in multimedia forms such as computer games and theme-park rides, secondary outlets that can sometimes generate more profits than the films on which they are based. These and other developments have led some commentators to announce, or predict, the imminent demise of narrative as a central component of Hollywood cinema. But the case has been considerably overstated. Narrative is far from being eclipsed, even in the most spectacular and effects-oriented of today's blockbuster attractions. These films still tend to tell reasonably coherent stories, even if they may sometimes be looser and less well integrated than models. More important for my argument, contemporary spectaculars also continue to manifest the kinds of underlying thematic oppositions and reconciliations associated with a broadly structuralist analysis of narrative. This very important dimension of narrative has been largely ignored by those who identify, celebrate or more often bemoan a weakening of plot or character development in many spectacular features. Strong evidence for the continued existence of such underlying narrative structures is found in the continued saliency of elements of the myth or ideology of the American frontier to many contemporary Hollywood films. Arguably the archetypal American narrative, the myth of the frontier offers a series of thematic oppositions that continue to underpin films, or even entire genres, whatever the state of their surface plots. The traditional generic Western may be in a state of near-terminal decline, but the mythic or ideological narrative that animated it remains alive and well in Hollywood. Focusing on two of the summer blockbusters of 1996, Twister and Independence Day, this essay will aim to demonstrate the part it plays in structuring many films, particularly in terms of an opposition between the frontier-or its contemporary analogues-and a version of technological modernity. To assert the importance of narrative structures such as these need not be to disregard the role of spectacle. Narrative and spectacle can work together in a variety of changing relationships and there is no single, all-embracing answer to the question of how the two are related. One of the reasons for the hasty dismissal of the importance of narrative in contemporary Hollywood may be the overstatement by influential theorists such as David Bordwell of the degree of its coherence in, and dominance of, the classical Hollywood of the studio era. Narrative coherence was important to classical Hollywood, but only as one of a number of competing dynamics. Other attractions-such as distracting star performances or other spectacles-might be thrown in at almost any time.' The connotations of the term classical are part of the problem, including as it does in Bordwell's account an emphasis on decorum, proportion, formal harmony (4)--characteristics that were not always given priority. Numerous commentators on contemporary, New or post-classical Hollywood seem to rely at least in part on such implicit assumptions about the cinema that went before.z The point is not to doubt that there have been changes in the precise relations between narrative and spectacle from one period to another, but to question any suggestion that there was a point of departure at which classical narrative existed in anything like a pure state, uncontaminated by various kinds of evasions and distractions. From the very start, throughout the classical era, and today, narrative and spectacle have existed in a series of shifting relationships in which neither has ever been entirely absent. …

Brand protection: A means of protecting international branded fashion apparel

The purpose of this paper is to highlight the importance of the relationship between brand management and channel management in the market for international branded apparel, in particular the creation of manufacturer dominated retail outlets. It draws attention to the need for manufacturers to examine carefully their distribution strategies as a means of protecting the investment that has taken place in order to create these internationally recognised brand names, eg Liz Clairborne, Berkertex, Austin Reed, Levi, Jaeger and Alexon. In developing their own distribution outlets, significant benefits can be gained that give greater protection to the brand, and prevent the brand dilution that takes place when merchandise is sold through secondary outlets, eg market stalls and small independents.