Secondary Motivation Research Articles

The Effect of Professional Training on In-service Secondary School Physics 'Teachers' Motivation to Use Problem-Based Learning

Professional training for in-service teachers is at an utmost level to improve their teaching practices. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effect of professional training on in-service secondary school physics teachers' motivation to use Problem-Based Learning (PBL). A pre-and posttest quasi-experimental design was used to conduct the study. A two-day professional training on PBL was delivered as an independent variable, while teachers' motivation to use PBL was conceived as the dependent variable. The study involved fifty (50) in-service physics teachers (20 in control and 30 in the experimental group) from 25 secondary schools in four districts of Southwestern Uganda. Data were analyzed with SPSS v.23.0 using descriptive statistics, and paired, and independent samples t-test. The findings indicated a high statistically significant (p<.05) positive change and a greater motivation to use PBL among teachers who received professional training in PBL compared to those who did not receive it. It was recommended that the Government, in conjunction with school administrators, regularly organize similar training and, if possible, for all teachers national wide.

Associations of Demographics, Dependence, and Biomarkers With Transitions in Tobacco Product Use in a Cohort of Cigarette Users and Dual Users of Cigarettes and E-cigarettes.

It is uncertain whether e-cigarettes facilitate smoking cessation in the real world. We aimed to understand whether and how transitions among cigarette, e-cigarette, and dual use are associated with sociodemographics, dependence measures, and biomarkers. We followed 380 adult daily cigarette users and dual users every 2 months for up to 2 years. We estimated transition rates between noncurrent, cigarette-only, e-cigarette-only, and dual use states using a multistate transition model. We estimated univariable hazard ratios (HR) for demographics, dependence measures for cigarettes and e-cigarettes, biomarkers, spousal or partner behaviors, and other measures. We estimated that participants transitioned from cigarette-only to e-cigarette-only through a period of dual use. Dual users ceased smoking (transitioning to e-cigarette-only use) at a greater rate than cigarette-only users did (HR 2.44, 95% CI: 1.49, 4.02). However, of the 60% of dual users estimated to transition to single product use in 1 year, 83% would transition to cigarette-only use and only 17% to e-cigarette-only use. E-cigarette dependence measures were generally associated with reduced e-cigarette cessation rather than enhanced cigarette cessation. E-cigarette users motivated by harm or toxicity reduction or because of restrictions on where or when they could smoke had reduced rates of smoking relapse. Cigarette dependence and spousal smoking were barriers to cigarette cessation for dual users, while using e-cigarettes first in the morning, motivation to quit smoking, and sensory, social, and emotional enjoyment of e-cigarettes (secondary dependence motives) were facilitators of smoking cessation among dual users. Tobacco control policy and interventions may be informed by the barriers and facilitators of product transitions. Although e-cigarettes have the potential to promote smoking cessation, their real-world impact is uncertain. In this cohort, dual users were more likely to quit smoking than cigarette-only users, but the overall impact was small because most dual users returned to cigarette-only use. Moreover, e-cigarette dependence promoted continued dual use rather than smoking cessation. Yet, high motivation to quit smoking and the sensory, social, and emotional enjoyment of e-cigarettes facilitated smoking cessation in dual users. Better understanding the barriers and facilitators of transitions can help to develop regulations and interventions that lead to more effective use of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation.

Automorphism invariant measures and weakly generic automorphisms

AbstractLet be a countable ℵ0‐homogeneous structure. The primary motivation of this work is to study different amenability properties of (subgroups of) the automorphism group of ; the secondary motivation is to study the existence of weakly generic automorphisms of . Among others, we present sufficient conditions implying the existence of automorphism invariant probability measures on certain subsets of A and of ; we also present sufficient conditions implying that the theory of is amenable. More concretely, we show that if the set of locally finite automorphisms of is dense (in particular, if has weakly generic tuples of automorphisms of arbitrary finite length), then there exists a finitely additive probability measure μ on the subsets of definable with parameters such that μ is invariant under . Moreover, if is saturated and the set of its locally finite automorphisms is dense (in particular, if is saturated and has weak generics), then the theory of is amenable.

Study protocol of a randomized controlled trial of motivational interviewing-based intervention to improve adherence to continuous positive airway pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: The MotivAir study.

ObjectiveThis study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the MotivAir program—a phone-based intervention based on Motivational Interviewing (MI) principles and techniques—in enhancing adherence to Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) therapy among patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS).MethodsA multicenter randomized controlled trial (RCT) design with random allocation at the level of the individual will be conducted to compare the impact of the experimental program (usual care plus MI) with a control group receiving usual care only in improving selected clinical and psychological parameters in the patients. A minimum sample of 80 participants (40 patients per group) will be recruited in each center according to the inclusion criteria. After the initial screening, participants will be randomly assigned to either the experimental group or the control condition. The program will last 180 days and will be delivered by a trained nurse. The impact of the MotivAir program on selected primary (adherence to CPAP in terms of average hours of usage per night and the Apnea-Hypopnea Index, AHI) and secondary (motivation, perceived competence, quality of life, sleepiness) outcomes will be measured at baseline, and after 1-, 3-, and 6-month from CPAP initiation.DiscussionParticipants are expected to show an increased level of adherence to CPAP and to acquire the skills and self-confidence necessary to deal with the psychological consequences of their chronic condition.

CONSIDERATIONS ON THE CULTURAL TOURISM MARKET AND CULTURAL TOURIST PROFILE

The article proposes a conceptual analysis of the cultural tourism market and the profile of the cultural tourist. The way in which, depending on the different types of motivations, the cultural tourism market can be subdivided into a number of sub-markets or niche markets such as: tangible heritage (tangible), intangible culture (intangible), city breaks, tastings (food and wine), community tourism in which tourism experiences are managed by local communities and religious / spiritual tourism. Cultural tourists are individuals or groups looking for distinct experiences, focusing on visual arts and entertainment, architecture, cooking and crafts, often combining primary motivation with secondary motivation. Cultural tourism is linked to the profile of tourists, and here the generational component seems to be particularly relevant. Identifying and understanding the most appropriate tourist markets and the motivations and needs of tourists in travel experiences is a critical step in attracting tourists to tourist cities with cultural and heritage values. Cultural tourists validate the importance of heritage, arts and culture through experience in these destinations, and income from this type of tourism contributes to the prosperity of the community and local businesses, while supporting activities related to culture, art or local public services. The methodology used includes bibliographic documentation for the analysis, detailing and exemplification of niche markets of cultural tourism, as well as the investigation of the relationship between the availability of cultural goods and the motivation, typology and profile of cultural tourists.

Illegal domestic tourism of Poles during the COVID-19 pandemic – introduction to the research

Motives: Tourism is one of the most affected industries by the COVID-19 pandemic. The restrictions introduced by the Polish government, dictated by the rapidly increasing number of positive cases in the country, led to severe restrictions or complete cessation of the accommodation, catering and tourist services. These restrictions resulted in greater interest in the “little homeland” tourist offer, the dispersion of tourist traffic and the development of so called “grey zone” through unofficial functioning of accommodation facilities.Aim: The purpose of this paper is to characterize the profile of tourists who paid for the accommodation services in Poland during the second wave of the pandemic, lasting from 7th November 2020 to 11th February 2021. The research methodology included a diagnostic survey conducted through the use of a digital questionnaire circulated in social media. In total 100 responses were subjected to qualitative analysis. On the basis of the obtained results, the authors analyzed the following criteria: the number, time, place, length and method of organization of trips; type of accommodation with the costs estimate and the method of obtaining information about the functioning of the chosen facility; means of transportation to the destination, main and secondary travel motives. The study also presents the changes declared by the respondents in the frequency of organizing a one-day trip and several-day-long trips away from the place of their daily residence, as well as the assessment of the quality of the services provided against the price.Results: Almost 70% of the respondents paid for the accommodation services in the given time frame at least once, mainly booking private lodging using Booking.com portal. The organized trips were usually short-term and lasted 3 days. Only every 5th trip was planned in advance, before the restrictions were introduced. The main motive for the trip was the desire to change the environment,understood as escaping the city and relaxing outdoors. The vast majority of respondents did not suffer from COVID-19 before the trip, and every fourth respondent considered the applicable restrictions as too severe.

Evaluating the effectiveness of the Play Active policy intervention and implementation support in early childhood education and care: a pragmatic cluster randomised trial protocol

BackgroundDaily physical activity is critical during the early years of life for facilitating children’s health and development. A large proportion of preschool children do not achieve the recommended 3 h of daily physical activity. Early childhood education and care (ECEC) services are a key setting to intervene to increase physical activity. There is a significant need for ECEC specific physical activity policy, including clearer guidelines on the amount of physical activity children should do during care, and strategies for implementation of these guidelines.MethodsThis study is a pragmatic cluster randomised trial to evaluate the effectiveness of the Play Active physical activity policy intervention to improve early childhood education and care educator’s physical activity-related practices. The central component of Play Active is an evidence-informed physical activity policy template which includes 25 practices to support nine age-specific recommendations on the amount of physical activity and sedentary time, including screen time, young children should do while in care. There are six implementation support strategies to facilitate physical activity policy implementation: (i) personalise policy (services select at least five of the 25 practices to focus on initially); (ii) policy review and approval; (iii) a resource guide; (iv) a brief assessment tool for monitoring children’s energetic play; (v) professional development; and (vi) Project Officer implementation support (phone calls). A total of 60 early childhood education and care services will be recruited from metropolitan Perth, Western Australia. After baseline assessment, services will be randomly allocated to either intervention or wait-listed comparison conditions. Primary (educator-reported frequency and amount of daily time provided for children’s physical activity, sedentary and screen time) and secondary (educator physical activity-related practices, self-efficacy, motivation, attitudes and beliefs, social support, and supportive physical environment) outcomes will be assessed at baseline and post-intervention, after intervention services have had a minimum 3 months of policy implementation within their service.DiscussionThe Play Active trial will rigorously evaluate a novel physical activity policy intervention with implementation support that promotes positive physical activity behaviours in educators and children attending ECEC. If effective, the program could be adapted, scaled-up and delivered in ECEC services nationally.Trial registrationAustralian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12620001206910 (date of registration 13/11/2020).

Relations among cigarette dependence, e-cigarette dependence, and key dependence criteria among dual users of combustible and e-cigarettes.

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine dependence on combustible and e-cigarettes among users of both products (dual users), which may provide important insights into long-term use patterns. Method: Dual users (smoking daily for 3 months, using e-cigarettes at least once/week for the past month; N = 256; 45% women, 71% White, M age 39.0 years) not interested in quitting either product participated in a longitudinal, 2-year, observational study. At baseline, participants completed measures of combustible and e-cigarette dependence (Fagerström Test of Cigarette Dependence [FTCD], e-FTCD, Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives [WISDM], e-WISDM, Penn State Cigarette Dependence Index, and Penn State E-Cigarette Dependence Index) and carried a study smartphone for 2 weeks to record cigarette and e-cigarette use events. Results: Most measures of dependence were product specific (e.g., FTCD and e-FTCD were not correlated, r = -0.003) and predicted product-specific outcomes (e.g., long-term use of that product). However, individuals used the two products for some of the same secondary dependence motives (e.g., weight control, cognitive and affective enhancement). These secondary, or instrumental, motives predicted use of both products at 1 year. Which product was used first in the morning was strongly related to product dependence scores and likelihood of continued product use at 1 year. Conclusions: Among dual users of combustible and e-cigarettes, measures of e-cigarette and cigarette dependence tended to be unrelated to one another, but dual users tended to use both products for the same instrumental motives. Which product is used first in the morning may serve as a valuable measure of relative dependence on the two products. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Scaling up DAKSH intrapartum application: impact, challenges, and learning

Background: DAKSH is an intrapartum monitoring application. It is easy to use, saves time and requires no interpretation skills. In spite of all these advantages, using a digital partograph alone will lead to less benefits to healthcare workers. So an application was developed which includes workflows for registering the patients during the intrapartum period by entering their investigation details, updating delivery/referral status and postpartum data until hospital discharge. The partograph is a major component of DAKSH. The main aim of this pilot was to simplify the use of partograph for better labour monitoring, which will help them in making early decisions for taking action for referral or intervention.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. Permission to conduct a pilot for one block for 1 year was given by the Karnataka government (2017-18). After the results from the pilot district model were tested out in one district of Karnataka (2019). The pilot phase includes the following components: pre-implementation phase, implementation phase, monitoring and evaluation, regular monitoring through the dashboard and monthly evaluation visit to each health centre. The pre-implementation process was the same for both the block and district levels.Results: The few learnings learnt during the scaling up includes: the dual burden of work is considered as the main cause of not filling the partograph by staff nurses in DAKSH. Behavioural change was seen during the continuous visits while providing them with secondary training and motivation to use the application. The new kiosk provided with an inbuilt printer increased the printing of case sheets and partographs.Conclusions: This study concluded that the DAKSH application was developed for labour monitoring in healthcare facilities. The application was developed after proper need validation and feedback from OBGYNs. Further modifications and changes were made in the application from various valid user feedbacks and issues faced during the pilot which improved the user experience and sustainability.

Utilization of Speaking Games Through Blended Learning for Developing Speaking English of Secondary School Students and Motivation to Speak

Utilization of Speaking Games Through Blended Learning for Developing Speaking English of Secondary School Students and Motivation to Speak

Educational tourism in the function of the environmental protection

Educational tourism is a selective form of thematic tourism and implies a trend of acquiring new knowledge, transferring knowledge to others, as well as improving skills outside the classroom. It implies a tourist activity in which education is the primary or secondary motive for staying at the destination. The main goal of the travel is focused on activities that include visits to other countries to learn about different cultures. These include student exchange programs and study trips, work, and skills development in different and new environments, such as numerous international internships. There is a difference between travels where education is not the main motive; however, during the holiday guests are educated about certain aspects of the tourist offer (e.g. cultural attractions) and travels where education is the main motive for travel and stay at the destination.

Food Motivational Factors of Tourists to Greece

Despite the fact that tourism is one of Greece's economic pillars and that food can lead to greater satisfaction and loyalty to the destination, little research effort has been devoted to understanding tourists' food consumption complexities. In response, this study aimed at investigating the themes behind the food motivations of international tourists to Greece. A qualitative approach was deployed by implementing semistructured interviews among tourists (N = 28), and a thematic analysis was conducted in order to categorize interviewees' statements into eight themes: local culture learning, authentic experience, novelty seeking, social interactions, sensory pleasure, health concerns, familiar food, and the need for sustenance. These motivations were heterogeneous and exerted significant influence over food choices and eating behavior. Even though Greek destinations attract tourists primarily seeking journey-related food elements, other secondary motivations involving travel intentions independent of local gastronomy should not be neglected. Although the factors identified may not be exhaustive, this study provides a clear model for further research concerning tourists' food motivational factors in Greece and other Mediterranean destinations.

Fear and voting: Evidence of a threat-opportunity model of citizenship acquisition among lower income immigrants of color beginning the naturalization process

Citizenship acquisition is viewed as the key indicator of political incorporation into US society and one motivated by the desire to formally engage in the civic realm, but we know naturalization is undertaken for many reasons. What we know less about is what motivates particular groups. Through surveying 74 lower socio-economic immigrants of color initiating the naturalization process at free citizenship clinics in the Boston, Massachusetts area in the northeastern United States in fall 2019, we examine the stated motivations to naturalize. The survey data reveal that the desire to engage politically is the most commonly cited primary motivation to naturalize (44%), followed by a desire to feel safer in the US (29%). When looking at primary and secondary motivations, 66% cite the ability to vote, and 59% cite the desire to feel safer. The combined motivations of security and political engagement suggest a “threat-opportunity” model of citizenship acquisition, whereby immigrants assess the external socio-political threats and seek to neutralize them through both naturalizing and then engaging politically to change the environment. At the same time, statistically significant relationships between motivations and ethno-racial group and country of origin suggest additional factors must be examined.

Структурные основания взаимодействий в онлайн-играх

The article examines the structural foundations of interactions between gamers in online games on the example of the youth segment of Russian audience of computer games. The analysis of the main elements of in-game mechanics structuring the communicative interactions of gamers in online games is carried out on the basis of the B. Latour’s actor-network theory, allowing us to consider the game as an actor of socio-technical interactions. According to the results of the author’s research conducted in 2019–2020 by means of online questionnaires, the mechanisms of long-term and short-term association of players in online games are highlighted and the structural bases of their interaction are characterized: the dominant and secondary motives of group formation in video games, the factors of prolongation of contacts between players. It was revealed that gamers give preference to short-term gaming teams with a free exit. A long-term play group is recruited from people who know each other, with whom they maintain contacts in everyday life while playing is perceived as a form of joint leisure. It is shown that an online game creates a field for active construction of new social connections between the members of the gaming community. The potential of the possibilities of including game mechanics and “non-human” actors in new forms of gamification of education is outlined.

Doubts about Duty as a Secondary Motive

AbstractMany follow Kant in thinking that morally worthy actions must be carried out solely from the motive of duty. This outlook faces two challenges: (1) The One Feeling Too Few problem (actions that issue from, say, compassion also seem to have moral worth), and (2) The One Thought Too Many problem (some actions have moral worth precisely because they’re not motivated by duty). These challenges haven’t led Kantians to dispense with the motive of duty. Instead, they have proposed to push it into the background. We should not (the thought goes) construe duty as a primary motive, a consideration that motivates the agent to act. Duty is best thought of as a secondary motive, a background concern that constrains her choice. Since it is consistent with acting from duty at the secondary level that one is motivated at the primary level by compassion, this move is thought to overcome both challenges. In this paper, I argue that secondary motive views don’t live up to their stated ambitions. Such proposals either fail to make progress on issues with which primary motive views continue to grapple, or they render the motive of duty ill‐suited to underwrite a plausible account of moral worth.

Cycling during COVID-19 Pandemic: Sports or Lifestyle?

The increasing trend of cycling during the Covid-19 pandemic is a common social phenomenon that is common in various countries. This study aims to overview the cycling phenomenon during the Covid-19 Pandemic and the factors causing the cycling trend during a pandemic. In addition, the main highlight is to determine the emergence background of the cycling trend;whether it is an increase in people's awareness of sports or is it merely a lifestyle trend? The research method uses a systematic literature review by conducting literature reviews in reputable journals and scientific publications that discuss cycling in the pre-pandemic and pandemic times. Data analysis uses descriptive analysis and phenomenological approach as a theoretical framework. The results showed that four factors caused the cycling trend during the pandemic. Those factors are health, environment, media and lifestyle factors. Health reasons are due to the desire to maintain health and body immunity, and cycling is a sport recommended by health experts and according to the principle of physical distancing. Environmental factors are caused by being economical and environmentally friendly, supporting the go green program, and cyclist could get fresh and clean air. The media factor is driven by the significant influence of social media content and hashtags about cycling. While lifestyle factors arise due to following the latest trends, cycling can relieve stress and increase social status indicated by the price of bicycles and reasons for conformity in social groups. The increasing trend of cycling is mainly motivated by the desire to accompany the social demands of the current lifestyle, while the motivation related to health factors to increase body immunity in dealing with pandemic situations is secondary motivation. This conclusion is obtained based on the instability of the cycling trend and the downward trend in the cycling intensity graph. © 2021 by authors,.

‘You can see both sides of the coin’ how the pursuit of language skills influences the travel experience

ABSTRACT This study aims to understand how the pursuit of language skills influences the travel experience of those who travel with language learning goals as a primary or secondary motivation. Based on a review of the literature on language tourism and learning through travel, qualitative interviews were carried out with a heterogeneous sample of participants to capture common patterns in their experiences. Analysis of the responses suggested that participants’ language travel experiences were influenced by their pursuit of language skills in two main ways: by their communication ability in the host language; and by their process of striving to improve their language skills. This process frequently places them in environments where they could gain more contact with the locals, and a deeper understanding of local culture.

Exploring the Factors Affecting the Behavioral Intention of Visitors in Wine Festival: The Case of China Dalian International Wine and Dine Festival

Wine-related festivals and events have emerged as a unique tourism product bringing not only economic value but also enhancing the brand image of a destination. China being the third largest wine-consuming country in the world has been organizing wine and food focused festivals which are participated by the residents as well as international visitors. Considering the size and scope of these events in China, this study explores the motivation behind participation in the wine festivals and investigates the influence of motivation factors on the perception of festivalscape, satisfaction, and behavioral intentions. The constructs of the study were framed after a thorough review of the literature. The findings of the study revealed that while primary and secondary motivations have a positive effect on the perception of food and wine, generic features, and fun; only primary motivation has a positive effect on satisfaction, whereas secondary motivation has a negative effect on satisfaction. It was also found that the perception of wine & food and fun has a positive impact on satisfaction, while the perception of generic features has no effect on satisfaction. The behavioral intentions were also found to be positively affected by satisfaction.

Libido as a motivator for starting and restarting non-prescribed anabolic androgenic steroid use among men: a mixed-methods study

Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS) are commonly used for their anabolic effects and the potentially detrimental consequences are well documented. Most studies focus on the motivations of increased muscle development and report increased libido as a secondary motivation. This paper aims to explore users’ reports of libido as a motivator for starting and restarting AAS use. This mixed-methods study comprised questionnaires with 133 adult male AAS users (with 38% selecting increased libido as motivation for using), and 23 semi-structured interviews with a sub-sample. Thematic analysis identified four interlinked themes: increased libido as a motivation for starting/re-starting AAS; increased libido/sexual performance as a beneficial effect; mixed experiences with physicians regarding libido changes and hypogonadism and reduced sexual functioning and fertility after AAS cessation. Increased libido was identified as a benefit by 90% but motivations for use changed over time. Reasons for AAS use included mitigating the effects of aging particularly linked to the concept of virility. AAS as self-medication for low testosterone needs further investigation as does the idea of hegemonic masculinity as a reinforcing driver for AAS use. This study highlights the need to consider how AAS users’ views of medical support impact self-medication choices.

Secondary School Students Language Learning Motivation As A Predictor Of Their Academic Engagement

Secondary School Students Language Learning Motivation As A Predictor Of Their Academic Engagement