Secondary Materials Research Articles

Preliminary study on the application of waste bivalve shells as biofiller for the production of asphalt concrete

The shells of molluscs are a common by-product of the aquaculture industry, and their management represents a significant environmental challenge. Although mollusc farming is considered a low-impact food production, improper shell management could make bivalve farming less environmentally efficient. To address this issue, research is exploring new approaches to reduce waste accumulation and convert shell waste into a valuable resource. The shells of bivalves are functional materials from biological waste, composed mainly of CaCO3, and can be used as secondary raw materials in various applications. In order to meet the demanding environmental target, the road sector is increasing the use of recycled materials in new construction or maintenance of old ones. The present work illustrates the results of several laboratory tests carried out to determine the physical and chemical properties of three different crushed bivalve shells waste for the application as filler in asphalt concretes. The present study highlighted the similarity of these materials with the limestone filler since no significant discrepancy between the mechanical (or technical) performance of the biofiller and the traditional limestone filler are detected through the test carried out, promoting their use in new asphalt concrete mixtures.

Assessing Weekly Wellness Sessions: Cordillera Administrative Region's Social Welfare Impact

This literature review examines the efficacy of workplace wellness initiatives, focusing on the Weekly Wellness Sessions (WWS) conducted by the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) Field Office Cordillera Administrative Region. The study evaluates staff participation rates, the effectiveness of wellness programs, and challenges encountered in availing the WWS. Primary and secondary sources materials were used in the analysis of this literature review. Casual observations were also integrated. Findings reveal coffee sessions as the most popular activity, while limited facilities and costs hindered participation in other activities. The WWS were perceived as highly effective across multiple dimensions of well-being, with minimal variation based on gender or age. However, differences in effectiveness were noted among different positions and offices/divisions. Common challenges included time constraints, financial limitations, and personal barriers. Recommendations include enhancing financial accessibility, tailoring interventions, offering flexible scheduling, promoting awareness, and cultivating a culture of health and wellness. Addressing these recommendations can optimize the impact of the WWS and contribute to a healthier, more productive workforce within DSWD FO CAR.

DISPARITAS PEMIDANAAN TERHADAP PELAKU PEMBUNUHAN BERENCANA DENGAN MUTILASI (STUDI KASUS PUTUSAN NOMOR 1036/Pid.B/2008/PN.DPK dan 44/Pid.B/2014/PN.SRP)

Murder by mutilation is a very cruel act, where the act begins with taking a person's life and continues with cutting the victim's body from the head to the entire body. This action was carried out with the aim of eliminating evidence or traces of the murder. Mutilation is also not strictly regulated in Indonesian criminal law, so that when imposing sanctions on the perpetrator there is often uncertainty and inconsistency. This causes concern and discomfort in society, especially if the perpetrator does not receive appropriate punishment. Therefore, this research aims to find out how the judge considered in making decisions in these two cases based on the positive legal system in Indonesia and to find out what caused the disparity in the two decisions. The research method used is normative legal research which examines and examines primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials in the form of statutory regulations and library law

Implementation of the Responsibilities of Land Deed Making Officials in Requesting Proof of BPHTB Payment and Reporting BPHTB Taxes to the Regional Revenue Agency (Central Lombok District Study)

BPHTB is part of the tax payable in every transaction to acquire land and building rights. In Law Number 1/2022 concerning Regional Taxes and Regional Levies, Regencies/Cities are given the authority to collect 11 types of Regional Taxes, including BPHTB. The conditions for collecting these 11 types of Regional Tax are unique in practice, where in collecting BPHTB tax, BAPENDA chooses to hold a team meeting to determine the value of the tax object, while PPAT feels that it is ineffective and inefficient when determining the value of BPHTB tax (Land Rights Acquisition Fee). carried out through team meetings, therefore it is necessary to review the Articles and Regulations related to regional taxes and levies, so that the BPHTB tax value is no longer carried out based on team meetings, this is one of the causal factors If PPAT does not report BPHTB to BAPENDA, if PPAT does not report every 10th of every month, it will be considered as not reporting for a year, and BAPENDA as the regional government will impose sanctions on the PPAT in the form of administrative sanctions, namely paying a fine of Rp. 10,000,000, through empirical normative research and interpretation of primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials, it can be concluded that there is a misconception between the Notary/PPAT and BAPENDA Central Lombok, where this administrative sanction has been in effect since 16 July 2023 which is contained in article 60 PP 35/2023, which requires PPAT to carry out BPHTB tax reporting.

Indonesian Government's Efforts to Eradicate the Crime of Human Trafficking

Trafficking in persons is an intrinsic form of an act that violates human dignity and dignity. Therefore this form of act, in addition to violating the law, also violates the principles of human rights. It can be concluded that human rights are the inherent essence of human beings which are natural and fundamental as God's gift that must be respected, maintained and protected by every individual, society or state. The method used in the study is a normative juridical approach. The normative juridical approach is an approach carried out based on secondary data in which there are legal materials including primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials related to one another with research studies. The results of this study know the construction of law enforcement as a series of processes to apply legal values, ideas, and ideals. The provision of criminal sanctions by the Indonesian state is implemented into the Criminal Code (KUHP) and must also refer to specific criminal law, Number 21 of 2007 concerning the Eradication of Trafficking in Persons. Meanwhile, efforts to combat trafficking in persons can be carried out by preventive measures, repressive countermeasures and preemptive countermeasures.

LEGAL PROTECTION OF CONSUMERS DUE TO DEFAULT BY @SELLYALBOEM IN PURCHASING NEO CULTURE TECHNOLOGY (NCT DREAM) ALBUMS

The impact of the internet as a result of advances in the development of information technology for consumers has changed consumer behavior to become more critical and selective in determining the products they will choose. A valid agreement will have an achievement. As is known that an agreement is a relationship between two parties, based on which one party is entitled to demand something from the other party, and the other party is obliged to fulfill these demands. In this case, the achievement can be in the form of giving something, doing something, or not doing something. Although an agreement is made with the hope that everything that has been agreed upon can go well, in practice there is often a non-fulfillment of achievement from one of the parties which gives rise to a situation called default. The problem in this thesis is about the form of legal protection for consumers due to default on the purchase of NCT Dream Albums and dispute resolution efforts that can be taken if there is a default on the purchase of NCT Dream Albums. The research method in this thesis consists of a normative juridical research type with a research approach using a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The source of legal material uses primary legal materials and secondary legal materials. The results of this study indicate that legal protection for consumers due to default by @Sellyalboem in purchasing Neo Culture Technology (NCT Dream) Albums is divided into two. First, internal legal protection is created through an agreement made by each party. The authorities create second, external protection through the formation of laws and regulations aimed at the interests of the injured party. Business actors who make defaults must make compensation. If they do not make compensation, consumers can be able to make settlement efforts using 2 ways, namely, out-of-court dispute resolution (non-litigation path) and dispute resolution in court (litigation path).

Salt slag and rice husk ash as raw materials in zeolite synthesis: Process optimization using central composite rotational design

The growing demand of zeolites for many industrial applications has led to a search for eco-friendly alternatives for their production, in an attempt to reduce costs, save natural resources and alleviate the associated environmental impacts. In the present study, hazardous aluminum salt slag (aluminum source) and rice husk ash (silicon source) were used as secondary raw materials to synthesize sustainable NaP-type zeolites through a hydrothermal process. A central composite rotational experimental design was applied to evaluate the effect of the reaction time and hydrothermal temperature on the obtained zeolites crystallinity. Using the proposed experimental design, temperatures between 85 and 115 °C and different reaction times (2–28 h) were tested. It was found that the interaction between the variables (time and temperature) and both variables, independently, exerted a significant influence on the crystallinity of the zeolites. The optimal experimental conditions (105 °C and 20 h), statistically determined, enabled a high degree of crystallinity (>73%) to be achieved. Thus, the use of hazardous aluminum and agri-food wastes as unconventional precursors for the production of zeolites represents a sustainable alternative to manage these wastes, by transforming them into secondary raw materials.

MEANING SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP BASED ON ACT CREATE WORK IN FRAMEWORK PERSPECTIVE LEGAL HERMENEUTICS

The problem of the Tender Offer is sticking to the surface, among others, because there have been several cases involving the Takeover of a Public Company by another Party, thus causing losses to other Shareholders, especially the Public Shareholders. Regulations regarding take over and tender over are contained in Law Number 8 of 1995 concerning the Capital Market and Government Regulations number 27 of 1998. In 2011 the Government enacted Law Number 21 of 2011 concerning the Financial Services Authority which resulted in the transfer of power regarding the regulation regarding macroeconomics shifts from Bank Indonesia to OJK which includes the Take Over and Tender Offer processes. In 2020 PT. Garudafood Putra Putri Jaya, Tbk. Taking Over to PT. Mulia Boga Raya, Tbk. This study aims to determine the arrangement of Tender Offers in Indonesia and the impact of the Takeover on a Public Company that was taken over. The form of research in the writing of this journal is the jurisdiction of normative legal research using the statutory approach. The legal materials used are of two types, namely primary legal materials and secondary legal materials.

Secondary raw materials for sugar production and directions for its processing

The article is devoted to a review of literature data on the problem of environmental safety of sugar production. The main types of waste generated during sugar production are considered. Some areas of processing and disposal of sugar production waste, such as beet pulp, filter cake, molasses, beet tailings, and wastewater, are given. Beet pulp is mainly dried and used to manufacture feed for farm animals. It can be used to obtain powdered semi-finished products in the food industry and the production of fertilizers. Filtration sediment is used to improve the quality of the soil-biotic complex of leached chernozem. Molasses is also a byproduct of sugar production, containing about 50% sucrose. Therefore, it becomes advisable to extract sugar from molasses, subject to economic benefits. Inexpensive and uncomplicated methods for removing sugar from molasses include lime separation, precipitation of sucrose using acetic acid, and barite and strontium methods for extracting sugar from molasses. Wastewater from sugar factories can be used for irrigation. However, given that the sugar beet processing season does not coincide with the growing season, to irrigate fields with wastewater, it is necessary to build unique storage ponds, settling tanks, and pumping and irrigation systems, which require additional costs. Another type of waste is generated when sugar beets are processed: beet tailings. This type of waste is usually used to obtain additional sugar or feed farm animals. The tailings are collected on a rotary beet catcher, passed through a sorting classifier, and sent for processing. The fine fraction is sent with the pulp for dehydration or to pulp pits for feeding livestock.

Integrated approach to soil salinity assessment using SEM in Sirdarya province, Uzbekistan

The majority of irrigated land in the Sirdarya area in Uzbekistan is susceptible to salinization. Yet, due to the benefits of its geographical and temporal data, satellite imaging has the ability to efficiently monitor territorial resources. The objectives of this paper are (1) to find how strong surface water mineralization used for irrigation correlated with soil salinity, and (2) to introduce a simplified approach for the soil salinity assessment using SEM based on satellite imagery analysis. The main focus of this research is to explore the potential of using SEM methodology for soil salinity assessment in the study area by streamlining spatial image analysis processes. Throughout data collection of 261 surface water samples and 206 soil samples in Sirdaria irrigation district, while satellite images and other official datasets were our secondary material. We used the Inverse Distance Weighting interpolation method to map soil salinity in ArcGIS, achieving an interpolation accuracy of 72% and a Kappa value of 81%. Statistical packages in R software served as analyst tools to validate our findings. Our findings imply that while MODIS satellite imagery has a lesser connection with EC values, however, the EC values in terms of soil salinization in Sirdarya Province can be predicted using several Landsat bands without using remote sensing indices with correlation coefficients of R ≥ 0.8. We proved that the wavelength ranges of 0.64–0.67 μm and 2.11–2.29 μm are acceptable for mapping soil salinity. Nevertheless, continuous research is needed to understand the mechanisms behind this relationship and the potential applications of these findings in other drylands, land management, and environmental monitoring.

Virtual reassembling of 3D fragments for the data-driven analysis of fracture mechanisms in multi-component materials

This paper introduces a novel method for characterizing fracture mechanisms in multi-component materials using 3D image data gained by X-ray computed tomography (CT) measurements. In mineral liberation, the understanding of these mechanisms is crucial, particularly whether fractures occur along the boundaries of mineral phases (intergranular fracture) and/or within mineral phases (transgranular fracture). Conventional techniques for analyzing fracture mechanisms are focused on globally comparing the surface exposure of mineral phases extracted from image measurements before and after fracture. Instead, we present a virtual reassembling algorithm based on image registration techniques, which is applied to 3D data of multi-component materials before and after fracture in order to determine and characterize the individual fracture surfaces. This enables us to conduct a local quantitative analysis of fracture mechanisms by voxelwise comparing adjacent regions at fracture surfaces. A quantitative analysis of fracture mechanisms is especially important in the context of recycling processes. As primary deposits are decreasing worldwide and the focus is shifting on reducing wast, the interest in secondary raw materials has increased. However, lower-concentrated, but valuable materials are often overlooked in recycling routes designed for higher-concentration materials and dissipate. Therefore, efforts are being made to enrich valuable elements, such as lithium, as engineered artificial minerals through pyrometallurgical processes. The subsequent liberation through comminution processes, such as crushing, is essential for the recovery of valuable minerals. A better understanding of crushing processes, especially fracture mechanisms in slags, is crucial for the success of recycling. The reassembling algorithm presented in this paper is evaluated through a simulation study, followed by an application to a naturally occurring ore and a slag resulting from a recycling process.

TINJAUAN PERTIMBANGAN HAKIM DALAM MEMUTUS PERKARA TINDAK PIDANA PENCABULAN ANAK DALAM PUTUSAN NOMOR 56/PID.SUS/2023/PN WNG

<p align="justify"><em>This article analyzes criminal procedural law related to the suitability of the judge's considerations in deciding the case of the crime of child molestation in V</em><em>erdict</em><em> Number 56/Pid.Sus/2023/PN Wng with Article 183 of the Criminal Procedure Code. The purpose of this article is to prove whether the judge's considerations in deciding the case of child molestation in Verdict Number 56/Pid.Sus/2023/PN Wng are in accordance with Article 183 of the Criminal Procedure Code. The research method used is normative legal research. This research is prescriptive and applied. The method for collecting legal materials is by means of literature study and the legal materials used are primary legal materials and secondary legal materials. Based on the results of research and discussions to answer this problem, it can be concluded that the judge's consideration in deciding the case of child molestation in Verdict Number 56/Pid.Sus/2023/PN Wng is in accordance with Article 183 of the Criminal Procedure Code. This is because the judge's consideration in deciding the case contained 3 pieces of evidence, namely Witness Statement, Defendant's Statement and Letter (visum et repertum number: 445.1/06757).</em></p><p align="justify"> </p>

A comparative life cycle assessment (LCA), life cycle cost analysis (LCCA), mechanical and long-term leaching evaluation of road pavement structures containing multiple secondary materials

Oil-Based Drill Cuttings (OBDC) are one of the hazardous wastes of the oil and gas industry. In this study, Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP), OBDC and Fly Ash (FA) geopolymer were used in Cold Central Plant Recycling (CCPR) mixtures. The dynamic modulus test was used to appraise the viscoelastic properties of CCPR mixtures. The Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) test was also utilized to investigate the long-term contaminants leaching. In addition, a cradle-to-grave Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) were conducted to evaluate the potential environmental burdens and economic costs of pavement structures containing CCPR mixtures. Moreover, Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) analysis using four different methods was performed to determine the optimal sample. The results revealed that the recycling of OBDC and RAP in stabilized CCPR mixtures with FA geopolymer can improve the viscoelastic properties and prevent the leaching of contaminants from these waste materials. Furthermore, recycling of the mentioned waste materials in CCPR mixtures has caused a significant reduction in global warming, acidification, eutrophication, smog, respiratory effects, Human toxicity, ecotoxicity, and cumulative energy demand up to 41%, 36.6%, 73%, 43%, 47%, 34%, 73%, and 13%, respectively. Additionally, using CCPR mixtures containing the OBCD, RAP, and FA geopolymer in the pavement structure has led to economic benefits of up to 31% compared to the conventional pavement system.

LEGAL PROTECTION OF BANK INDONESIA’S FINANCIAL INDEPENDENCE

Bank Indonesia as the central bank in Indonesia has financial independence in which Bank Indonesia has the authority to manage its assets separately from the State Budget. However, in carrying out its roles and duties, Bank Indonesia often faces demands or lawsuits, which result in execution of judgments against assets of Bank Indonesia. This can clearly disrupt the financial stability of Bank Indonesia, affecting Bank Indonesia’s ability to carry out its roles and duties effectively. Currently, there has been an argument put forth to assert Article 50 of the treasure law in an effort to protect for Bank Indonesia’s finances. However, the application of this article as a legal basis for protection of Bank Indonesia’s finances is inappropriate because it is not in accordance with Bank Indonesia’s financial independence, separating from the State Budget. Departing from these problems, based on data collected through document studies in the form of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials, this study examines how the policies of financial independence of Bank Indonesia, legal protection of Bank Indonesia’s finance, and ideal arrangements for legal protection of Bank Indonesia’s finances considering the attention to the independence of Bank Indonesia. The conclusion of this research is that there is still disharmony in regulations regarding Bank Indonesia’s financial protection in the State Finances Law and the State Treasury Law which creates legal uncertainty regarding Bank Indonesia’s financial protection.

Speciation of antimony and vanadium in municipal solid waste incineration ashes analyzed by XANES spectroscopy

AbstractThe use of ashes from municipal solid waste incineration as secondary building materials is an important pillar for the circular economy in Germany. However, leaching of potential toxic elements from these materials must be at environmentally acceptable levels. Normally, a three-month ageing period immobilizes most hazardous heavy metals, but antimony (Sb) and vanadium (V) showed previously unusual leaching. In order to clarify the mechanisms, we analyzed the Sb and V species in various bottom and fly ashes from municipal waste incineration by XANES spectroscopy. Antimony oxidizes from Sb(+ III) species used as flame retardants in plastics to Sb(+ V) compounds during waste incineration. However, owing to the similarity of different Sb(+ V) compound in the Sb K- and L-edge XANES spectra, it was not possible to accurately identify an exact Sb(+ V) species. Moreover, V is mainly present as oxidation state + V compound in the analyzed ashes. However, the coarse and magnetic fraction of the bottom ashes contain larger amounts of V(+ III) and V(+ IV) compounds which might enter the waste incineration from vanadium carbide containing steel tools. Thus, Sb and V could be critical potential toxic elements in secondary building materials and long-term monitoring of the release should be taken into account in the future.

Between forests and coasts: Fishworkers on the move in India

AbstractThe Covid‐19 lockdown in India in March 2020 revealed the presence of Adivasi communities in the marine fishing industry of Goa, a coastal state in India. While the migration for work of Adivasi communities from the central regions of the country is well recorded, their movement across geographies of the forest and the coast is relatively unknown. Working with initial data collected during the lockdown, interviews conducted after the pandemic and using secondary materials, the paper sought to understand the social and material conditions in the forest and the coastal regions that shape this movement. Centring the waged relation of Adivasi workers opened the door to thinking about the marine fishing sector in India as a capitalist industry, while paying attention to social reproduction highlighted how the coastal and forest regions are spatially linked through their movement and labour. This highlights that the coasts and forests are going through distinct processes of capitalist intensification and expansion. Making connections between ecological appropriation, historical processes of resource extraction and marginalization, the paper finds that the extraction of fish resources in Goa is made productive through the hierarchization and differentiation of Adivasi workers. It reveals how the social relations of identity and caste mediate access to and define conditions of work at sea.

Vermilion monazite: A new Archean reference material for U-Pb and Sm-Nd microanalysis

Monazite (Vermilion) from the ∼2.7 Ga Vermilion Granitic Complex (Minnesota, USA) was investigated as a potential reference material for U-Pb geochronology, using electron microprobe, high-precision ID-TIMS and high-spatial resolution techniques (LA-(Q/SF/MC)-ICP-MS and SHRIMP). Vermilion monazite is relatively homogeneous in BSE images. It is characterised as a monazite-(Ce) with uniform, relatively LREE-enriched chondrite-normalised REE patterns (Eu/Eu* = 0.074–0.085). ID-TIMS U-Pb analyses yielded concordant to slightly (−0.6% to 1.8%) discordant isotope data with weighted mean 207Pb*/206Pb* dates of 2668.6 ± 1.8 Ma (2σ, MSWD = 1.3, n = 3) and 2666.8 ± 1.8 Ma (2σ, MSWD = 4.0, n = 4). High-spatial resolution data from SHRIMP and LA-(Q/SF/MC)-ICP-MS agree with the ID-TIMS age. Using Vermilion monazite as primary reference material, LA-SF-ICP-MS analyses reproduced the age of several other reference monazites within −1.13% to +1.64% accuracy. Nd isotopes obtained via ID-TIMS and solution MC-ICP-MS returned consistent 143Nd/144Nd ratios of 0.510694 ± 0.000040 (2σ) and 0.510726 ± 0.000014 (2σ), respectively. The LA-MC-ICP-MS 143Nd/144Nd ratios of 0.51071 ± 0.00001 (2σ) and 0.51065 ± 0.00001 (2σ) are also in agreement within uncertainties. Results of Sm-Nd isotope analyses by LA-MC-ICP-MS from two laboratories yielded mean 147Sm/144Nd ratios of 0.0869 ± 0.0002 (2.5% RSD, 2σ, n = 58) and 0.0835 ± 0.0001 (2.2% RSD, 2σ, n = 50), reflecting small variations in individual fragments. The initial epsilon Nd (εNdi) varies from −0.8 ± 0.5 to 0.6 ± 0.4 (2σ). The reproducibility of our results shows that Vermilion monazite can be used as a primary reference material for U-Pb geochronology and is suitable as a secondary reference material for Sm-Nd isotopic tracing. The Archean age of Vermilion monazite, the oldest available as a reference material, will facilitate the investigation of Archean crustal evolution processes and broaden the prospect of studying ancient metamorphic events by combining matrix-matched U-Pb geochronology and Sm-Nd isotopic tracing.

PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM PEMEGANG SERTITIKAT HAK MILIK ATAS TANAH TERHADAP PEMBATALAN SERTIFIKAT TANAH (CONTOH PUTUSAN: NOMOR 10 PK/TUN/2020.)

To find out "legal protection in the case of issuing a land certificate on another party's land, it must fulfill the requirements stipulated in the law and to know the legal consequences for the owner of land rights if there is a land certificate that has been issued by another party. In essence, there is a dispute between the parties regarding the object, namely the land plot. In this type of research, it is normative, namely legal research carried out by examining library materials or secondary materials with the approach used in this research being the statutory approach and the case approach method used in this research because it is the most appropriate approach method in solving legal issues. which is being studied." This dispute can be resolved through non-litigation or litigation.

Penegakan Hukum dan Sanksi Serta Kendala pada Peraturan Daerah Kota Semarang Nomor 3 Tahun 2013 Tentang Kawasan Tanpa Rokok

Smoking is the act of inhaling tobacco smoke, which has serious impacts on health and society. Even though reduction efforts have been made, Indonesia has a high smoking prevalence rate. No-Smoking Areas are regulated by Law Number 3 of 2013. Challenges in enforcing the rules arise in public places, with a lack of awareness and supervision. This research highlights the obstacles and effectiveness of law enforcement by Satpol PP in Semarang City regarding Regional Regulation Number 3 of 2013 concerning No-Smoking Areas. This research uses qualitative methods to explain the interactions between researchers and respondents. Research parameters include analysis and description. The data source is secondary data from primary and secondary legal materials. Data collection methods involve interviews, observation, literature study, and documentation. Data is presented in narrative form, and data analysis uses a qualitative normative approach. The research focuses on enforcing no-smoking area rules in the city of Semarang. Semarang, capital of Central Java, Indonesia. The research highlights the enforcement of Semarang City Regional Regulation Number 3 of 2013 concerning No-Smoking Areas. Routine Satpol PP outreach in schools, public places, offices and tourist attractions increases public awareness. Sanctions include warnings, statements that you will not smoke, and sanctions for minor crimes. The main obstacles involve societal ignorance and a lack of human resources. However, increased awareness since 2017 shows positive progress. This research concludes that the implementation of Semarang City Regional Regulation Number 3 of 2013 concerning No-Smoking Areas has succeeded in increasing public awareness through routine Satpol PP outreach. Sanctions are applied systematically and progressively, in accordance with regulations, with the potential to reduce tobacco consumption. The main obstacle involves community ignorance, requiring cooperation from the government, Satpol PP, Non-Governmental Organizations, and communities to increase understanding and compliance. Suggestions involve stronger synergies, comprehensive implementation methods, and active cooperation to achieve efficient and sustainable smoke-free areas in Semarang City.

외국 교육과정 자료 및 공학 도구 사례 분석을 통한 사분위수 지도 방안 탐색

Objectives This study examined elementary and secondary school level curriculum materials from major contries and technological tools and attempted to derive pedagogical implications for teaching the concept of quartile in mathematics education in Korea. Methods To this end, this study collected primary and secondary curriculum data from nine representative countries and examined how each country deals with quartiles from various aspects. In addition, 13 types of technologicla tools were selected for analysis and then it was confirmed which quartile calculation method each technology follows. Results As a result, most countries first introduced the concept of quartile in the 8th and 9th grades of middle school. In addition, it was confirmed that the concept of quartile was included in the ‘spread of data’ or ‘measure of dispersion’ section. Also, it was confirmed that the method of stating the definition of quartile in most countries' curriculum materials is common, and the method of calculating quartile is also the same as M2. Meanwhile, differences were identified in the way each technology defines the calculation of quartile, but when analyzed by dividing them into three categories according to the purpose of use, several common characteristics were discovered. Conclusions Based on the results of this study, suggestions for quartile instruction were presented in mathematics classes and the writting of middle school textbooks according to Korea's 2022 revised mathematics curriculum.