Secondary Origin Research Articles

Radial elemental abundance gradients in galaxies from cosmological chemodynamical simulations

AbstractCosmological chemodynamical simulations are nowadays among the best tools to study how chemical elements are produced within galaxies, to reconstruct also the spatial distribution of the chemical elements as a function of time within different galaxy environments. Our simulation code includes the main stellar nucleosynthetic sources in the cosmos (core-collapse and Type Ia supernovae, hypernovae, asymptotic giant branch stars, and stellar winds from stars of all masses and metallicities). We present the predictions of our simulation for the evolution of the radial gradients of O/H, N/O and C/N in the gas-phase of a sample of ten star-forming disc galaxies, all characterised by very different star formation histories at the present time (see Figure 1.). On average, our simulated disc galaxies show a clear inside-out growth of the stellar mass as a function of time, and more negative slopes of the radial gas-phase O/H versus radius at earlier epochs of the galaxy evolution; we predict negative slopes of N/O and positive slopes of C/N at almost all redshifts, because of the main secondary origin of N in stars, even though the high-redshift simulation data are highly scattered because of the more turbulent conditions of the interstellar medium. Finally, we show that similar results are found with zoom-in simulations, where a spiral galaxy is re-simulated with a larger number of resolution elements. With zoom-in simulations, we study how stellar migrations (particularly old and metal-poor stellar populations migrating outwards) and radial gas flows are capable of influencing the galaxy chemical evolution at different galactic radii.

Uranium distribution and mobility in the weathering zone of the Nisa deposit, Portugal

The Nisa deposit is the largest known uranium reserve in the country, and is hosted by metasediments of the Beiras Group, in the Alto Alentejo region, central Portugal. After almost two decades without significant studies, the current trend to seek improved knowledge of raw materials motivated the application of different surface geophysical and geochemical characterization methods, which proved to be a valuable exploration approach for this type of deposit. Detailed mapping in the experimental open pit showed the structural aspects controlling the mineralization. A radiometric survey of the deposit was carried out, providing a map of the main sites of mineralization. The U mineralization is of secondary origin, formed exclusively by uranyl phosphates that were formed during the development of a weathering profile. The mineralization occurs along schistosity planes, quartz veinlets and alteration zones, along a general trend N60°–80°W (approximately the same as S0) in association with iron oxyhydroxides, as demonstrated by both petrographic and geochemical data. These hydroxides, in addition to the geochemical characteristics of the host rocks, were key factors in the precipitation and trapping of dissolved uranyl ions.

Characterization of aerosol nitroaromatic compounds: Validation of an experimental method.

The analytical capabilities associated with the use of silylation reactions have been extended to a new class of organic molecules, nitroaromatic compounds (NACs). These compounds are a possible contributor to urban particulate matter of secondary origin which would make them important analytes due to their (1) detrimental health effects, (2) potential to affect aerosol optical properties, and (3) and usefulness for identifying PM2.5 from biomass burning. The technique is based on derivatization of the parent NACs by using N,O-bis-(trimethylsilyl)-trifluoro acetamide, one of the most prevalent derivatization reagent for analyzing hydroxylated molecules, followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using electron ionization (EI) and methane chemical ionization (CI). This method is evaluated for 32 NACs including nitrophenols, methyl-/methoxy-nitrophenols, nitrobenzoic acids, and nitrobenzyl alcohols. Electron ionization spectra were characterized by a high abundance of ions corresponding to [M+ ] or [M+ -15]. Chemical ionization spectra exhibited high abundance for [M+ +1], [M+ -15], and [M+ +29] ions. Both EI and CI spectra exhibit ions specific to nitro group(s) for [M+ -31], [M+ -45], and [M+ -60]. The strong abundance observed for [M+ ] (EI), [M+ -15] (EI/CI), or [M+ +1] (CI) ions is consistent with the high charge stabilizing ability associated with aromatic compounds. The combination of EI and CI ionization offers strong capabilities for detection and identification of NACs. Spectra associated with NACs, containing hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms only, as silylated derivatives show fragment/adduct ions at either (a) odd or (b) even masses that indicate either (a) odd or (b) even number of nitro groups, respectively. Mass spectra associated with silylated NACs exhibited 3 distinct regions where characteristic fragmentation with a specific pattern associated with (1) ─OH and/or ─COOH groups, (2) ─NO2 group(s), and (3) benzene ring(s). These findings were confirmed with applications to chamber aerosol and ambient PM2.5 .

A rare case of a duodenocolic fistula in a 3-year old child

Intraintestinal fistula is an unnatural communication between the intestinal cavity and other parts of the gut. Duodenocolic fistulas are common in adult patients with duodenal peptic ulcer or colon malignancies. In children, the formation of intraintestinal fistulas is possible as a rare complication of necrotizing enterocolitis of the newborn, after swallowing of several (two and more) magnetic foreign bodies localized in different parts of the digestive tract, as well as a complication of Crohn's disease at an older age. The article presents a clinical case of a duodenocolic fistula in a 3-year-old child. The patient Sh., 3 years and 2 months old, was admitted to the Pediatric Department of our clinic with a malabsorption syndrome and complaints of periodic vomiting after meals, weakness, tiredness, unstable light grayish stools, flatulence, periodic abdominal pains, and weight loss. There were clinical signs of stage II hypotrophy, protein and energy insufficiency. Laboratory tests showed low protein, albumin, and cholesterol levels, hypochromic anemia; fecal steatorrhea, creatorrhea, and amilorrhea. The differential diagnosis included intestinal malabsorption syndrome, presumably of a secondary origin, intestinal infection, congenital pancreatic disease, hereditary metabolic disorders, cystic fibrosis, celiac disease, lambliosis, and tumor. Multiple endoscopic and radiological examinations of the gastrointestinal tract were performed, but the intraintestinal fistula was identified only after repeated examinations. The patient's medical history from the first referral to the final diagnosis lasted about 9 months. The mechanism of the fistula formation in this patient is unclear. The clinical manifestation corresponded to the location of the fistula. In the long-term, the functioning of pathological intraintestinal communication could have a negative impact on the growth and development of the child; mucosal atrophy of the descending part of the intestine would have been possible, with progressive cachexy that could have become fatal.

Faktor-faktor penentu tingkat pemahaman mahasiswa akuntansi

Due to the current change and development of accounting in Indonesia, accounting students’ performance in terms of high Grade Point Average (GPA) alone is not enough. The students must also be able to show that they really understand accounting concepts. Thus far, higher education of accounting focuses more to theories which would be very different from the reality at work. As a consequence, the quality of accounting graduates is still far from what is being expected by the job market. This study aims to examine the effects of emotional intelligence, social intelligence, spiritual intelligence, learning behavior, secondary education background and college origin towards students’ level of understanding of accounting. A total of 100 respondents manually filled in questionnaires distributed in this study. The sampling method used was purposive sampling where only students from year 2013 were selected to be sampled. Data were analyzed by using multiple linier regression analysis. The results of the data analysis show that simultaneously, emotional intelligence, social intelligence, spiritual intelligence, learning behavior, middle school background and college origin, have a positive and significant effect on the students’ level of understanding of accounting with a significance value of 0.000 <0.05. The findings of this study can be used as feedback for universities to understand the factors that affect the level of understanding of accounting students and could aid in designing a learning system that aims to improve the level of understanding of accounting.

Manejo de Tumores de Mediastino, Serie de Casos.

Introducción: A pesar del difícil acceso anatómico para los tumores de mediastino, la resección quirúrgica sigue siendo el mejor enfoque diagnóstico y terapéutico. El objetivo de la presente serie de casos presentamos la experiencia de un centro oncológico en el abordaje de tumores del mediastino y sus resultados. Métodos: En el departamento de Jefatura de Cirugía Oncológica del Instituto Oncológico nacional de Solca-Guayaquil, durante los meses de Enero del 2013 a Enero 2017 se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo. Se analizaron todos los casos de pacientes derivados del área de pre admisión con diagnóstico inicial de tumor de mediastino, a los cuales previo a realizarles marcadores tumorales, Tomografía de Tórax, y a quienes se les realizó como método diagnóstico y en algunos casos terapéutico con abordaje quirúrgico. Se excluyeron pacientes con neoplasias de origen secundario, con historias clínicas incompletas que imposibilitaron el análisis. Se estudiaron las variables sexo, edad, Tipo de Técnica quirúrgica, localización del tumor, diagnostico histopatológico y mortalidad perioperatoria. El análisis estadístico realizado fue descriptivo. Resultados: Se evaluaron 22 pacientes con diagnóstico tumor de mediastino, con una edad media de 60 años. Fueron 13 hombres (59 %). Catorce pacientes con lesión maligna, 8 fueron operados con resección tumoral y 6 se sometieron a biopsia. Se reportaron fallecimientos post-operatorios hasta los 30 días postquirúrgicos en 5 casos (22.7%). Las intervenciones quirúrgicas realizadas con más frecuencia fueron toracotomías derechas con toma de biopsia o resección tumoral 7 casos (31.8 %). En relación al resultado anatomopatológico de los tumores de mediastino reportados más de la mitad constituyeron Adenocarcinomas 14 casos (63.6 %). Conclusión: Los pacientes portadores de neoplasia benigna en esta serie tuvieron una evolución posquirúrgica satisfactoria. El adenocarcinoma fue el tumor maligno más frecuente en esta serie.

Evolution of N/O ratios in galaxies from cosmological hydrodynamical simulations

We study the redshift evolution of the gas-phase O/H and N/O abundances, both (i) for individual ISM regions within single spatially-resolved galaxies and (ii) when dealing with average abundances in the whole ISM of many unresolved galaxies. We make use of a cosmological hydrodynamical simulation including detailed chemical enrichment, which properly takes into account the variety of different stellar nucleosynthetic sources of O and N in galaxies. We identify $33$ galaxies in the simulation, lying within dark matter halos with virial mass in the range $10^{11}\le M_{\text{DM}} \le 10^{13}\,\text{M}_{\odot}$ and reconstruct how they evolved with redshift. For the local and global measurements, the observed increasing trend of N/O at high O/H can be explained, respectively, (i) as the consequence of metallicity gradients which have settled in the galaxy interstellar medium, where the innermost galactic regions have the highest O/H abundances and the highest N/O ratios, and (ii) as the consequence of an underlying average mass-metallicity relation that galaxies obey as they evolve across cosmic epochs, where -- at any redshift -- less massive galaxies have lower average O/H and N/O ratios than the more massive ones. We do not find a strong dependence on the environment. For both local and global relations, the predicted N/O--O/H relation is due to the mostly secondary origin of N in stars. We also predict that the O/H and N/O gradients in the galaxy interstellar medium gradually flatten as functions of redshift, with the average N/O ratios being strictly coupled with the galaxy star formation history. Because N production strongly depends on O abundances, we obtain a universal relation for the N/O--O/H abundance diagram whether we consider average abundances of many unresolved galaxies put together or many abundance measurements within a single spatially-resolved galaxy.

Christ's thorn formation (Paliureta spina-christi) in the Tbilisi environs (East Georgia, South Caucasus)

Abstract Christ's thorn formation (Paliureta spina-christi) of Tbilisi environs is studied. This formation is one of the typical representatives of hemixerophilous shrubberies of shibliak type in the Caucasus region and one of the characteristic for vegetation cover of Tbilisi surroundings. Plant communities of Christ's thorn formation with different plots area are fragmentary spread almost all over the territory of Tbilisi environs from 400 to 800 (900) m above s.l.. Plant communities are developed on slopes and plane place with various exposure and inclination, mainly on the grey-cinnamonic and cinnamonic soils. The most xerophilous variants are developed on the erosive bare mother rocks as well. In Tbilisi environs the Christ-thorn's plant communities are either primary or secondary origin. Formation is characterized by rich typological and floristic composition. We identified 6 plant communities: (1) Paliureto-mixtofruticetum gramino-mixtoherbosum, (2) Paliureto-Rhmanetum gramino-mixtoherbosum, (3) Paliureto gramino-mixtoherbosum, (4) Paliureto bothriochlooso gramino-mixtoherbosum, (5) Paliuretum festuceto-bothriochloosum, (6) Paliureto-Astragaleto-Rhamnetum. For each separated plant communities the basic structural characteristics (general projective coverage, projective coverage, distribution and height of layers, sodding degree, dominant-edificator plants, characteristic species, number of species, moss cover, litter, species richness, spectrum of life forms), distribution area in the Tbilisi environs and main physical-geographical conditions (topography, altitude, exposure, inclination, soil type) are given. 190 species of vascular plants, which belong to 40 families and 132 genera, were recorded. In the floristic spectrum leading families are: 1. Poaceae – 27 species (14,2%), 2. Asteraceae – 25 species (13,2%), 3. Fabaceae – 17 species (8,9%), 4-5. Lamiaceae and Rosaceae – 15-15 species (7,9-7,9%), 6-8. Apiaceae, Caryophyllaceae and Rubiaceae – 8-8 species (4,2-4,2%), 9. Brassicaceae – 7 species (3,7%), 10-11. Caprifoliaceae and Rhamnaceae – 4-4 species (2,1-2,1%). The life form spectrum is as follows: hemicryptophytes (including biennials) – 91 (47,9%), therophytes – 58 species (30,5%), phanerophytes – 21 (11,1%), chamaephytes – 7 (3,7%), geophytes – 13 (6,8%). The article is attached full list of recorded plants.

Comparative mitochondrial genomics of cryptophyte algae: gene shuffling and dynamic mobile genetic elements

BackgroundCryptophytes are an ecologically important group of algae comprised of phototrophic, heterotrophic and osmotrophic species. This lineage is of great interest to evolutionary biologists because their plastids are of red algal secondary endosymbiotic origin. Cryptophytes have a clear phylogenetic affinity to heterotrophic eukaryotes and possess four genomes: host-derived nuclear and mitochondrial genomes, and plastid and nucleomorph genomes of endosymbiotic origin.ResultsTo gain insight into cryptophyte mitochondrial genome evolution, we sequenced the mitochondrial DNAs of five species and performed a comparative analysis of seven genomes from the following cryptophyte genera: Chroomonas, Cryptomonas, Hemiselmis, Proteomonas, Rhodomonas, Storeatula and Teleaulax. The mitochondrial genomes were similar in terms of their general architecture, gene content and presence of a large repeat region. However, gene order was poorly conserved. Characteristic features of cryptophyte mtDNAs included large syntenic clusters resembling α-proteobacterial operons that encode bacteria-like rRNAs, tRNAs, and ribosomal protein genes. The cryptophyte mitochondrial genomes retain almost all genes found in many other eukaryotes including the nad, sdh, cox, cob, and atp genes, with the exception of sdh2 and atp3. In addition, gene cluster analysis showed that cryptophytes possess a gene order closely resembling the jakobid flagellates Jakoba and Reclinomonas. Interestingly, the cox1 gene of R. salina, T. amphioxeia, and Storeatula species was found to contain group II introns encoding a reverse transcriptase protein, as did the cob gene of Storeatula species CCMP1868.ConclusionsThese newly sequenced genomes increase the breadth of data available from algae and will aid in the identification of general trends in mitochondrial genome evolution. While most of the genomes were highly conserved, extensive gene arrangements have shuffled gene order, perhaps due to genome rearrangements associated with hairpin-containing mobile genetic elements, tRNAs with palindromic sequences, and tandem repeat sequences. The cox1 and cob gene sequences suggest that introns have recently been acquired during cryptophyte evolution. Comparison of phylogenetic trees based on plastid and mitochondrial genome data sets underscore the different evolutionary histories of the host and endosymbiont components of present-day cryptophytes.

S114. ASSOCIATION BETWEEN APATHY AND DEPRESSION: SECONDARY OR REFLECTING UNDERLYING COMMON FEATURES?

BackgroundNegative symptoms and depression have in many studies been found to be moderately associated, and when present, it reflects negative symptoms of a secondary nature. Primary negative symptoms are thought to be intrinsic to schizophrenia, while secondary to be caused by depression, positive symptoms and medication side effects. Instability in above associations over time is also considered to reflect a secondary origin. Despite the clinical importance of secondary negative symptoms little research has focused on what is their underlying nature. Especially apathy and depression have common clinical features and are often found to correlate. Apathy and depression are self-perceived states and self-reports could add to our understanding. Studying the underlying themes of associations between apathy and depression as well as stability over time could therefore add to the current understanding of the primary or secondary nature of negative symptoms.MethodsEighty-four first episode psychosis patients from TOP/NORMENT study in Oslo, Norway were assessed at baseline and 1-year follow-up with the Calgary Depression Scale (CDSS), Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES), both self-report (AES-S) and clinician (AES-C), and the Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (PANSS). Correlation with total scale, individual scale items and linear regression was used to study associations and explained variance over time. Results were repeated controlling for positive symptoms and excluding those with high level of depression.ResultsCDSS and AES correlated at the 0.4 to 0.5 levels at both baseline and follow up, regardless of AES-S or AES-C. Hopelessness and feeling of depression were the CDSS items with stable and concurrent correlation strength to AES-S and AES-C. For CDSS, we found correlation of equal strength and stability to the AES-S- and AES-C items of getting things done during the day, spending time on interests, getting excited and taking initiative. Same significant correlations to CDSS were found for PANSS amotivation factor, but not for PANSS expressive factor. Controlling for PANSS positive symptoms did not change results, and excluding those with high levels of depression only mildly changed results.DiscussionThis study shows a significant correlation between apathy and depression that is stable over time for the full scale and also at the item level, regardless of self-reporting or clinician assessed apathy. Underlying themes of the concurrent correlation reflect lack of initiative and hopelessness and are in line with the defeatist beliefs found to correlate with negative symptoms, mediate between motivation and reduced effort and have recently been a target for cognitive remediation therapy. This study does not give an answer to a primary or secondary origin of apathy, but the stability points more to an underlying common nature than one being the cause of the other.

Efficacy and safety of pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone therapy among patients with idiopathic and functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: a systematic review of the literature and a meta-analysis

To systematically review and appraise the existing evidence in relation to the efficacy and safety of pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone (pGnRH) for the treatment of women with hypothalamic amenorrhea (HA). Systematic review and meta-analysis. Not applicable. A total of 35 studies (three randomized and 32 observational) encompassing 1,002 women with HA. None. Primary outcomes: ovulation rate (OvR), pregnancy per ovulatory cycle rate (POR), and live birth per ovulatory cycle rate (LBOR). multiple gestation (MG), ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), and superficial thrombophlebitis (ST) rates. The summary measures were expressed as proportions and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Pulsatile GnRH treatment appears to achieve high OvRs. A trend toward high PORs and LBORs among women with HA is demonstrated. SC pGnRH achieves comparable OvR compared with IV pGnRH. The incidence of OHSS is low and of mild severity. Treatment with pGnRH is associated with low but slightly higher MG rates compared with the general population. IV administered pGnRH is rarely associated with ST. The high OvRs leading to a high rate of singleton pregnancies and the low likelihood of OHSS render the pGnRH treatment modality both effective and safe for the treatment of women with HA of either primary or secondary origin.

Harpagophytum germplasm varies in tuber peel and pulp content of important phenylpropanoids and iridoids

Tubers of the xerophytic African plant Harpagophytum procumbens are used as an appreciated medicinal drug whereas the value of H. zeyheri remains uncertain. Due to large and sometimes continuous morphological variation, discrimination between these two species can be difficult. In addition, interspecific hybridization may occur and could further complicate the collection of proper plant material for medicinal purposes. Hence the objectives of this study were to 1) study the content of selected secondary metabolites in peel and pulp of Harpagophytum tubers of different taxa, 2) identify possible species-specific differences in content (profile and amount) of selected secondary metabolites, and 3) investigate associations between content of selected secondary metabolites and sample origin. Although composition and content of the studied compounds varied among populations within species, H. procumbens and H. zeyheri had significantly different phytochemical profiles, with putative hybrids sometimes being intermediate and sometimes transgressive. In both peel and pulp the content of isoverbascoside, verbascoside, acetylacteoside and pagoside were higher in putative hybrids and H. procumbens compared with H. zeyheri. The content of the main bioactive compound harpagoside was significantly higher in H. procumbens compared with putative hybrids and H. zeyheri, with both pulp and peel content of H. procumbens being approximately twice as high as the pulp and peel content of putative hybrids. Accurate identification, selection and multiplication of germplasm with superior qualities should therefore be performed to provide plant material with a high content of bioactive compounds.

Magnifying Opportunities in Mg Batteries through Metastability

In the March issue of Chem, Andrews, Banerjee, and colleagues devise a clever strategy to synthesize a metastable one-dimensional polymorph of V2O5 and demonstrate reversible chemical and electrochemical Mg intercalation, with 90 mAh/g capacity retained after 50 cycles at an average cell potential of 1.65 V versus Mg metal. Their approach proves fruitful not only in identifying a new functional multivalent cathode material, but also in validating a general concept that metastable compounds can offer sufficiently low migration energies to support reversible cycling with multivalent ions.

The monoplastidic bottleneck in algae and plant evolution.

Plastids in plants and algae evolved from the endosymbiotic integration of a cyanobacterium by a heterotrophic eukaryote. New plastids can only emerge through fission; thus, the synchronization of bacterial division with the cell cycle of the eukaryotic host was vital to the origin of phototrophic eukaryotes. Most of the sampled algae house a single plastid per cell and basal-branching relatives of polyplastidic lineages are all monoplastidic, as are some non-vascular plants during certain stages of their life cycle. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the molecular components necessary for plastid division, including those of the peptidoglycan wall (of which remnants were recently identified in moss), in a wide range of phototrophic eukaryotes. Our comparison of the phenotype of 131 species harbouring plastids of either primary or secondary origin uncovers that one prerequisite for an algae or plant to house multiple plastids per nucleus appears to be the loss of the bacterial genes minD and minE from the plastid genome. The presence of a single plastid whose division is coupled to host cytokinesis was a prerequisite of plastid emergence. An escape from such a monoplastidic bottleneck succeeded rarely and appears to be coupled to the evolution of additional layers of control over plastid division and a complex morphology. The existence of a quality control checkpoint of plastid transmission remains to be demonstrated and is tied to understanding the monoplastidic bottleneck.

Mg‐rich harzburgites from Vesta: Mantle residua or cumulates from planetary differentiation?

AbstractWe describe petrographic, electron microprobe, and laser ablation ICP‐MS analyses of Mg‐rich harzburgite clasts in the Dominion Range 2010 howardites, and conclude that they are xenolithic samples of the vestan mantle. Key chemical and petrologic characteristics of these rocks provide tests for differentiation models. Our results indicate the mantle of Vesta formed through variable degrees of partial melting, which left behind a harzburgite and possibly dunite residuum. The Mg‐rich clasts are composed of orthopyroxene and olivine, with minor clinopyroxene, FeNi metal, and distinctive pyroxene–chromite symplectites. We use mineral chemistry to demonstrate the absence of a genetic link between diogenites and the Mg‐rich harzburgites. We propose a secondary origin for the formation of symplectites: interaction of silicate and metallic melts during primordial differentiation and core formation. The occurrence of FeNi metal containing ~1.5 wt% Cr within the assemblage indicates a very reducing environment during mantle differentiation (≪IW). Our study suggests that Vesta did not experience complete melting early in its history, and instead supports the formation of a shallow magma ocean.

Neuro Endocrine Breast Tumor: Primary or Secondary Tumor? Case Report and Review of the Litterature

Background: Neuroendocrine breast tumors may be primary or secondary with a fairly rare frequency; The diagnosis is based on the results of the pathological findings and the characterization between the primary and secondary origin is guided by the data of radiology (echomammography), the pathological and immunohistochemistry examinations as well as the data reported by the octreoscanner. Case presentation: We describe here a case of a 70-year-old patient who had a dorsal pain for six months. A Scan of rachis showed a tumoral process of the vertebral body of D2 extending intramedullarily. The realization of a thoraco abdomino-pelvic CT scan as part of an assessment of extension, revealed the presence of a left mammary nodule with diffuse liver metsatases. Liver and breast biopsy evoking a localization of a neuroendorin tumor. Conclusion: This presentation reveals that the Differentiation between primary or secondary neuro endocrine breast tumor is based on the results of the pathological, immunohistochemical findings and radiological characteristics. In the absence of a generalized metastatic disease, the treatment is similar to Invasive breast tumors, under metastasis conditions. The treatment consists of various therapetical modalities including chemotherapy, hormonotherapy targeted therapies.

Nadir Bir Olgu ve Hemşirelik Bakımı: Pulmoner Alveoler Proteinozis

Pulmonary alveolar proteinozis PAP is rare lung disease which is characterized as accumulation of lipoproteinoizis in the alveoli. This disease was first known in 1958. Around 500 cases have been reported in the literature. The most common symptoms are difficulty breathing dsypnea , fatigue and dry coughs. The disease has three forms; congenital, secondary and idiopatic unknown origin . The most common form is seen in idiopathic, more than 90%. The mortality rate is around 10% Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis is within the chronic disease group and can lead to changes in the activities of daily living. During treatment and follow-up, nursing practice and patient education are very important. Professional team unity in the treatment and care of diseases requiring years-long treatment is very important. Treatment, care and education, which are the roles of the nurse, play an important role in this disease. In this respect, this case is important for the literature

New Paleomagnetic and 40Ar/39Ar Geochronological Results for the South Shetland Islands, West Antarctica, and Their Tectonic Implications

AbstractTo reconstruct the paleoposition of the Antarctic Peninsula relative to the South American Plate during the breakup of Gondwana, as well as the opening kinematics of the Drake Passage, we conducted detailed paleomagnetic, rock magnetic, and isotopic chronology studies of Byers Peninsula (Livingston Island) and Fildes Peninsula (King George Island) of the South Shetland Islands. The 40Ar/39Ar ages of the Agate Beach Formation to the Long Hill Formation in Fildes Peninsula range from 56.38 ± 0.2 Ma to 52.42 ± 0.19 Ma. Low natural remanent magnetization/isothermal remanent magnetization ratios, inconsistency with the polarity constrained by the paleomagnetic results and 40Ar/39Ar age constraints, as well as the widespread cation‐deficient titanomagnetite and Ti‐free magnetite of secondary origin, indicate that the volcanic and sedimentary rocks of Fildes Peninsula were remagnetized at about 55 Ma. Combining our results with previous data from the South Shetland Islands and the Antarctic Peninsula, we calculated the paleopoles for 110 Ma and 55 Ma for the South Shetland Islands and the Antarctic Peninsula. The paleomagnetic reconstruction of the relative paleoposition of the Antarctic Peninsula and South America shows that these plates were connected and experienced a southward movement and clockwise rotation from 110 to 55 Ma. Subsequently, southward translation and clockwise rotation of the Antarctic Peninsula between 55 and 27 Ma separated the Antarctic Peninsula and South America, forming the Drake Passage. Northward translation of South America after 27 Ma increased the N‐S divergence and increased the distance between the Antarctic Peninsula and the South American Plate.

Дестабилизация дуплекса ДНК активно реплицирующихся промоторов бактериофагов группы Т7

The relation between the processes of replication and transcription has been actively studied over several decades, but detailed mechanisms for their interaction have not been established reliably. Among the initiating transcription promoters of bacteria and bacteriophages, there are both promoters having an additional function of the secondary origin of replication (OR) and promoters not participating in this process. In this paper, we describe the stability of DNA by Stress-Induced Duplex Destabilization (SIDD) profiles for a complete set of promoters and the primary OR of the bacteriophage T7 genome. It has been shown that, among the native T7 promoters, only those that have an additional function of secondary OR are characterized by high destabilization. These include the phiOL and phiOR promoters adjoining the 5' and 3' terminal repeats of bacteriophage T7, and of six other T7 group phages. In each case, these two promoters are located in the regions of DNA with high destabilization of the duplex. Additionally, the genomes of seven representatives of the T7 group without annotated phiOL and phiOR have been considered. For three of them, high peaks of SIDD profiles have been found near the ends of the genomic DNA that may be due to the presence of similar phiOL and phiOR promoters. Probably, such promoters can be found in the genomes of other bacteriophages. Thus, for the promoters of bacteriophages, we have a confirmation of the relationship of SIDD as a DNA duplex parameter and the DNA replication initiation on promoters, serving as secondary OR.

Short-term effects of ultrafine particles on daily mortality by primary vehicle exhaust versus secondary origin in three Spanish cities

BackgroundEvidence on the short-term effects of ultrafine particles (with diameter<100nm, UFP) on health is still inconsistent. New particles in ambient urban air are the result of direct emissions and also the formation of secondary UFP from gaseous precursors. We segregated UFP into these two components and investigated their impact on daily mortality in three Spanish cities affected by different sources of air pollution. MethodsWe separated the UFP using a method based on the high correlation between black carbon (BC) and particle number concentration (N). The first component accounts for aerosol constituents emitted by vehicle exhaust (N1) and the second for the photochemical new particle formation enhancements (N2). We applied city-specific Poisson regression models, adjusting for long-term trends, temperature and population dynamics. ResultsMean BC levels were higher in Barcelona and Tenerife (1.8 and 1.2μg·m−3, respectively) than in Huelva (0.8μg·m−3). While mean UFP concentrations were similar in the three cities, from which N1 was 40% in Barcelona, 46% in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, and 27% in Huelva. We observed an association with N1 and daily mortality in Barcelona, by increasing approximately 1.5% between lags 0 and 2, per an interquartile increase (IQR) of 3277cm−3, but not with N2. A similar pattern was found in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, although none of the associations were significant. Conversely, in the industrial city of Huelva mortality was associated with N2 at lag 0, by increasing 3.9% per an IQR of 12,032·cm−3. ConclusionThe pattern and origin of UFP determines their short-term effect on human health. BC is possibly the better parameter to evaluate the health effects of particulate vehicle exhaust emissions, although in areas influenced by domestic solid fuel combustion this should also be taken into account.